Effect of slow-release urea on intake, ingestive behavior, digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, microbial protein production, blood and ruminal parameters of sheep.

We conducted two experiments. The first aimed to obtain and characterize microparticles of slow-release urea (SRU) using calcium alginate as the encapsulating agent. The second experiment evaluated their inclusion in sheep diets. In the first experiment, four treatments from a completely randomized design were employed to develop an SRU through the ionic gelification technique testing two drying methods (oven and lyophilizer) and addition or no of sulfur (S): SRU oven-dried with sulfur (MUSO) and without sulfur (MUO), SRU freeze-dried/lyophilized with (MUSL), and without sulfur (MUL). MUO exhibited better yield and encapsulation efficiency among these formulations than the others. Therefore, the second experiment was conducted to compare free urea (U) as control and three proportions (1%, 1.5%, and 2% of total dry matter) of MUO in the diet of sheep. Twenty-four non-castrated male Santa Ines lambs, with an average body weight of 22 ± 3.0 kg, were used and distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. The inclusion of 1% alginate-encapsulated urea (MUO1%) resulted in higher dry matter (DM) intake than free urea (p ≤ 0.05). MUO2% inclusion promoted higher NDF digestibility than U and MUO1%. MUO1% showed higher DM than MUO2% and higher NFC digestibility than U and MUO2% (p ≤ 0.05). Sheep fed MUO1.5% and MUO2% exhibited similar nutrient intake and digestibility. Sheep receiving MUO1% had higher N-intake, N-urinary, N-excretion total, N-digested, and N-retained compared to U. Sheep fed MUO1% showed greater N-retained (as % ingested and digested), microbial protein production, and efficiency when compared to other treatments (p ≤ 0.05). MUO2% addition (SRU) promoted the lowest microbial protein production and efficiency in sheep. MUO dietary inclusion increased feeding time and reduced idleness time compared to U, regardless of the MUO level (p ≤ 0.05). Adding MUO1% improved the intake efficiency of DM and NDF and resulted in more feed boli than the other MUO levels (p ≤ 0.05). Sheep receiving U had (4 h after fending) higher NH3-N, pH, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lower TGL serum compared to sheep fed MUO (p ≤ 0.05), without significant difference among MUO levels (p > 0.05), except NH3-N was higher in MUO1.5% and MUO2% compared to MUO1.0%. The external ionic gelation technique proved suitable for urea microencapsulation in calcium alginate (3%), demonstrating high quality, efficiency, and yield. MUO represents a promising slow-release urea for ruminants and is recommended for sheep diets at an inclusion level of 1.0%. This inclusion level improves intake efficiency and nutrient digestibility, increases rumen nitrogen retention, and reduces BUN without compromising sheep health.

Production, characterization, and dietary supplementation effect of rumen-protected fat on ruminal function and blood parameters of sheep.

Rumen-protected fat (RPF) was produced in the 1st experimental stage through melt-emulsification technique using buriti oil (BO) as core, at concentrations of 10% (BO10), 20% (BO20), and 30% (BO30) (w/w), and carnauba wax (CW) as encapsulant material. After obtention and characterization, protected fat microspheres were tested in a 2nd experimental stage on the sheep' diet using six castrated 2-year-old male Santa Ines with initial weight 48.9 ± 5.23 kg, fistulated in rumen and distributed in a double Latin square design with 3 treatments × 3 periods, to evaluate rumen pH, temperature, protozoal count, and blood parameters. There was no difference (P > 0.05) among RPF microspheres for microencapsulation yield. However, microencapsulation efficiency increased (P < 0.05) with BO addition ranging from 36 to 61.3% for BO10 and BO30, respectively. The inclusion of BO10 in the sheep's diet did not affect the ruminal dry matter degradability (DMD) of BO over time (P > 0.05); however, BO20 and BO30 had higher (P < 0.05) DMD values than BO10. No significant differences were observed among RPF for rumen pH and temperature (P > 0.05). There was an increase (P < 0.05) in the protozoal population in the rumen environment due to the microencapsulated BO30 inclusion. There was also increase (P < 0.05) in serum albumin, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and a reduction (P < 0.05) in serum triglycerides of the sheep when RPF microspheres increased in the diet. Melt-emulsification proved to be a good technique for microencapsulation of buriti oil into the carnauba wax matrix. RPF from buriti oil protected into carnauba wax is recommended for sheep diet because it increases energy density, without adverse effects on the protozoal populations and blood serum metabolites from the bypass effect in the rumen.

Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Kids' Meat Fed Ground-Corn-Grain Silage Rehydrated with Different Additives.

The effects of the replacement of dry ground corn (GC) with corn-grain silage rehydrated with water (RCSwater), cactus pear mucilage (RCSmucilage), and whey (RCSwhey) on the growth, physicochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of goat kids' meat were investigated. Thirty-two crossbred goat kids (16.4 ± 2.50 kg initial weight) were assigned in a randomized block design with four treatments and eight repetitions. The NDF intake of goat kids fed with RCSmucilage was higher in comparison to RCSwater and RCSwhey (p = 0.0009). The dietary replacement of GC by RCSmucilage increased the final weight (p = 0.033) and meat-cooking losses (p = 0.0001) of kids. The concentrations of oleic (p = 0.046), 11,14-eicosadienoic (p = 0.033), and EPA (p = 0.010) were higher in the meat of kids fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey, and the α-linolenic concentration was higher (p = 0.019) for animals feeding with RCSmucilage. Meat from kids fed with RCSwhey presented the lowest ∑SFA and the highest ∑MUFA. In contrast, the ∑PUFA (p < 0.012) was higher for goats fed with RCSwater. The ∑ω3 (p < 0.0001) was higher in animals fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey. Desirable fatty acids were higher (p = 0.044) in animals fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey, and the atherogenicity (p = 0.044) and thrombogenicity (p < 0.0001) indexes were lower for goats fed the RCSwhey diet. The enzymatic activities of Δ9desaturase (C16) were higher (p = 0.027) in goat kids fed with GC and RCSmucilage, and Δ9desaturase (C18) was higher (p = 0.0497) when goats were fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey. Elongase activities were higher (p = 0.045) in goat kids fed with GC and RCSwater. The total replacement of GC by RCSmucilage is recommended in the diet of goat kids due to improvements in the weight gain and proportion of desirable fatty acids in the meat. In addition, RCSmucilage promoted better conservation of the silage at a lower cost when compared to commercial additives.

Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet.

In ruminant feeding, mechanisms for controlling the rate of ammonia release in the rumen are important for increasing the efficiency of transforming dietary nitrogen into microbial protein. Three microencapsulated formulations, with increased urea concentrations of 10 (MPec1), 20 (MPec2) and 30% (MPec3) from the w/w, based on the mass of citrus pectin solution, employ the external ionic gelation/extrusion technique. The properties of microencapsulated urea were examined as a completely randomized design with 5 treatments each with 10 replicates for evaluation, and the ratios of dietary to free urea were compared using 5 fistulated male Santa Ines sheep in a Latin 5 × 5 square design. The degradation kinetics showed that the rate of controlled release from the microencapsulated systems was significantly reduced compared with that of free urea (p < 0.05). The population density of ruminal protozoa increased when sheep received the microencapsulated urea (p < 0.05). The disappearance of dry matter and crude protein reached a degradation plateau during the first minutes for the MPec1 and MPec2 systems and was slower for MPec3. The MPec1 and MPec2 systems presented higher (p < 0.05) blood serum concentrations of albumin, urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and total cholesterol and did not affect (p > 0.05) the other blood metabolites. The MPec2 systems are recommended because they consist of microspheres with more (p < 0.05) controlled core release, delaying the peak of urea released in the rumen and BUN without affecting (p < 0.05) ruminal pH and temperature. Microencapsulation with calcium pectinate provided better utilization of urea, reducing the risk of ruminant intoxication.

Polymorphism of the beta-casein gene and adaptability of Sindhi cows to semiarid conditions.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of beta-casein genotypes (A1A2 and A2A2) in three different thermal comfort conditions on the adaptability of Sindhi cows and as a tool for selecting thermotolerant cattle. Twelve Sindhi cows were used in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with six replicates, with two genotypes, and three thermal comfort conditions. The climatic variables were recorded, while black globe temperature, humidity index, and radiant heat load were calculated. We measured respiratory rate, surface temperature, and rectal temperature while the heat tolerance coefficient was calculated. Genotype had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on any of the parameters measured. However, there was a thermal comfort condition effect (p < 0.05) on rectal temperature, surface temperature, and thermal gradients. The respiratory rate and heat tolerance coefficient were not significantly affected (p > 0.05). Therefore, although the results indicate substantial adaptability of Sindhi cows under any thermal conditions, the tested genotypes should not be used as a tool for selecting thermotolerant Sindhi cows.

Effects of the Dietary Inclusion of Buriti Oil on Lamb Performance, Carcass Traits, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ingestive Behavior and Blood Metabolites.

Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) oil (BO) is a byproduct that can be incorporated into the diet of lambs, thus increasing the energy density. The study aimed to evaluate the optimum BO inclusion level in lamb diets. Sixty-five Santa Ines lambs were distributed in two completely randomized experiments with five treatments each (BO inclusion at 0 (control), 12, 24, 36 and 48 g/kg dry matter (DM) total). The BO supplementation to partially replace ground corn linearly decreased the nutrient intake and digestibility of DM, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), N° chews/bolus, DM and NDF rumination or eating efficiencies, the N intake and N balance, carcass weights and yields, and dressing content of lamb carcasses (p < 0.05). The addition of BO responded quadratically to DM eating efficiency and N-fecal and N-urinary excretion (p < 0.05). The linear response plateau (LRP) analysis demonstrated that the levels of 0 and 12 g/kg of BO were similar, and improved intake and digestibility and consequently performance (p < 0.001). There was a linear increase in feed efficiency and shrinkage after chilling with the BO inclusion replacing ground corn. The inclusion of 12 g/kg BO in the total DM of diet is recommended, because it improves feeding intake, digestibility and performance of lambs.

Copolymerized Natural Fibre from the Mesocarp of Orbignya phalerata (Babassu Fruit) as an Irrigating-Fertilizer for Growing Cactus Pears.

Cactus pears face challenges due to global climate change, which is leading to in-depth research to monitor and increase their water activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the natural test hydrogel (TH) from Orbignya phalerata fibre as nutrients and water for growing cactus pear genotypes ("Baiana" and "Doce" [Nopalea cochenillifera], 'Gigante' [Opuntia fícus-indica], and "Mexican Elephant Ear" [Opuntia stricta]) compared to the use of commercial hydrogel (CH), which is based on polymers composed of polyacrylamide, and a treatment without the use of hydrogel (WH). A completely randomized design was used, in a factorial scheme (4 × 3), with four genotypes of cactus pear and three forms of hydration, with five replications. The number and area of cladode was greatest (p < 0.01) in plants with CH and TH irrigation-fertilization in the 'Doce' cactus genotype. The dry biomass of the cladode and root in the 'Gigante' cactus genotype was greatest (p < 0.01) in the treatments with CH and TH irrigation-fertilisation. The 'Baiana', 'Doce', and 'Gigante' cactus genotypes exhibited more (p < 0.01) dry matter content with the TH irrigation-fertilisation. The highest (p < 0.01) neutral detergent fibre content was observed in the 'Baiana' and 'Doce' cactus genotypes when irrigation occurred with WH treatment, and the highest acid detergent fibre content in the 'Gigante' genotype. The copolymerized natural fibre from the mesocarp of Orbignya phalerata (babassu fruit) induced a better growth and chemical composition of cactus pear genotypes than the hydrogel based on polymers composed of polyacrylamide.

Fatty acid, chemical, and tissue composition of meat comparing Santa Inês breed sheep and Boer crossbreed goats submitted to different supplementation strategies.

To compare the fatty acid (FA) composition, and chemical and tissue composition of meat, 24 uncastrated males, 12 sheep of the Santa Inês breed, and 12 crossbred goats (F1 Boer × undefined breed) with the weight of 24.3 ± 2.38 kg. The animals were distributed in a randomized block design and treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, two small ruminant species/breed (Boer crossbreed goat × Santa Inês breed sheep), and two supplementation strategies (energy × protein energy). There was not an interaction between the small ruminant species and the supplementation on average daily gain, tissue composition, chemical composition, or FA profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle. Sheep presented greater weight and yield of fat in the subcutaneous, intermuscular, and total depots than goats, which results in better finishing of the sheep for slaughter. Goat meat presented a lower lipid concentration than sheep meat. The protein-energy supplementation increased oleic acid, ΣUFA, ΣMUFA, hypocholesterolemic/ Hypercholesterolemic index, and enzymatic activity Δ9-desaturase C18 and decreased SFA capric acid in the muscle when compared with energetic supplementation. In Caatinga biome conditions, Boer crossbreed goats meat has a lower concentration of lipids and a healthier FA composition compared with Santa Inês breed sheep because it has a lower SFA and greater PUFA content, which are sources of n-3 and n-6, which may contribute to the reduction of blood cholesterol (LDL). In addition, protein-energy supplementation also improved the quality of animal fat compared with supplementation only with the energetic concentrate, regardless of species.

Avaliação da composição e da contagem de células somáticas do leite de cabra cru do Cariri paraibano / Evaluation of composition and counting of somatic cells of cair raw of Cariri paraibano

A CCS é um método aceito internacionalmente para avaliar a sanidade da glândula mamária. Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar a composição e a contagem de células somáticas no leite de cabra cru do Cariri paraibano proveniente quatro mini usinas denominadas A, B, C e D. Os resultados médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos foram 3,5% de gordura; 3,0% de proteína; 4,2% de lactose; 11,70% de sólidos totais; 8,2% de sólidos não gordurosos e 1,4 x 106 para CCS. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que dos componentes do leite apenas a lactose estava fora dos padrões e que a alta CCS reforça a necessidade de implementação dos programas de controle de qualidade para melhoria da sanidade da glândula mamária.

Avaliação da qualidade do leite de cabra em uma mini usina do Cariri paraibano através da contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana total / Evaluation of quality of goat milk in a mini parairan Cariri usina through somatic cell count and total bacterial count

A qualidade do leite é definida por diversos fatores entre eles a sanidade da glândula mamária e a higienização dos equipamentos processadores de leite. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do leite através da determinação dos componentes do leite e da contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana total. Foram avaliadas 27 amostras de leite de cabra cru em uma mini usina do Cariri paraibano. De acordo com os resultados encontrados verifica-se que os valores médios de lactose e a CBT encontram se fora dos padrões estabelecidos, já a CCS apresentam índices altos de acordo com os limites fisiológicos considerados normais para a espécie. Esses resultados demonstram falhas no manejo e a necessidade de implementação de melhorias contínuas.

Five new species and novel descriptions of opposed sexes of four species of the spider genus Attacobius (Araneae: Corinnidae).

Five new Brazilian species of the spider genus Attacobius Mello-Leitão, 1925 are described: A. demiguise n. sp. (based on male and female) and A. carimbo n. sp. (male), both from State of Pará; A. thalitae n. sp. (male) from the State of Minas Gerais; A. lauricae n. sp. (male) from State of Tocantins; and A. tremembe n. sp. (female) from State of Piauí. The males of A. luederwaldti (Mello-Leitão, 1923) and A. verhaaghi Bonaldo Brescovit, 1998, and the females of A. uiriri Bonaldo Brescovit, 2005 and A. blakei Bonaldo Brescovit, 2005, are described for the first time. Additionally, new records of A. attarum (Roewer, 1935), A. carranca Bonaldo Brescovit, 2005, A. kitae Bonaldo Brescovit, 2005 and A. tucurui Bonaldo Brescovit, 2005 are given.

Resposta imunológica em caprinos vacinados contra agalaxia contagiosa / Immune response in goats vaccinated against contagious agalactia

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de duas vacinas inativadas contra agalaxia contagiosa contendo adjuvante oleoso e aquoso. Para tanto, foram utilizados 73 caprinos, agrupados em dois experimentos. No experimento I, para avaliar a inocuidade das vacinas, foram utilizados 15 caprinos, subdivididos em três grupos de cinco animais cada, sendo que o grupo A1 foi imunizado com a vacina aquosa, o grupo B1 com a vacina oleosa e o grupo C não imunizado, foi o controle. No experimento II, para avaliar a resposta imune foram utilizados 58 caprinos, subdivididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo A2, com 28 animais imunizados com a vacina aquosa e o grupo B2, com 30 animais imunizados com a vacina oleosa. Os animais do experimento II receberam uma terceira dose, 180 dias após a segunda dose vacinal. Os níveis de anticorpos foram determinados por ELISA indireto, realizado no dia de cada vacinação e 30 dias após a segunda dose (experimento I) e 30 dias após a terceira dose vacinal (experimento II). Os animais do grupo B1 e B2 (vacina oleosa) apresentaram níveis de anticorpos estatisticamente superiores (P<0,05) quando comparados aos dos grupos A1 e A2 (vacina aquosa) nos dois experimentos.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two inactivated vaccines against contagious agalactia containing adjuvant oily and watery. For this, 73 goats were divided in two experiments. In the experiment I was verified the vaccine safety and 15 goats were divided into three experimental groups of five animals each. A1 and B1 groups were immunized with vaccine containing either aluminum or oil, respectively, and group C was the control group without immunization. In the experiment II, the immune response against the vaccines was evaluated by immunization of 58 goats that were divided in to two groups: group A2, 28 animals were immunized with the aluminum based vaccine; and group B2, 30 animals were immunized with the oil based vaccine. In the experiment II, the animals received a third dose on 180 day after the second dose. Antibody levels were determined by indirect ELISA from ssamples collected on vaccination days and on 30 day after the second dose (Experiment I) and on 30 day after the third dose (Experiment II). The animals from B1 and B2 groups (oil based vaccine) demonstrated higher antibody levels (P<0.05) than A1 and A2 (aluminum based vaccine) in both experiments.

Sistemas produtivos de caprinocultura leiteira no semiárido paraibano: caracterização, principais limitantes e avaliação de estratégias de intervenção / Productive systems of dairy goats in the semiarid of Paraiba: characterization, major limiting factors and evaluation of intervention strategies

Oito propriedades de leite caprino do semiárido paraibano foram acompanhadas, multidisciplinarmente, durante dois anos, com os objetivos de identificar os principais fatores limitantes da produção, assim como propor e avaliar estratégias de intervenção. Utilizou-se um questionário para obtenção de informações sobre as propriedades e práticas de manejo. Avaliou-se o balanço forrageiro de cada propriedade e foram feitas propostas para correção. Os animais foram identificados para que se viabilizasse a escrituração zootécnica e o controle da produção individual de leite. O diagnóstico das principais enfermidades foi estabelecido. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se análise de variância, regressão linear múltipla e o teste t. O número médio de animais nos rebanhos era 53 cabeças (início do estudo), 62 (final do primeiro ano) e 49 (último ano). Nenhum rebanho tinha padrão racial definido. Na análise do balanço anual de forragem do primeiro ano, sete propriedades tiveram déficit forrageiro na seca, enquanto apenas duas apresentaram déficit durante o período chuvoso. No segundo ano, após as intervenções, seis das oito propriedades apresentaram déficit durante a seca e duas durante a chuva. Entretanto, em seis propriedades, se fossem armazenadas forragens no período da chuva, a quantidade de alimento produzida durante a chuva seria suficiente para manter os animais durante a estação seca. A média da produção de leite diária nas propriedades foi 1,19 litros por cabra. Os problemas mais graves de instalações foram identificados nos cabriteiros. No início do estudo, nenhum produtor realizava escrituração zootécnica, a qual foi gradativa e parcialmente implantada. As principais enfermidades diagnosticadas foram parasitoses gastrintestinais, linfadenite caseosa, mastite subclínica, ectima contagioso e ceratoconjuntivite. A prevalência de linfadenite, mastite e parasitoses gastrintestinais foram reduzidas, após a adoção de práticas adequadas. Problemas reprodutivos foram relatados por 75% dos proprietários. Em quatro propriedades, as taxas de mortalidade de animais jovens foram maiores do que as aceitáveis (8%). Após análise dos dados, observou-se que a assistência técnica permanente e multidisciplinar pode minimizar os fatores limitantes à caprinocultura leiteira. O estudo demonstrou que os produtores aceitam a implantação de novas tecnologias, desde que estas sejam gradativamente implantadas e adequadas aos sistemas de produção.(AU)

Through a multidisciplinary study, eight dairy goat farms from the semiarid of Paraíba were studied for a period of two years with the aim to identify the main limiting factors for milk production and to propose and evaluate intervention strategies. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about the farms and their herd management. The forage availabilities were evaluated and proposals were made for correction. The animals were identified to facilitate the zootechnical bookkeeping and the milk production control. The major diseases were diagnosed. Analysis of variance, multiple linear regression and t test were used for data analysis. The average animal numbers in the herds were 53 at the start of the first year, 62 in the end of the year, and 49 in the second year. None herd had a defined breed. In the first year, seven farms had forage deficiency during the dry season, but only two during the rainy season. In the second year, after technical advertisement, six farms still had forage deficiency during the dry season and only two during the rainy season; however in six farms the yearly forage production was adequate and storing fodder during the rainy season would prevent the deficit during drought. The average milk production per goat was 1.19 liters. The most inadequate goat facilities were those used to keep the goat kids. Zootechnical bookkeeping was originally not practiced in any farm at the start of the study, but it was gradually and partially established. The main diseases recorded were caseous lymphadenitis, subclinical mastitis, keratoconjunctivitis and contagious ecthyma. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis and gastrointestinal parasitoses were reduced after technical assistance. Reproductive problems were reported in 75% of the farms. Four herds had goat kid mortality rates higher than those acceptable. After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that a continuous and multidisciplinary technical assistance may minimize the factors limiting dairy goat production. The study showed that farmers accept the new technologies if they are appropriate to the systems and are gradually implemented.(AU)

Using an ECG reference ontology for semantic interoperability of ECG data.

In this paper we test the hypothesis that a domain reference ontology of the electrocardiogram (ECG) can be employed in an effective manner to achieve semantic integration between ECG data standards. Several standardization initiatives, namely AHA/MIT-BIH (Physionet), SCP-ECG and HL7 aECG, have led to heterogeneous conceptualizations of the ECG domain. We then argue that a shared anchor, the biomedical reality under scrutiny, can effectively support the semantic integration of these ECG standards into a coherent ECG representation for the sake of a unified Electronic Health Record (EHR) model. Our hypothesis is tested by means of an integration experiment that uses, on the one hand, an ECG Ontology and, on the other hand, elicited conceptual models of the ECG standards. As a conclusion, we attest the hypothesis and also provide an integration table depicting correspondence links between entities in the ECG Ontology and elements in the ECG standards.

Síndrome de Budd-Chiari tratada por angioplastia transjugular da veia supra-hepática / Budd-Chiari Sindromy treated by transjugular angioplasty of the supra-hepatic vein

A Síndrome de Budd-chiari é caracterizada pela oclusão das veias supra-hepáticas e apresenta inúmeras causas, mas nenhuma delas é identificável em cerca de 60-70% dos pacientes. O diagnóstico é realizado pela suspeita clínica e confirmado por exames complementares, sendo a ultrassonografia com Doppler a mais sensível (85%). A terapia varia desde medicamentos, cirurgias como anastomoses portossistêmicos e transplante hepático até métodos menos invasivos como derivação intra-hepática portossistêmica transjugular (TIPS) e angioplastia. O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar um paciente portador da SBC submetido à angioplastia transjugular da veia supra-hepática, utilizando via anterógrada (punção através da veia cava inferior trans-hepática, atingindo a veia supra-hepática e recanalizando anterogradamente a veia supra-hepática).

The Budd-chiari syndrome is characterized by occlusion of the supra-hepatic veins and has any causes, but none of them are identifiable by about 60-70% of patients. The diagnosis is made by clinical suspicion and confirmed by additional tests, and the Doppler ultrasound with the most sensitive (85%). The therapy varies from medications, surgeries such as liver transplantation and anastomosis portossistêmicos even less invasive methods like bypass intra-hepatic portosystemic transjugular (TIPS) and angioplasty. The aim of this article is to present a patient of SBC submitted to angioplasty transjugular the above hepatic vein using antegrade route (puncture through the inferior vena cava reaching the above-hepatic vein and the vein recanalizando anterograde above-liver).

Efeito da inclusão de fontes lipídicas na dieta de cabras em lactação sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos / Effect of fat source inclusion in the diet of lactating goats

Conduziu-se o estudo do perfil metabólico, com o objetivo de avaliar o estado nutricional ou possíveis distúrbios metabólicos que podem comprometer a saúde e, consequentemente, o desempenho do rebanho. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o perfil metabólico de cabras em lactação, submetidas a dietas com diferentes fontes de lipídios. Foram utilizadas 16 cabras da raça Saanen com peso vivo médio de 35 Kg e produção média diária de 1,2 kg de leite, distribuídas em quadrado latino com três repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram nas seguintes dietas: sem suplementação lipidica (TC); semente de faveleira (SF); torta de faveleira (TF) e caroço de algodão (CA). O experimento foi desenvolvido em quatro períodos experimentais de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação à dieta e quatro dias de coleta de dados. No último dia de cada período foram coletadas amostras de sangue. A inclusão de semente de oleaginosa na dieta de cabras em lactação diminuiu o consumo de matéria seca por unidade metabólica (CMSU) e consumo de proteína bruta por unidade metabólica (CPBU). Dentre os quatro tratamentos não se observou diferença significativa no que se refere à concentração sérica de uréia, creatinina, GGT (gama glutamiltransferase), cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e glicose. Os níveis séricos de albumina dos animais que receberam TF foram maiores (P<0,05) do que os animais do grupo controle. Este trabalho sugere que as fontes de oleaginosas podem ser utilizadas na suplementação lipídica de cabras Saanen em lactação, entretanto animais alimentados com TF apresentaram um perfil metabólico mais saudável em função da suplementação lipídica.

The study of the metabolic profile has as objective to evaluate the nutritional status or possible metabolic disturbances that can damage the health and consequently the herd performance. In this work, the metabolic profile of lactating goats was evaluated, submitted to diets with different fat sources. 12 Saanen goats with BW of 35 kg and daily milk production of 1,2 kg were used, distributed into a Latin square with three repetitions. The diet comprised, without fat supplementation, TC (control) and with fat supplementation: SF (favelone seed); TF (favelone cake) and CA (cotton seed).The experiment was developed in four experimental periods of 14 days, with 10 days of adaptation to diets and four days for samples collection. In the last day of each period were collected blood samples. The inclusion of oleaginous seed into the lactating goats' diet decreased the dry matter consumption for metabolic unit (CMU) and consumption of crude protein for metabolic unit (CPMU). No significant differences in serum urea, creatinine, GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or glucose values were noticed in any of the four treatments. The serum levels of albumin in the animals that received TF were higher (P<0.05) than the animals of the control group. This work suggests that the oleaginous sources can be used as fat supplementation of lactating Saanen goats; however, animals fed the TF showed a healthier metabolic profile due to the fat supplement.

Características da carcaça de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastejo e submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação / Carcass characteristics of Santa Inês sheep finished in grazing and submitted to different levels of supplementation

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar as características da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês, mantidos em pastagem nativa e submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação na dieta (1,5 por cento, 1,0 por cento e 0,0 por cento do peso vivo). Foram utilizados 24 animais, machos castrados, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 15 kg ± 1,44 e idade média de 150 dias. O concentrado foi constituído à base de milho moído, farelo de soja e sal mineral. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. A utilização da suplementação possibilitou a obtenção de cordeiros com características mais desejáveis da carcaça, como: melhor rendimento, maior área de olho de lombo, menor perda de peso no resfriamento e maior peso dos cortes comerciais. Em termos de análise econômica, pode-se concluir que, se o objetivo for obter carcaças mais leves com peso em torno de 7 kg e com nível mínimo de gordura não há necessidade de suplementação com concentrado, mas, se o objetivo for obter carcaças pesando de 10 a 12 kg e com melhor nível de acabamento recomenda-se suplementação com 1,0 a 1,5 por cento do peso vivo com concentrado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate carcass characteristics of Santa Inês lambs, maintained in native pasture and submitted to different supplementation levels in the diet (1,5 percent, 1,0 percent e 0,0 percent do LW). Twenty-four castrated sheep with 15 ±1,44 kg of mean live weight (LW) were used and average age of 150 days. The concentrate was constituted of cracked corn, soybean meal and mineral salt. A completely randomized design with three treatment and eight replicates was used. The use of the supplementation makes possible to get lambs with desirable characteristics of the carcass, such as: better yield, increase rib eye area, less lose of weight in the cooling, and greater weight of retail cuts. According to the economical analysis it may be concluded that, if the aim is to get lighter carcasses with weight around 7 kg and with minimum level of fat there is not any necessity of supplementation with concentrate, but, if the aim is to get the carcasses weighing from 10 to 12 kg and with better level of finishing, it is recommended supplementation with 1,0 to 1,5 percent of the live weight with concentrate.

Efeito da restrição alimentar sobre algumas características de carcaça de cabritos F1 Boer X Saanen / Effect of feed restriction on some carcass traits of F1-Boer X Saanen goats

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar nas características de carcaça de cabritos F1 Boer x Saanen. Foram utilizados 21 cabritos, pesando 15 kg de PV, distribuídos em três tratamentos (0, 30 e 60 por cento de restrição). O consumo dos animais do tratamento 0 por cento de restrição determinavam o consumo dos animais dos tratamentos 30 e 60 por cento de restrição. Quando os animais do nível de restrição 0 por cento atingiam 25 kg, estes juntamente com seus pares foram submetidos a jejum de sólido de 24 h e de líquido de 16 h. O abate ocorreu mediante descarga elétrica, seguido de sangria e retirada dos órgãos. Os ganhos de peso foram de 211,03, 126,15 e 11,71g/dia; a eficiência alimentar de 0,20, 0,18 e de 0,03; os pesos de abate de 25,44, 20,91 e 15,82kg para os tratamentos 0, 30 e 60 por cento de restrição, respectivamente. O rendimento de carcaça quente, de carcaça fria e biológico não foram influenciados pela restrição alimentar. Somente a proporção da paleta e a do lombo foram influenciados pela restrição alimentar, com aumento linear do rendimento da paleta e decréscimo linear do rendimento do lombo. Houve efeito da restrição na redução do rendimento de gordura e aumento da proporção de osso. A restrição alimentar em níveis moderados, permitiu a obtenção de carcaças de boa qualidade, com bom rendimento, elevada proporção de músculo e baixa participação de gordura e, dependendo da relação custo:benefício, pode tornar-se boa alternativa para o produtor.

To evaluate the effect of different levels of feed restriction on carcass traits, twenty-one F1-Boer x Saanen goats weighting 15 kg LW were allocated to one of the three treatments (0, 30 and 60 percent restriction). The feed intake for the 0 percent restriction treatment animals determined the intake for the animals in the 30 and 60 percent restriction treatment. When animals from 0 percent of feed restriction reached 25 kg of LW, they and their pair-feeding were submitted to a feed and water fasting during 24 h and 16 h, respectively. After fasting, animals were slaughtered by electric discharged. In addition, bleeding and organs removing were performed. The weight gain (g/day) were 211,03, 126,15 and 11,71; the feed efficiency was 0,20, 0,18 and 0,03; the slaughtering weight (kg) were 25,44, 20,91 and 15,82 for 0, 30 e 60 percent restriction treatment, respectively. Warn carcass, cold carcass and biological yields were no affected by feed restriction. Only, shoulder and loin proportions were affected by feed restriction with a linear increase of shoulder yield and a linear decrease of loin yield. Feed restriction reduced fat yield and increased bone proportion. Moderate levels of feed restriction permitted to produce goat carcasses with good quality and yield, as well as high muscle proportion and low fat content. Depends on the cost: benefit ratio feed restriction should be consider an adequate alternative for meat goat producer.

Parâmetros fisiológicos e desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês submetidos a diferentes tipos de sombreamento e a suplementação em pastejo / Physiologic behavior and performance of lambs Santa Inês breed submitted to different types of environmental and supplementation in grazing

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade de sombra e da suplementação com concentrado sobre o comportamento fisiológico e o desempenho de cordeiros Santa Inês em pastejo no semi-árido paraibano. Foram utilizados 27 ovinos machos da raça Santa Inês, com peso vivo médio de 21,5 kg e 120 dias idade. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três ambientes [sem sombra (SS), sombra natural (SN) e sombra artificial (SA)] e alimentados com três níveis de suplementação concentrada (0, 1,0 e 1,5 por centoPV). A análise de variância revelou efeito significativo do turno da tarde em relação ao da manhã sobre a temperatura retal (TR). Contudo, não se verificou efeito significativo dos fatores ambiente e dieta sobre a TR. A freqüência respiratória foi maior no turno tarde do que no da manhã nos ambientes de SS (35,28 e 61,64 mov/mim) e SA (30,28 e 51,76 mov/mim). A dieta influenciou a ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) no ambiente SS. A temperatura superficial foi mais elevada no turno da tarde do que pela manhã, independente dos fatores estudados. Os animais que receberam suplementação apresentaram um melhor desempenho em relação aos não suplementados. Concluiu-se com esta pesquisa que o uso de sombreamento nas pastagens melhora os índices de conforto térmico do ambiente, e que o desempenho de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, em pastagem nativa enriquecida com capim buffel pode ser melhorado com a utilização de concentrado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the shadow and food supplementation on the physiologic behavior and performance of Santa Inês lambs under rangeland conditions in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. Twenty-seven male lambs were used, with an average body weight of 21.5 kg and 120 days of age. They were randomly distributed in three environments [without shade (WS), natural shade (NS) and artificial shade (AS)] and fed growing three levels of concentrate supplement (0, 1.0 and 1.5 percent of live body weight). The analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period (morning x afternoon) on rectal temperature. However, no significant effect was observed for the environment and diet factors. Breathing frequency was higher in the afternoon than in the morning in the WS (35.28 and 61.64 mov/minute) and AS (30.28 and 51.76 mov/minute) environments. The diet influenced DM ingestion in SS environment. Skin temperature was higher in afternoon than in the morning, independent of the studied factors. The animals supplemented with concentrate mixtures had a performance better than the control ones. It was concluded that shading improved the indexes of thermal comfort and animal physiology and production parameters. Santa Inês breed showed high adaptability to the adverse conditions of the semi- arid region of Paraíba. The performance of Santa Inês lambs under a buffel enriched native rangeland, can be improved by supplementation with concentrate.

Diagnosis and treatment of prostatic abscess

OBJECTIVES: Present and discuss the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods and treatment of the prostatic abscess. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have retrospectively studied the medical records of 9 patients diagnosed and treated for prostatic abscess, between March 1998 and December 2000, assessing age, context, associated diseases, and diagnostic and therapeutic methods. We have compared the data found with those described in literature, based on Medline data. RESULTS: Mean age was 52.6 years. Three patients had previous diabetes mellitus diagnosis, and one was infected by HIV virus. Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate confirmed the diagnosis of prostatic abscess in all 7 cases in which it was performed. All cases received antibiotic treatment, and 77.8 percent needed concomitant surgical treatment. Two cases of microabscess were treated only with antibiotics. Four patients were submitted to perineal catheter drainage, 2 were submitted to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and one patient required both procedures. Mean hospitalization time was 11.2 days, and most frequent bacterial agent was S. aureus. All patients were discharged from the hospital, and there was no death in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic abscess should be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical drainage (perineal puncture or TURP). Microabscess may heal without surgery