Reducing the Number of People with Dementia Through Primary Prevention in Mozambique, Brazil, and Portugal: An Analysis of Population-Based Data.

BACKGROUND: Most people with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries and little is known about the potential for reducing these numbers by reducing key risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential for dementia incidence reduction in Brazil, Mozambique, and Portugal (a culturally related, high-income country). METHODS: We replicated previously published methods and based on the relative risks from previous studies, we estimated the population-attributable risk (PAR) of dementia in Mozambique, Brazil, and Portugal for seven modifiable risk factors associated with dementia (low educational attainment, physical inactivity, midlife hypertension, midlife obesity, depression, smoking, and diabetes mellitus). The combined PAR was calculated and adjusted for associations between risk factors. The potential for risk factor reduction was assessed by examining the effect of relative reductions of 10% and 20% per decade for each of the risk factors on projections for dementia cases for each decade until 2050. RESULTS: After adjusting for non-independence of risk factors, 24.4%, 32.3%, and 40.1% of dementia cases could be related to seven potentially modifiable risk factors in Mozambique, Brazil, and Portugal, respectively. Reducing the prevalence of each risk factor by 20% per decade could, by 2050, potentially reduce the prevalence of dementia in Mozambique, Brazil, and Portugal by 12.9%, 16.2%, and 19.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a substantial difference between the countries in the percentage of dementia cases that could be attributable to the seven potentially modifiable risk factors. The proportion of cases that could be prevented by 2050 if measures were taken to address these main risk factors was higher in Portugal than in Brazil and Mozambique. Each country or region should consider their unique risk factor profile when developing dementia risk reduction programs.

Analytical pyrolysis and stable isotope analyses reveal past environmental changes in coralloid speleothems from Easter Island (Chile).

This study comprises an innovative approach based on the combination of chromatography (analytical pyrolysis and pyrolysis compound-specific isotope analysis (Py-CSIA)), light stable isotopes, microscopy and mineralogy analyses to characterize the internal layering of coralloid speleothems from the Ana Heva lava tube in Easter Island (Chile). This multidisciplinary proxy showed that the speleothems consist of banded siliceous materials of low crystallinity with different mineralogical compositions and a significant contribution of organic carbon. Opal-A constitutes the outermost grey layer of the coralloids, whereas calcite and amorphous Mg hydrate silicate are the major components of the inner whitish and honey-brown layers, respectively. The differences found in the mineralogical, elemental, molecular and isotopic composition of these distinct coloured layers are related to environmental changes during speleothem development. Stable isotopes and analytical pyrolysis suggested alterations in the water regime, pointing to wetter conditions during the formation of the Ca-rich layer and a possible increase in the amount of water dripping into the cave. The trend observed for δ(15)N values suggested an increase in the average temperature over time, which is consistent with the so-called climate warming during the Holocene. The pyrolysis compound-specific isotope analysis of each speleothem layer showed a similar trend with the bulk δ(13)C values pointing to the appropriateness of direct Py-CSIA in paleoenvironmental studies. The δ(13)C values for n-alkanes reinforced the occurrence of a drastic environmental change, indicating that the outermost Opal layer was developed under drier and more arid environmental conditions.

Delito, seguridad, orden público e “inmigración limítrofe” en argentina (1976-1995) / Crime, security, public order and “neighbouring inmigration” in Argentina (1976-1995)

Inspirado en la noción de pensamiento de Estado propuesta por Abdelmalek Sayad, el artículo muestra cómo se ha constituido la relación entre “inmigración limítrofe”, “delito”, “seguridad” y “orden público” entre el año 1976 y el año 1995 en Argentina. A partir de un análisis decretos y resoluciones del Poder Ejecutivo, como así también proyectos del Poder Legislativo se busca reflexionar sobre la centralidad de las categorías nacionales o nacionalistas en la construcción de la “inmigración limítrofe” como una amenaza, ya sea desde el punto de vista de la seguridad nacional o de la inseguridad a partir de la década de 1990.(AU).

Inspired by the notion of thinking State proposed by Abdelmalek Sayad, the article shows how it has been the relationship between "neighbouring immigration", "crime" and "security" between 1976 and 1995. From a decrees and resolutions of the executive branch analysis, as well as projects of the legislature, seeks to reflect on the centrality of national categories or nationalists in the construction of the "border immigration" as a threat, either from the point of view of national security or insecurity from the 1990s.(AU).

Diabetes mortality in Panama and related biological and socioeconomic risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) for the period 2001-2011 in the Republic of Panama, by province/indigenous territory, and determine its relationship with biological and socioeconomic risk factors. METHODS: Cases for the years 2001-2011 with DM listed as the principal cause of death were selected from Panama's National Mortality Registry. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were generated by sex, age, and geographic area. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between DM mortality and biological and socioeconomic risk factors. A composite health index (CHI) calculated from biological and socioeconomic risk factors was estimated for each province/indigenous territory in Panama. RESULTS: DM mortality rates did not increase for men or women during 2001-2011. Of the biological risk factors, being overweight had the strongest association with DM mortality. Of the socioeconomic risk factors, earning less than US$ 100 per month had the strongest association with DM mortality. The highest socioeconomic CHI scores were found in a province that is predominantly rural and in areas with indigenous populations. The highest biological CHI scores were found in urban-rural provinces and those with the highest percentage of elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Regional disparities in the association between DM mortality and DM risk factors reaffirm the heterogeneous composition of the Panamanian population and the uneven distribution of biological and social determinant risk factors in the country and point to the need to vary management strategies by geographic area for this important cause of disability and death in Panama.

Diabetes mortality in Panama and related biological and socioeconomic risk factors / Mortalidad por diabetes en Panamá y factores de riesgo biológicos y socioeconómicos relacionados con la enfermedad

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) for the period 2001-2011 in the Republic of Panama, by province/indigenous territory, and determine its relationship with biological and socioeconomic risk factors. METHODS: Cases for the years 2001-2011 with DM listed as the principal cause of death were selected from Panama's National Mortality Registry. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were generated by sex, age, and geographic area. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between DM mortality and biological and socioeconomic risk factors. A composite health index (CHI) calculated from biological and socioeconomic risk factors was estimated for each province/indigenous territory in Panama. RESULTS: DM mortality rates did not increase for men or women during 2001-2011. Of the biological risk factors, being overweight had the strongest association with DM mortality. Of the socioeconomic risk factors, earning less than US$ 100 per month had the strongest association with DM mortality. The highest socioeconomic CHI scores were found in a province that is predominantly rural and in areas with indigenous populations. The highest biological CHI scores were found in urban-rural provinces and those with the highest percentage of elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Regional disparities in the association between DM mortality and DM risk factors reaffirm the heterogeneous composition of the Panamanian population and the uneven distribution of biological and social determinant risk factors in the country and point to the need to vary management strategies by geographic area for this important cause of disability and death in Panama.

OBJETIVO: Calcular la mortalidad por diabetes sacarina durante el período del 2001 al 2011 en la República de Panamá por provincias o comarcas indígenas, y determinar su relación con los factores de riesgo biológicos y socioeconómicos de aparición de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Se escogieron del Registro Nacional de Mortalidad de Panamá del 2001 al 2011 los casos en los cuales la diabetes constituyó la principal causa de muerte. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad brutas y ajustadas desglosadas por sexo, edad y zona geográfica. Mediante análisis de regresión lineal se determinó la relación entre la mortalidad por diabetes y los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos y biológicos y se calculó un índice de salud compuesto con base en cada tipo de factores de riesgo en cada provincia o comarca indígena de Panamá. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de mortalidad por diabetes no aumentaron en los hombres ni las mujeres del 2001 al 2011. De los factores de riesgo biológicos, el exceso de peso exhibió la asociación más fuerte con la mortalidad por diabetes y el factor de riesgo socioeconómico que presentó una mayor asociación con la mortalidad fue un ingreso mensual inferior a US$ 100. Las puntuaciones más altas del índice de salud compuesto desde el punto de vista socioeconómico se obtuvieron en una provincia que es rural en su mayor parte y en zonas con poblaciones indígenas. Las puntuaciones más altas con los factores biológicos se observaron en las provincias urbanas y rurales y en las que contaban con el porcentaje más alto de personas ancianas. CONCLUSIONES: Las disparidades regionales de la asociación entre la mortalidad por diabetes sacarina y los factores de riesgo de padecer la enfermedad reafirman la composición heterogénea de la población de Panamá y la distribución desigual de los factores determinantes de riesgo biológicos y sociales en el país y ponen en evidencia la necesidad de diversificar las estrategias de manejo de esta importante causa de discapacidad y muerte, en función de las zonas geográficas en Panamá.

Primeiro atendimento do recém-nascido na sala de parto / First care of the newborn in the delivery room

Esse artigo é uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o primeiro atendimento do recém-nascido e o primeiro exame físico realizado na sala de parto. Aborda também a importância do primeiro contato do bebê e de sua mãe e da presença do pai na hora do parto. Tem o objetivo de revisar o primeiro atendimento ao recém-nascido que é fundamental na redução de óbitos e sequelas neurológicas.

This article is a literature review on the first care of the newborn and the first physical examination in the delivery room. It also discusses the importance of the first contact of the baby and his mother and father's presence during childbirth. It aims to review the first care of the newborn that is critical in reducing deaths and neurological sequel.

Icterícia neonatal / Neonatal jaundice

Icterícia ocorre na maioria dos recém-nascidos e representa clinicamente a elevação dos níveis séricos de bilirrubina. Com o objetivo de prevenir os danos neurológicos da hiperbilirrubinemia grave, todo recém-nascido com icterícia deve ser monitorado e tratado adequadamente.

Jaundice occurs in most newborn infants and visually represents the elevation of the serum levels of bilirubin. Every jaundiced newborn must be monitored and treated, when necessary, to prevent the neurological damage that may result from severe hyperbilirubinemia.

Intramedullary screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures in athletes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the short- and long-term clinical and radiological results of intramedullary compression screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures in athletes. METHODS: Eleven male and six female active patients with fifth metatarsal zone II and zone III fractures fixed with a 4.5-mm cannulated compression screw were evaluated by chart review, review of radiographs, and clinical evaluation. Fifteen of the patients were high-level athletes (soccer: n=11; basketball: n=1; track and field: n=3) and two were recreational-level athletes. Mean follow-up from surgery to evaluation was 54 (38-70) months. RESULTS: Mean time to healing as shown on radiographs and mean time to return to full activity after surgery were 7.3 and 7.5 weeks, respectively. All patients were able to return to their previous levels of activity. There were no reports of union delay, nonunion or refracture to date. CONCLUSION: In our patients, cannulated screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures was a reliable procedure with low morbidity associated that provided athletes a quick return to activity. Level of Evidence I, Case Series .

Osteossíntese com parafuso intramedular nas fraturas proximais do quinto metatarsiano do atleta / Intramedullary screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures in athletes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados clínicos e radiológicos da osteossíntese com parafuso de compressão intramedular nas fraturas proximais do quinto metatarsiano no atleta. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 11 homens e seis mulheres com diagnóstico de fratura das zonas II e III do quinto metatarsiano. Quinze dos pacientes praticavam esporte a nível profissional ou de alto rendimento (futebol: n=11; basquetebol: n=1; atletismo: n=3) e dois praticavam atividade esportiva regular a nível recreacional. Foram submetidos a fixação cirúrgica com parafuso canulado de compressão (4.5mm de diâmetro). Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente e através da revisão do processo clínico e dos estudos imagiológicos. O tempo médio de seguimento após a cirurgia foi 54 meses (38-70). RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de consolidação (como demonstrado pelo estudo radiológico) e de retorno à atividade esportiva foi 7.3 e 7.5 semanas, respectivamente. Todos os atletas retornaram aos níveis de atividade prévios. Não verificamos atrasos de consolidação, não-união ou refraturas à data do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: A osteossíntese com parafuso de compressão intramedular nas fraturas proximais do quinto metatarsiano demonstrou, nos nossos pacientes, ser um procedimento eficaz com taxas de morbilidade muito reduzidas e que permite ao atleta um retorno precoce à atividade esportiva. Nível de evidência I, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the short- and long-term clinical and radiological results of intramedullary compression screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures in athletes. METHODS: Eleven male and six female active patients with fifth metatarsal zone II and zone III fractures fixed with a 4.5-mm cannulated compression screw were evaluated by chart review, review of radiographs, and clinical evaluation. Fifteen of the patients were high-level athletes (soccer: n=11; basketball: n=1; track and field: n=3) and two were recreational-level athletes. Mean follow-up from surgery to evaluation was 54 (38-70) months. RESULTS: Mean time to healing as shown on radiographs and mean time to return to full activity after surgery were 7.3 and 7.5 weeks, respectively. All patients were able to return to their previous levels of activity. There were no reports of union delay, nonunion or refracture to date. CONCLUSION: In our patients, cannulated screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures was a reliable procedure with low morbidity associated that provided athletes a quick return to activity. Level of Evidence I, Case Series.

Associations between unemployment and major depressive disorder: evidence from an international, prospective study (the predict cohort).

Unemployment is known to be associated with poor mental health, but it is not clear how strongly unemployment leads to onset of diagnosed clinical depression (causation), or if depression raises the risks of becoming unemployed (health selection), or indeed if both pathways operate. We therefore investigate the direction of associations between clinical depression and unemployment in a cross-cultural prospective cohort study. 10,059 consecutive general practice attendees (18-75 years) were recruited from six European countries and Chile between 2003 and 2004 and followed up at six, 12 and (in a subset) 24 months. The analysis sample was restricted to 3969 men and women who were employed or unemployed and seeking employment and had data on depression measures. The outcomes were depressive episodes, assessed using the Depression Section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and self-reported employment status. Among 3969 men and women with complete data on depression and unemployment, 10% (n = 393) had depression symptoms and a further 6% (n = 221) had major depression at 12 months. 11% (n = 423) of the sample were unemployed by 6 months. Participants who became unemployed between baseline and 6 months compared to those employed at both times had an adjusted relative risk ratio for 12-month depression of 1.58 (95% Confidence Interval 0.76, 3.27). Participants with depression at baseline and 6 months compared to neither time had an odds ratio for 6-month unemployment of 1.58 (95% Confidence Interval 0.97, 2.58). We found evidence that causation and (to a lesser extent) health selection raise the prevalence of depression in the unemployed. Unemployed adults are at particular risk for onset of major clinical depression and should be offered extra services or screened. Given the trend for adults with depression to perhaps be at greater risk of subsequent unemployment, employees with depressive symptoms should also be supported at work as a precautionary principle.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF RHIZARTHROSIS: TRAPEZIECTOMY WITH OR WITHOUT LIGAMENTOPLASTY VERSUS TOTAL PROSTHESIS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review cases that underwent surgical treatment using two techniques: trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty and arthroplasty with implant. METHODS: Fifty-two hands that were surgically treated for rhizarthrosis between 1995 and 2008 were evaluated: 32 cases of trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty (group A) and 20 with implant arthroplasty (group B). The mean follow-up for group A was 72 months and for group B, 23 months. There were no significantly different results with regard to pain, activities of daily living, mobility or strength. In the radiographic evaluation, it was found that the scaphometacarpal height was better preserved in group B. The mean time taken to achieve recovery was 10 weeks in group A and 4.5 in group B. Four cases with complications were recorded: one case of algoneurodystrophy in group A and two cases of dislocation and one case of fracture of the trapezium in group B. RESULTS: The results from prostheses were better than the results from the traditional treatment for rhizarthrosis using trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty because of the rapid recovery that prostheses provide. CONCLUSION: However, prostheses should be applied carefully, because there is a potential for complications relating to the implants.

HYBRID ANKLE PROSTHESIS IN A CASE OF POST-TRAUMATIC AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF THE TALUS.

Talus fractures often lead to late post-traumatic arthrosis. In such cases, the use of latest generation, cementless prostheses has been hindered by the presence of avascular necrosis. We report the case of a 65-year-old patient who presented four years after a talus neck fracture. He had painful ankle arthrosis (AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score 19) and avascular necrosis, with collapse of the entire talar dome. Given the extent of the necrosis, it was decided to cement the talus prosthetic component. One year after the surgery, the patient shows good clinical and radiological results (AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score 87) and is satisfied with the procedure. We are not aware of any similar reports in the literature.

Tratamento cirúrgico da rizartrose: trapezectomia com ou sem ligamentoplastia versus prótese total / Surgical treatment of rhizarthrosis: trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty versus total prosthesis

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo consiste em rever os casos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico por duas técnicas: trapezectomia com ou sem ligamentoplastia e artroplastia com implante. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 52 mãos tratadas cirurgicamente por rizartrose entre 1995 a 2008: 32 trapezectomias com ou sem ligamentoplastia (grupo A) e 20 artroplastias com implante (grupo B). Follow-up médio: grupo A - 72 meses, grupo B - 23 meses. Não houve resultados significativamente diferentes quanto à dor, atividades da vida diária, mobilidade e força. No estudo radiográfico, a altura escafometacarpiana foi mais preservada no grupo B. O tempo médio de recuperação foi de 10 semanas no grupo A e de 4,5 no grupo B. Foram registradas quatro complicações: um caso de algoneurodistrofia no grupo A e 2 casos de luxação e um caso de fratura do trapézio no grupo B. RESULTADOS: O resultado das próteses superam o tratamento tradicional da rizartrose com trapezectomia com ou sem ligamentoplastia pela rápida recuperação que proporcionam. CONCLUSÃO: Contudo, a sua aplicação deve ser criteriosa, pois existe potencial de complicações relacionadas com os implantes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review cases that underwent surgical treatment using two techniques: trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty and arthroplasty with implant. METHODS: Fifty-two hands that were surgically treated for rhizarthrosis between 1995 and 2008 were evaluated: 32 cases of trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty (group A) and 20 with implant arthroplasty (group B). The mean follow-up for group A was 72 months and for group B, 23 months. There were no significantly different results with regard to pain, activities of daily living, mobility or strength. In the radiographic evaluation, it was found that the scaphometacarpal height was better preserved in group B. The mean time taken to achieve recovery was 10 weeks in group A and 4.5 in group B. Four cases with complications were recorded: one case of algoneurodystrophy in group A and two cases of dislocation and one case of fracture of the trapezium in group B. RESULTS: The results from prostheses were better than the results from the traditional treatment for rhizarthrosis using trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty because of the rapid recovery that prostheses provide. CONCLUSION: However, prostheses should be applied carefully, because there is a potential for complications relating to the implants.

Prótese do tornozelo híbrida em um caso de necrose avascular pós-traumática do tálus / Hybrid ankle prosthesis in a case of post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the talus

As fraturas do astrágalo originam frequentemente artrose pós-traumática tardia. Nestes casos, a utilização de próteses do tornozelo não cimentadas de última geração tem sido evitada pela presença de necrose avascular. Relatamos o caso de um paciente com 65 anos que se apresenta quatro anos após uma fratura do colo do astrágalo. Apresentava uma artrose do tornozelo dolorosa (escala AOFAS do retropé e tornozelo 19) e necrose avascular com colapso de toda a cúpula astragalina. Dada a extensão da necrose, foi decidido cimentar o componente protésico astragalino. Um ano após a cirurgia, o paciente apresenta bom resultado clínico e radiológico (escala AOFAS do retropé e tornozelo 87) e está satisfeito com o procedimento. Não temos conhecimento de nenhum relato semelhante na literatura.

Talus fractures often lead to late post-traumatic arthrosis. In such cases, the use of latest generation, cementless prostheses has been hindered by the presence of avascular necrosis. We report the case of a 65-year-old patient who presented four years after a talus neck fracture. He had painful ankle arthrosis (AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score 19) and avascular necrosis, with collapse of the entire talar dome. Given the extent of the necrosis, it was decided to cement the talus prosthetic component. One year after the surgery, the patient shows good clinical and radiological results (AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score 87) and is satisfied with the procedure. We are not aware of any similar reports in the literature.

Sequelas a longo prazo de fracturas do corpo e colo do astrágalo / Long-term results of body and neck talus fractures

OBJETIVO: As fracturas do colo e corpo do astrágalo são lesões infrequentes. O objectivo deste estudo é avaliar a prevalência de sequelas a longo prazo. MÉTODOS: Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva que incluiu um total de 11 doentes sujeitos a tratamento cirúrgico por fracturas do corpo ou colo do astrágalo entre Janeiro de 1997 e Dezembro de 2005. A avaliação final foi clínica (utilizando a escala AOFAS) e radiológica. RESULTADOS: O seguimento médio foi 58,5 meses. A prevalência de lesões ósseas associadas foi de 60 por cento (6/10). O resultado AOFAS médio foi 72 [19-100] pontos. A necrose avascular e/ou artrose pós-traumática ocorreu em metade dos doentes. A qualidade da redução cirúrgica, as fracturas do corpo e a ausência de alterações degenerativas relacionaram-se com melhores resultados funcionais. As fracturas do colo, a osteonecrose e a presença de artrose pós-traumática conduziram a piores resultados. CONCLUSÃO: Há um grande potencial para sequelas tardias e compromisso funcional devido a artrose e dor crónica após esse tipo de fracturas. A redução anatómica cirúrgica é a melhor hipótese de as evitar, mas não é infalível. A taxa de necrose avascular relaciona-se com o grau de desvio inicial da fractura, mas a sua ocorrência em cada caso específico é imprevisível.

OBJECTIVES: Talar neck and body fractures are unusual fractures. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of long term results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out including 11 patients that underwent surgical treatment for body or neck talus fractures between January 1997 and December 2005. Final follow-up examination included a clinical evaluation (AOFAS score) and standard radiographs. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 58.5 months. The prevalence of associated fractures was 60 percent (6/10). Overall AOFAS score averaged 72 [19-100]. Avascular necrosis and posttraumatic arthritis were present in half of the patients. Quality of surgical reduction, body fractures and absence of degenerative changes were correlated with better functional results. Neck fractures, osteonecrosis and posttraumatic arthritis led to inferior results. CONCLUSION: There is a great potential for long term functional impairment due to posttraumatic arthritis and chronic pain in this kind of fracture. Anatomic surgical reduction is the best chance to avoid them but it is not infallible. The avascular necrosis rate correlates with initial fracture displacement, but its occurrence in each specific case is unpredictable.

LONG-TERM RESULTS OF BODY AND NECK TALUS FRACTURES.

OBJECTIVES: Talar neck and body fractures are unusual fractures. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of long term results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out including 11 patients that underwent surgical treatment for body or neck talus fractures between January 1997 and December 2005. Final follow-up examination included a clinical evaluation (AOFAS score) and standard radiographs. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 58.5 months. The prevalence of associated fractures was 60% (6/10). Overall AOFAS score averaged 72 [19-100]. Avascular necrosis and post-traumatic arthritis were present in half of the patients. Quality of surgical reduction, body fractures and absence of degenerative changes were correlated with better functional results. Neck fractures, osteonecrosis and posttraumatic arthritis led to inferior results. CONCLUSION: There is a great potential for long term functional impairment due to posttraumatic arthritis and chronic pain in this kind of fracture. Anatomic surgical reduction is the best chance to avoid them but it is not infallible. The avascular necrosis rate correlates with initial fracture displacement, but its occurrence in each specific case is unpredictable.

Triagem auditiva neonatal: uma necessidade / Newborn hearing screening: a necessity

A deficiência auditiva é um dos defeitos congênitos mais comuns, mas não é detectada sem exames auxiliares. Sua identificação precoce é essencial para permitir protetização e um desenvolvimento adequado da linguagem. Consequentemente, impõe-se um sistema de triagem auditiva universal, aplicado o mais cedo possível após o nascimento.

Formación de los granulomas y quistes radiculares: una revisión de los aspectos inmunopatológicos / Formation of granulomas and radicular cysts: a review of the immunopathological aspects

Los granulomas y quistes radiculares representan lesiones crónicas que comprometen la región perirradicular, consideradas secuelas directas de la necrosis pulpar. El estudio de tales lesiones adquiere una importancia particular en la práctica odontológica debido a su alta frecuencia clínica. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre los principales eventos que llevan a la formación del granuloma periapical y la posterior formación de cavidades quísticas, dándole énfasis especial a los mecanismos inmunopatológicos relacionados con la patogénesis de tales lesiones.

Uso antenatal de corticosteróide e evolução clínica de recém-nascidos pré-termo / Antenatal corticosteroid use and clinical evolution of preterm newborn infants

OBJETIVO: Descrever a freqüência de utilização de corticosteróide antenatal e a evolução clínica dos recém-nascidos pré-termo. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional prospectivo tipo coorte de todos os neonatos com idade gestacional entre 23 e 34 semanas nascidos na Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas Neonatais entre agosto e dezembro de 2001. Os prontuários médicos foram revistos, as mães entrevistadas e os pré-termos acompanhados. A análise dos dados foi realizada com o teste do qui-quadrado, t de Student, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA e regressão logística múltipla, com nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 463 gestantes e seus 514 recém-nascidos. As gestantes tratadas tiveram mais gestações prévias, consultas de pré-natal, hipertensão arterial e maior uso de tocolíticos. Suas crianças apresentaram melhores escores de Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos, menor necessidade de intervenção na sala de parto e menor SNAPPE II. Nasceram com maior peso e idade gestacional, receberam menos surfatante exógeno, ventilação mecânica e oxigenoterapia. Após regressão logística, o uso pré-natal de corticosteróides manteve de forma independente o efeito protetor para as condições de nascimento e para a diminuição do tempo de ventilação mecânica e esteve associado com aumento na ocorrência de sepse neonatal. CONCLUSAO: O uso do corticosteróide antenatal foi associado a melhor atendimento pré-natal. As crianças nasceram em melhores condições e tiveram melhor evolução, porém com maior risco de infecção.