Effects of exogenous protease addition on fermentation and nutritive value of rehydrated corn and sorghum grains silages.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of the addition of exogenous protease on the fermentation and nutritive value of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages during various storage periods. Treatments were applied using a 2 × 6 × 3 factorial combination, with 2 types of rehydrated grains (corn and sorghum), 6 doses of the enzyme (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%, based on natural matter) and 3 fermentation periods (0, 60, and 90 days) in a completely randomized design, with 4 replications. The protease aspergilopepsin I, of fungal origin, produced by Aspergillus niger, was used. The lactic acid concentration increased linearly as the enzyme dose increased in corn (CG) and sorghum (SG) grain silages, at 60 and 90 days of fermentation. There was an increase in the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and soluble protein, as well as the in situ starch digestibility in rehydrated CG and SG silages, compared to the treatment without the addition of protease. The addition of 0.3% exogenous protease at the moment of CG ensiling and 0.5% in rehydrated SG increased the proteolytic activity during fermentation, providing an increase in in situ starch digestibility in a shorter storage time.

Microbiome of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages treated with microbial inoculants in different fermentation periods.

Due to the co-evolved intricate relationships and mutual influence between changes in the microbiome and silage fermentation quality, we explored the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici (Inoc1) or Lactobacillus buchneri (Inoc2) inoculants on the diversity and bacterial and fungal community succession of rehydrated corn (CG) and sorghum (SG) grains and their silages using Illumina Miseq sequencing after 0, 3, 7, 21, 90, and 360 days of fermentation. The effects of inoculants on bacterial and fungal succession differed among the grains. Lactobacillus and Weissella species were the main bacteria involved in the fermentation of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silage. Aspergillus spp. mold was predominant in rehydrated CG fermentation, while the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus was the major fungus in rehydrated SG silages. The Inoc1 was more efficient than CTRL and Inoc2 in promoting the sharp growth of Lactobacillus spp. and maintaining the stability of the bacterial community during long periods of storage in both grain silages. However, the bacterial and fungal communities of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages did not remain stable after 360 days of storage.

Isolation, Identification, and Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Probiotic Potential in Silage of Different Species of Forage Plants, Cocoa Beans, and Artisanal Salami.

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential in silages of different species of forage plants, cocoa beans, and artisanal salami. The obtained isolates were submitted to the following evaluations: (i) screening for tolerance to pH 2 and bile salts, (ii) genotypic identification of isolates, (iii) survival in simulated gastric and pancreatic conditions, (iv) antimicrobial activity, (v) antibiotic susceptibility and safety, and (vi) properties associated with adhesion capacity. A total of 82 isolates were obtained and were screened for pH 2.0 tolerance and capacity to growth in the presence of bile salts (1.0 and 2.0%). Only 19 strains simultaneously presented tolerance to pH 2.0 and bile salts. These 19 strains were evaluated for genetic profile by Box-PCR. Subsequently, the selected strains were subjected to partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The species Lactobacillus plantarum was prevalent. The identified strains were evaluated for survival under simulated gastric and pancreatic conditions. Some strains have shown tolerance in both conditions. Different strains showed variations in antimicrobial activity, susceptibility to antibiotics, and properties associated with adhesion (hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, coaggregation, and adhesion to CaCo2 cells). All strains were negative for hemolysis, DNase, gelatinase, and biogenic amine synthesis activity. The L. plantarum SBR64.7 strain can be considered the most promising for it presented the lowest viability reduction when exposed to gastric and pancreatic juices.

Microbial characterization of Arachis pintoi and its silages at different fermentation periods.

The microbial community present in forage peanut, a tropical legume, and its silages are unknown. For this reason, we used the Ion Torrent platform to study the bacterial community present in this legume during silage fermentation. Forage peanut was harvested at the start of flowering with a backpack mower and was chopped with a stationary ensilage cutter and then ensiled in bags measuring 25.40 cm × 35.56 cm, in triplicate. The bags were opened after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of fermentation. Primers targeting the 16S rDNA gene were used, and the PCR products were used in library preparation and sequencing using the Ion Torrent platform. In total, 721,837 sequences were obtained and processed using the program MOTHUR v.23.0. The sequencing result revealed that the genus Weissella was present at the different periods of fermentation of peanut silage in greater amounts than the other genera (Bacillus, Rummeliibacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus). The six libraries constructed reached high coverage value (0.999). Comparison of the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between the forage crop and the silages with 14 and 56 days of fermentation revealed that some sequences were exclusive to the plant and others to fermentation periods. The silage with 28 days of fermentation remained distant from the other fermentation periods in regard to microbial diversity. Knowledge of the diversity of different bacterial genera through sequence analysis can guide bioprospecting studies.

Fermentative profile and lactic acid bacterial dynamics in non-wilted and wilted alfalfa silage in tropical conditions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the fermentative profile and microbial populations of wilted and non-wilted alfalfa silages ensiled with or without inoculant and the population dynamics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of wilted alfalfa plant and theirs silage. A 2 × 2 × 6 factorial arrangement was used, with the absence or presence of wilting (W), with and without bacterial inoculant (I) and six fermentation periods (P) (1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days), in a completely randomized design, with three replicates. The alfalfa was slightly wilted for 6 h and increased the dry matter content from 133.9 to 233.4 g/kg. It was performed the cultivation, followed by the isolation of LAB from samples of alfalfa forage before ensiling and its silage only in non-inoculated silages, after different fermentation periods. DNA was extracted from the isolated strains of LAB; the 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified by PCR and the sequences were compared to those available from the GenBank database. Wilting provided silages with lower pH, ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid concentrations. The wilting process did not alter the amount of LAB; however, it affected the LAB diversity of the silages. The Lactobacillus plantarum was the predominant species in non-wilted and wilted silages.

Produtividade de matéria seca e composição mineral do capim-tifton 85 sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio e idades de rebrotação / Dry matter production and mineral content of tifton 85 bermudagrass on different nitrogen rates and regrowth ages

Avaliaram-se a composição mineral e a produtividade de matéria seca do capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfüensis x Cynodon dactylon) sob diferentes doses de N e idades de rebrotação. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com as doses de N (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg/ha/ano) nas parcelas e idades de rebrotação (28, 42 e 56 dias) nas subparcelas, no DIC, com três repetições. O rendimento forrageiro variou de 5.751 a 20.466, de 8.138 a 22.852 e de 10.525 a 25.239 kg/ha/ano de MS, em função do aumento das doses de N, em plantas colhidas em intervalos de corte de 28, 42 e 56 dias, respectivamente, com eficiência de resposta de 36,8 kg MS/kg N. Os teores de P foram reduzidos com o aumento das doses de N e da idade da planta, variando de 0,27 a 0,16 por cento. Os teores de K decresceram com o aumento da idade da planta, estimando-se teores máximos de K de 1,25; 1,11; e 0,96 por cento, em plantas colhidas com 28, 42 e 56 dias de rebrotação, respectivamente, adubadas com 55 kg/ha/ corte de N. O teor médio de Ca foi 0,48 por cento. Os teores de Mg aumentaram com o incremento das doses de N e decresceram com o aumento da idade da planta, variando de 0,24 a 0,45 por cento.

The dry matter production and mineral content of Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon nlemfüensis x Cynodon dactylon) on nitrogen rates (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) and regrowth ages (28, 42 and 56 days) were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with a split plot feature. The main plots referred to N-rates whereas subplots were regrowth ages. The forage yield ranged from 5.75 to 20.46, from 8.13 to 22.85 and from 10.52 and 25.23 t/ha of DM, in response to rates of 0 to 400 kg N/ha, in plants harvested at 28, 42 and 56 days of regrowth, respectively, with a response efficiency of 36.8 kg DM/kg N. The P contents decreased with N rates and plant age increased ranged from 0.27 to 0.16 percent. The K contents decreased as plant age increased; the maximum K content of 1.25, 1.11, and 0.96 percent were recorded for plant harvest with 28, 42 and 56 days of regrowth, respectively, fertilized with 55 kg N/ha/cutting. The average Ca content was 0.48 percent. The Mg content increased as N rates increased and decreased as plant age increased, with values between 0.24 and 0.45 percent.

Produtividade e composição bromatológica de Brachiaria spp., no Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha / Productivity and bromatological composition of Brachiaria spp. in the Higher Jequitinhonha Valley

Avaliaram-se a produtividade de matéria seca (MS), proporção de lâminas e composição bromatológica de Brachiaria spp., colhidas com 42 dias de rebrotação, em Diamantina, MG. Para a determinação dos teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA e lignina utilizaram-se o esquema em parcelas subsubdivididas, no DIC, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram distribuídas as cultivares Basilisk, Marandu, Xaraés, Llanero e B. humidicola comum; nas subparcelas, dois cortes, e, nas subsubparcelas, dois anos experimentais. A produção de MS total e a proporção de lâminas foram analisadas em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com espécies/cultivares nas parcelas e anos nas subparcelas. A produção de MS no segundo ano (3 cortes) foi mais alta que no primeiro (2 cortes), destacando-se as cultivares Basilisk, Xaraés e Llanero. De modo geral, as cultivares apresentaram teores satisfatórios de PB, mais altos no segundo ano. Os teores de FDN foram mais baixos no segundo ano e os de lignina mais baixos no primeiro ano. As cultivares Xaraés e Marandu destacam-se pela elevada proporção de folhas e apresentam composição bromatológica semelhante a da cultivar Basilisk. Associando-se a composição bromatológica com a produtividade de MS, recomendam-se as cultivares Xaraés e Basilisk para as condições do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha.

Dry matter production, proportion of leaf blades and chemical composition of Brachiaria spp. harvested at intervals of 42 days of regrowth, in Diamantina, MG were evaluated. The DM, CP, NDF, ADF and lignin contents were analyzed in a split-split plot completely randomized design, with four replicates. Five cultivars of Brachiaria were distributed in the plots, two cuts in the split-plot, and two experimental years in the split-split plot. The dry matter production and the proportion of leaf blades were analyzed in a split plot completely randomized design, with cultivars in the plots and years in the subplots. The dry matter production in the second year (3 cuts) was higher than in the first (2 cuts), especially with the cultivars Basilisk, Xaraés and Llanero. Generally, the cultivars presented satisfactory levels of CP, with higher values in the second year. The contents of NDF were lower in the second year and the lowest levels of lignin were in the first year. Cultivars Xaraés and Marandu stand out for the high proportion of leaves and presented chemical composition similar to the Basilisk cultivar. Based on the chemical composition and dry matter production, Xaraés and Basilisk cultivars are recommended for cultivation in the Jequitinhonha High Valley.

Composição química do feno de capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum) tratado com hidróxido de sódio / Chemical composition of the tanzania-grass hay (Panicum maximum) treated with sodium hydroxide / Composición química del heno de gramínea tanzania (Panicum maximum) tratado con hidróxido de sodio

O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da adição de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), em doses crescentes, sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de capim-tanzânia. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: T1 –feno de capim-tanzânia, T2 – feno de capim-tanzânia mais 1,0% de NaOH, T3 – feno de capim-tanzânia mais 2,0% de NaOH e T4 – feno de capim-tanzânia mais 3,0% de NaOH, com base na matéria seca, totalizando dez repetições por tratamento. Houve efeito linear dos níveis de NaOH sobre o teor de proteína bruta (PB), redução no teor da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), por meio de um comportamento linear negativo. Os valores obtidos pela equação de regressão na dose mais elevada foram 63,66 e 39,58%, para os valores de FDN e FDA, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear positivo para a digestibilidade com a adição dos níveis de uréia, proporcionando aumentos de 57,47% na, testemunha, para 63,07% na dose de 3,0%. O uso de NaOH foi eficiente para promover melhorias na qualidade do feno de capim-tanzânia.mais estudados, indicando a necessidade de investigação de um número maior de animais, por se tratar de um alelo raro.

This paper evaluates the effect of the addition of increasing levels of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the Tanzania-grass hay nutritive value. The experimental design was completely randomized and based on four treatments: T1 - tanzania-grass hay; T2 - tanzania-grass hay plus 1.0 % NaOH; T3 - tanzania-grass hay plus 2.0 % NaOH, and T4 - tanzania-grass hay plus 3.0 % NaOH based on dry matter, totaling ten replicates per treatment. There was a linear effect of NaOH levels on crude protein (CP) content and linear reduction in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The values obtained by the regression equation in the highest dose were 63.66 and 39.58 %, for NDF and ADF values, respectively. There was a positive linear effect for the digestibility with NaOH levels, providing increases of 57.47 % for control treatment and of 63.07 % for the dose of 3.0 %. NaOH was efficient in promoting the improvement of the Tanzania-grass hay quality.

El experimento fue desarrollado objetivándose evaluar el efecto de la adición de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH), en dosis crecientes, sobre el valor nutritivo del heno de gramínea tanzania. El delineamiento experimental fue el enteramente casualizado, con cuatro tratamientos: T1- heno de gramínea tanzania, T2- heno de gramínea tanzania mas 1,0 % de NaOH, T3 – Heno de gramínea tanzania más 2,0 % de NaOH y T4 – Heno de gramínea tanzania mas 3,0 % de NaOH, con base en la materia seca, totalizando diez repeticiones por tratamiento. Hubo efecto lineal de los niveles de NaOH sobre el tenor de proteína bruta (PB), reducción en el tenor de la fibra en detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), por medio de un comportamiento lineal negativo. Los valores obtenidos por la ecuación de regresión en la dosis más elevada fueron 63,66 % y 39,58 %, para los valores de FDN y FDA, respectivamente. Hubo efecto lineal positivo para la digestibilidad como la adición de los niveles de urea proporcionando aumentos de 57,47 % en la dieta testigo, para 63,07 % en la dieta 3,0 %. El uso de NaOH fue eficiente para promover mejorías en la calidad del heno de gramínea tanzania.

Características morfogênicas e perfolhamento do Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia irrigado / Morphogenetic characteristics and tillering of irrigated Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes turnos de rega e níveis de irrigação sobre as características morfogênicas e o perfilhamento de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Uma bancada experimental foi montada sob ambiente protegido, onde foram colocados recipientes cultivados com o capim. As irrigações foram realizadas com turnos de rega de 1, 4 e 7 dias, e lâminas de irrigação para restabelecer 50, 75 e 100 por cento da disponibilidade total de água no solo. A densidade populacional de perfilhos foi obtida por meio de contagem de perfilhos vivos após cada corte. As características morfogênicas foram estudadas por meio da taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TApF), taxa de alongamento de folhas (TAlF) e colmos (TAlC), número de folhas emergentes (NFEm), expandidas (NFEx) e vivas (NFV). O perfilhamento foi maior para maior nível de irrigação. O clima proporcionou maior efeito nas características morfogênicas que os tratamentos. Os fatores estudados não proporcionaram efeito expressivo na TAlC, NFEm, NFEx e NFV.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of different irrigation interval and irrigation depth on morphogenetic characteristics and tillering of the Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania. The grass was cultivated in recipients in a greenhouse. The irrigations were performed with intervals of 1, 4 and 7 days, in order to reestablish soil water content to 50, 75 and 100 percent of the total available water in the soil. The tillering was obtained through counting of living tiller after each cut. The morphogenetic characteristics were studied through the leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (LER) and stem elongation rate (SER), emerging leaf numbers (EmLN), expanded leaf numbers (ExLN) and living leaf numbers (LLN). The tillering was larger for larger irrigation depth. The climate provided greater effect in the morphogenetic characteristics than the treatments. The studied factors were not significant for SER, EmLN, ExLN and LLN.

Composição bromatológica e digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca do capim tanzânia irrigado / Bromatological composition

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes turnos de rega e níveis de irrigação sobre a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade "in vitro' da matéria seca (DIVMS) de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia-1. Uma bancada experimental foi montada sob ambiente protegido, onde foram colocados recipientes cultivados com a gramínea. As irrigações foram realizadas com turnos de rega de um, quatro e sete dias e lâminas d'água para restabelecer 50, 75 e 100% da disponibilidade total de água no solo. Foram avaliados os teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e DIVMS após o último corte. Foi verificado que o teor de PB foi maior quanto menor foi a quantidade de água aplicada. Os valores de DIVMS foram inversamente proporcionais aos teores de FDA. Conclui-se que o turno de rega pouco influencia nos fatores estudados e que a irrigação elevando o teor de água do solo próximo a capacidade de campo, diminui e aumenta os teores de PB e FDA, respectivamente.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of different frequency and levels of irrigation on chemical composition and ?in vitro? dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of tanz?nia grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. Cv Tanzania-1). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions where drums were filled with soil and cultivated with tanzania grass. The irrigations were performed with a frequency of one, four and seven days, in order to reestablish soil water content to 50, 75 and 100% of the total available water in the soil. During the experiment were evaluated the crude protein (CD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and IVDMD after the last cut. The CD increased as the irrigation depth decreased. The values of IVDMD of were inversely proportional to that of the ADF. The results show that irrigation frequency does not influency in the monitored variables and the irrigation could be.

Efeito de níveis de uréia sobre o valor nutricional do feno de capim-Tanzânia / Effect of urea levels on the nutritional value of Tanzania-grass hay

O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da adição de uréia em doses crescentes,sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq cv. Tanzânia). O delineamentoexperimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: T1 – somente feno, T2 – feno mais1,0% de uréia, T3 – feno mais 2,0% de uréia e T4 – feno mais 3,0% de uréia, com base na matéria seca, edez repetições por tratamento. Houve efeito linear positivo dos níveis de uréia sobre o teor de proteínabruta (PB), com o maior nível proporcionando aumentos de quatro pontos percentuais em relação aotratamento testemunha. O tratamento com uréia proporcionou, também, redução no teor da fibra emdetergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose (HEM), por meio de umcomportamento linear negativo. Os valores obtidos pela equação de regressão na dose mais elevadaforam 62,37, 38,74 e 23,66%, para os valores de FDN, FDA e HEM, respectivamente. Houve efeito linearpositivo para a digestibilidade com a adição dos níveis de uréia proporcionando aumentos médios de53,93% na testemunha para 63,96%, na dose de 3,0%. O uso de uréia é eficiente em promover melhorariasna qualidade do feno de capim-Tanzânia.

This experiment was developed to evaluate the effect of the urea addition on the nutritional value of theTanzânia-grass hay (Panicum maximum, Jacq cv. Tanzânia). The experimental design was entirelyrandomized, with four treatments: T1 ­ only hay, T2 ­ hay with 1.0% of urea, T3 ­ hay with 2.0% of ureaand T4 ­ hay with 3.0% of urea, with base in the dry matter, and ten replicates per treatment. There waspositive linear effect of the urea levels on the crude protein (CP), being the largest level providingincreases of four percentile points in relation to the control treatment. This treatment provided, also,reduction in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicelulose (HEM), througha negative lineal effect. The values obtained by the regression equation in the highest dose were 62.37,38.74 and 23.66%, to NDF, ADF and HEM values, respectively. There was positive linear effect for the digestibility with the addition of the urea levels providing medium increases of 53.93% in the control to63.96% in the dose of 3.0%. The urea use is efficient in promoting increment in the quality of theTanzânia-grass hay

Populações microbianas e componentes nutricionais nos órgãos do capim-tanzânia antes e após a ensilagem / Microbial population and nutritional compounds in the organs of tanzania-grass before and after ensilage

Este experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as populações microbianas e o valor nutricional dos diferentes órgãos das plantas do capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum) antes e após a ensilagem. Foram coletadas dez amostras do pasto, ao acaso com o uso de um quadrado de 1 m2. Foram feitos as separações botânica das folhas em expansão, folhas expandidas, folhas senescente, colmo e a planta inteira. Foram efetuadas contagens de microrganismos e o valor nutricional dos diferentes órgãos da planta. Determinou-se o número de bactérias láticas, enterobactérias, fungos e leveduras e os valores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose. As populações microbianas foram variáveis em função do órgão da planta, e o colmo foi o órgão que assegurou o crescimento de bactérias láticas e inibição do crescimento de microrganismos indesejáveis durante a ensilagem do capim-tanzânia. No âmbito nutricional, existiu uma hierarquia decrescente do valor bromatológico: folha em expansão, folha expandida, planta inteira e colmo antes e após o processo de ensilagem.

This experiment was carried with the objective of evaluating the microbial populations and the nutritionalvalue of different organs of plants of the tanzânia-grass (Panicum maximum) before and after theensilage. Ten samples were collected at random at the pasture with the use of a square of 1 m2, were takenthe botanical separation of the leaves in expansion, expanded leaves, leaves senesce, stem and the plant.Counting of microorganisms and the nutritional value were made in the different organs of the plant.Was determined the number of lactic bacterium, enterobacterium, fungi and yeasts and dry matter values,crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose. The microbial populationswere variable in function of the organ of the plant, and the stem is the organ that assures the growth oflactic bacteria and inhibition of growth of undesirable microorganisms during the ensilage of the tanzânia-grass. In the nutritional extent, a decreasing hierarchy of the value bromatológic exists: leafs in expansion,expanded leaf, plant completes and stem before and after the ensilage process

Efeito do farelo de trigo sobre as perdas, recuperação da matéria seca e composição bromatológica de silagem de capim-mombaça / Effect of wheat meal on losses, dry matter recovery and chemical composition of mombaça-grass silage

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de farelo de trigo sobre as perdas, recuperação da MS e qualidade de silagem de capim-mombaça, em um experimento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos: 0, 20,40 e 60% de farelo de trigo, e quatro repetições por tratamento. Foram utilizados baldes com capacidade para 15 litros, dotados de válvula de bunsen, para escape dos gases e com 3 kg de areia adicionados no fundo para retenção dos efluentes. As variáveis avaliadas foram perdas por gases, perdas por efluentes, recuperação da matéria seca, pH, N-amoniacal, matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose (HEM). A adição de farelo de trigo reduziu as perdas por gases e as perdas por efluentes. A recuperação da matéria seca foi menor para o tratamento sem farelo de trigo. Os valores de PB aumentaram com a adição de farelo de trigo. Os valores de FDN e FDA na silagem reduziram de forma linear em função da aplicação de farelo de trigo. Conclui-se que a inclusão de 20% de farelo de trigo é suficiente para atingir melhorias consideráveis na qualidade da silagem de capim-mombaça e, considerando-se o aspecto econômico, pode ser adotado.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of wheat meal on losses, dry matter recovery and quality of mombaça-grass silage, using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments: 0, 20, 40 and 60% of wheat meal, and three replicates per treatment. Fifteen-liter capacity buckets with bunsen value on the lid were used. Three kilos of sand were placed on the botton of each bucket to capture effluent. Evaluated variable were: losses by gases and effluents, dry matter recovery, pH, amoniacal- N, dry matter content (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose. Wheat meal addition reduced losses by gases, which ranged from 2 to 1.57%, and eliminated losses by effluents. Wheat meal addition reduced losses by gases and effluents. The recovery dry matter was smaller for the treatment without wheat meal. Values for increased with wheat meal addition. Values of NDF and ADF in the silage reduced linearly in function of wheat meal application. The inc1usion of 20% of wheat meal is enough to reach improvements in the quality of grass-mombaça silage and, being economical, it can be recommended.

Características químicas de solo submetido ao tratamento com esterco líquido de suínos e cultivado com gramíneas forrageiras / Chemical characteristics of soil submitted swine liquid manure treatment and cultivated with forage grasses

Avaliou-se, neste trabalho, o efeito da aplicação intensiva de esterco líquido de suínos (ELS), pelo método do escoamento superficial, nas características químicas de um solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com quatro espécies forrageiras: quicuio da Amazônia (Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick), braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf), coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) e tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). O ELS foi aplicado em parcelas de 4m² e com 5 por cento de declividade, durante 4 meses, na taxa média equivalente a 800kg ha-1d-1 de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5). Para caracterização química, amostras de solo foram coletadas à profundidade de 0-0,20m, antes de iniciar o experimento e após o término dele. A aplicação de ELS proporcionou acúmulo de P, K, Na e Zn no solo, enquanto as concentrações de Mg e Cu diminuíram e a de Ca se manteve inalterada. Houve aumento na acidez, na soma de bases, na CTC e redução na saturação por bases. Devido ao acúmulo de nutrientes, recomenda-se monitoramento das características químicas do solo, ao longo de seu perfil e das águas subterrâneas para que se avaliem riscos de contaminação ambiental.