Discovery of KIN-3248, An Irreversible, Next Generation FGFR Inhibitor for the Treatment of Advanced Tumors Harboring FGFR2 and/or FGFR3 Gene Alterations.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alterations are present as oncogenic drivers and bypass mechanisms in many forms of cancer. These alterations can include fusions, amplifications, rearrangements, and mutations. Acquired drug resistance to current FGFR inhibitors often results in disease progression and unfavorable outcomes for patients. Genomic profiling of tumors refractory to current FGFR inhibitors in the clinic has revealed several acquired driver alterations that could be the target of next generation therapeutics. Herein, we describe how structure-based drug design (SBDD) was used to enable the discovery of the potent and kinome selective pan-FGFR inhibitor KIN-3248, which is active against many acquired resistance mutations. KIN-3248 is currently in phase I clinical development for the treatment of advanced tumors harboring FGFR2 and/or FGFR3 gene alterations.

Expanding the IDEA: Ongoing- and Evolving-Evaluation of an Art Therapy in Prisons Program.

In 2021 an article was published that presented an art therapy in prisons program that emerged through a contractual partnership between a major state university and that state's Department of Corrections, funded by Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The program was charged to provide art therapy with youthful offenders to alleviate behavioral, emotional, and intellectual impediments to their education. The program began in the summer of 2019 with a 3-year contract for two full-time art therapists for four sites. Responses to the annual reports and subsequent changes and benefits to the targeted population resulted in the contract being revised in the summer of 2021 that expanded it considerably, to four full-time art therapists for nine prisons. This follow-up research article will delineate the successful efficacy of this program and the impactful changes instituted since its inception and expansion. In addition, this article will further examine the evolution in the data gathering process, specifically applying more distinct considerations needed to accurately examine the effectiveness of the program.

Survival and quality of life after CSF diversion in adult patients with leptomeningeal metastasis-associated hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is associated with altered CSF flow dynamics in 50%-70% of patients. Approximately 1%-5% of patients develop symptomatic LM-associated hydrocephalus (LM-H), which adversely impacts quality of life (QOL), functional status, and overall survival (OS). There is equipoise for CSF diversion procedures in LM-H. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of CSF diversion on OS and QOL in this context. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for articles that evaluated the role of CSF diversion for LM-H due to systemic cancer in adult patients. A meta-analysis was conducted using random effects models, with mean differences and 95% CIs reported. Bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. RESULTS: Ten eligible studies with a total of 494 patients were included. Two studies reported multivariate HRs for median OS, suggesting no significant effect of shunting on OS (pooled HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.09-1.94, p = 0.27). A difference between preoperative and postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status of mean 17.6 points (95% CI 10.44-24.68, p < 0.0001) was calculated from 4 studies. Across all studies, a symptomatic improvement rate of 67%-100% was observed, with high rates of improvement for headaches and nausea and lower rates for cranial nerve palsies. Complication rates across 9 studies ranged from 0% to 21.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present findings, shunting does not improve OS but does relieve symptoms, suggesting that individuals who exhibit certain symptoms should be considered for CSF diversion. The present findings prompt the generation of a standardized decision-making tool and a critical analysis of the individual patient risk-benefit ratio. Implementation of these will optimize surgical management of LM-H patients.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes in CMV infection in intestinal transplant recipients: A single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most common posttransplantation infections and has been associated with increased rejection and mortality. Data in intestinal transplants recipients are limited. METHODS: This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of all intestinal transplants performed between January 1, 2009, and August 31, 2020. We included recipients of all ages who were at risk of CMV infection. To identify the risk factors, we conducted at first univariate and multivariate analysis. For the multivariate analysis, we developed a logistic regression model based on the result of univariate analysis. RESULTS: Ninety five patients with a median age of 32 (interquartile range [IQR] 4, 50) were included. CMV donor seropositive/recipient seronegative were 17 (17.9%). Overall, 22.1% of the recipients developed CMV infection at a median time of 155 (IQR 28-254) days from transplant, including 4 CMV syndrome and 6 CMV end-organ disease. Overall, 90.4%, (19/21) developed DNAemia while on prophylaxis. Median peak viral load and time to negativity was 16 000 (IQR 1034-43 892) IU/mL and 56 (IQR 49-109) days, respectively. (Val)ganciclovir and foscarnet were utilized in 17 (80.9%) and 1 (4.76%) recipients, respectively. Recurrences of CMV DNAemia and graft rejection were observed in three and six recipients, respectively. Younger age was identified as a risk factor (p = .032, odds ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.95-0.99) to develop CMV DNAemia. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of intestinal transplant recipients developed CMV infection while on prophylaxis. Better methods such as CMV cell mediated immunity guided prophylaxis should be used to prevent infections in this population.

Revisiting how People with Schizophrenia Spend Their Days: Associations of lifetime milestone Achievements with Daily Activities examined with Ecological Momentary Assessment.

Milestone achievements are reduced in people with schizophrenia and are lower in comparison to people with bipolar disorder. However, it is not clear what the implications are for engagement in momentary activities based on milestone achievements. Further, some recent research has suggested that psychotic symptoms are associated with challenges in self-assessment of activities, but there is less information about the correlations of milestone achievements and ongoing psychotic symptoms. We examined momentary activities and symptoms as a function of lifetime milestone achievement in 102 individuals with schizophrenia and 71 with bipolar disorder. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) was used to sample daily activities and concurrent symptoms 3 times per day for 30 days. Each survey asked the participant where they were, who they were with, and what they were doing, as well as sampling the concurrent presence of psychotic symptoms. Not being financially responsible for their residence was associated with engaging in fewer productive activities. Participants who never had a relationship were more commonly home and alone and engaged in fewer social interactions. A lifetime history of employment was correlated with engaging in more productive activities, including at home. More common momentary psychosis was seen in participants who failed to achieve each of the functional milestones. Lifetime milestone achievements were associated with greater frequencies of productive behaviors and with fewer momentary experiences of psychosis, suggesting that psychotic symptoms may have importance for sustaining disability that would be challenging to detect without momentary information.

Using a Meta-cognitive Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to measure introspective accuracy and biases in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

People with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have challenges in self-evaluation of their cognitive and functional performance (introspective accuracy). They also manifest response biases, with tendencies toward overestimation. This study aimed to examine objective test performance, momentary judgments of performance, momentary confidence, and subsequent global judgments of performance on a metacognitive version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). This sample included 99 participants with SCZ and 67 with BD. After each of the 64 WCST trials, participants reported whether they believed their sort was correct and how confident they were in that judgment, they then received performance feedback. After completion of the entire task, participants generated a global performance judgment. On average, the SCZ group got 31 sorts correct, reporting being correct on 49 whereas the BD group got 37 trials correct but reported being correct on 53. For participants with BD, sorting performance correlated with trial x trial accuracy judgments, confidence, and predicted global judgments. For SCZ participants, performance minimally correlated with trial x trial accuracy judgments, confidence, and global judgments, while trial x trial confidence was strongly associated with trial x trial accuracy judgments (r = 0.58). Our findings suggest that confidence in participants with BD is correlated with task performance, whereas in SCZ confidence was entirely associated with self-generated performance judgments. SCZ participants manifested challenges with utilization of feedback. Global judgments of performance were predicted by task performance and confidence for BD participants, with performance and confidence judgments occurring prior to generation of the global performance judgments.

QTc Prolongation in Pediatric Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and prolonged QTc interval and to assess for correlation between DKA severity and QTc prolongation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study in a pediatric hospital. Patients admitted with DKA diagnosed by laboratory criteria and an electrocardiogram (ECG) performed during a period of acidosis were identified using Looking Glass Clinical Analytics. Data including age, sex, pH, electrolytes, anion gap, and ECG variables were collected. Patients were excluded if they had a prior diagnosis of prolonged QTc or were taking QTc prolonging medications. Severity of DKA was classified as mild (pH 7.24-7.3), moderate (pH 7-7.24), or severe (pH <7). ECGs were read by a pediatric electrophysiologist and QTc interval was manually calculated utilizing the Bazett formula. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were included (mean age 15.2 ± 4.2 years, pH 7.12 ± 0.12, bicarbonate 8.6 ± 3.7 mmol/L, potassium 5.3 ± 1.1 mEq/L). Mean QTc interval for all patients in DKA was 454 ± 32 msec. Mean QTc in the mild group was 441 ± 22 msec, moderate group 460 ± 36 msec, and severe group 461 ± 34 msec. There was a significant difference in QTc interval across DKA severity groups (P = .05). There was a significant association between higher anion gaps and greater QTc intervals (r = 0.21, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Thirty-one percent of pediatric patients with DKA demonstrated QTc prolongation on ECG. Severity of DKA and worsening acidosis were associated with increased prolongation of the QTc. Further study is required to evaluate the clinical impact of these findings.

Overconfidence in social cognitive decision making: Correlations with social cognitive and neurocognitive performance in participants with schizophrenia and healthy individuals.

It has been reported that people with schizophrenia are frequently overconfident relative to their performance, a trait observed in healthy individuals as well. In schizophrenia, impaired self-assessments have been found to be associated with functional impairments in various domains. Previous studies examining the correlation of overconfidence and task performance within domains (e.g., social cognition) had found overconfidence was associated with particularly poor performance. This study examines how overconfidence on a social cognitive emotion recognition task is correlated with performance on other social cognitive tests, measures of neurocognition, and intelligence. The sample includes 154 healthy controls and 218 outpatient individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. For the healthy controls, overconfidence was a significant predictor of poorer performance on social cognitive, but not neurocognitive tasks. For the participants with schizophrenia, overconfidence was a predictor of poorer performance on every performance-based task. In addition, overconfidence in healthy controls was more strongly correlated with intelligence than it was in participants with schizophrenia. The data suggest that a bias toward overestimation of performance aligns with poorer performance social cognitive domains, as well as neurocognitive domains in participants with schizophrenia. In healthy individuals, consistent with previous results, lower general intelligence seems to be a substantial predictor of overconfidence. These data suggest that attention to the accuracy of self-assessment is an area for future clinical interventions in people with schizophrenia.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (MIS-C): A Multi-institutional Study from New York City.

OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). STUDY DESIGN: Children with MIS-C admitted to pediatric intensive care units in New York City between April 23 and May 23, 2020, were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Of 33 children with MIS-C, the median age was 10 years; 61% were male; 45% were Hispanic/Latino; and 39% were black. Comorbidities were present in 45%. Fever (93%) and vomiting (69%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Depressed left ventricular ejection fraction was found in 63% of patients with median ejection fraction of 46.6% (IQR, 39.5-52.8). C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, d-dimer, and pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were elevated in all patients. For treatment, intravenous immunoglobulin was used in 18 (54%), corticosteroids in 17 (51%), tocilizumab in 12 (36%), remdesivir in 7 (21%), vasopressors in 17 (51%), mechanical ventilation in 5 (15%), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 1 (3%), and intra-aortic balloon pump in 1 (3%). The left ventricular ejection fraction normalized in 95% of those with a depressed ejection fraction. All patients were discharged home with median duration of pediatric intensive care unit stay of 4.7 days (IQR, 4-8 days) and a hospital stay of 7.8 days (IQR, 6.0-10.1 days). One patient (3%) died after withdrawal of care secondary to stroke while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS: Critically ill children with coronavirus disease-2019-associated MIS-C have a spectrum of severity broader than described previously but still require careful supportive intensive care. Rapid, complete clinical and myocardial recovery was almost universal.

Long-term effects of public health insurance on the health of children in Mexico: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: On Dec 1, 2006, Mexico's public health-care insurance scheme, Seguro Popular, implemented the Medical Insurance Century XXI (SMSXXI) programme, to provide insurance to children younger than 5 years without social security. SMSXXI aims to increase access to health services, decrease out-of-pocket health expenses (OOPHE), and reduce health inequities. SMSXXI covers uninsured, primarily low-income, populations who might be most at risk of the financial and health consequences of costly medical interventions. METHODS: We assessed the effects of SMSXXI on health outcomes and financial protection for Mexico's children using multiple nationally representative surveys and administrative data sources spanning 2001-16. The identification of effects relied on detailed hospital-level affiliation data mapping the geographical expansion of SMSXXI's coverage across the country over time. The units of analysis included hospitals, households, and children. Primary outcomes were neonatal and infant mortality, self-reported morbidity (health status, influenza, and diarrhoea), and child's height. Secondary outcomes were OOPHE, hospital discharges, and quality of service provision. Effects controlled for fixed and time-variant confounders using double-difference and triple-difference estimation strategies. Where feasible, we also estimated effects using exogenous variation in programme eligibility rules that limited enrolment in SMSXXI to children born after Dec 1, 2006. FINDINGS: SMSXXI was not associated with early (<1 week) neonatal mortality, but was associated with a reduction in late (<28 days) neonatal mortality by 0·139 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% CI 0·032-0·246), or 7% (2-12) relative to the comparison base of 1·98 deaths per 1000 livebirths in 2006. SMSXI was associated with a reduction in infant mortality from conditions covered by the programme by 0·147 deaths per 1000 livebirths (0·023-0·271), or 5% (1-10) relative to the comparison base of 2·73 deaths per 1000 livebirths. The effects were largest in high baseline mortality areas. Long-term health effects, 8 years after the onset of SMSXXI, were reflected in a 0·434 cm (0·404-0·459) height increase for birth cohorts exposed to the programme and an average effect on height of 0·879 cm (0·821-0·932) for low-income populations. About 3-6 years after SMSXXI started, children reported having better health status and lower incidence of influenza and diarrhoea. The programme led to a 14% reduction (7-28) in OOPHE, primarily from hospital-related expenses. No effects were detected on hospital discharges, suggesting that SMSXXI might not have increased use. INTERPRETATION: SMSXXI promoted access to covered interventions and encouraged better primary care. The programme also promoted increased supply and quality of care by improving human and physical resources sensitive to unmet needs. Increased resource availability and improved supply of health care, rather than increased use, contributed to reduce infant mortality and improved long-term health as proxied by self-reported morbidity and child height. Consistent with the programme's focus on uninsured and low-income populations, the effects on mortality, long-term health status, and OOPHE were concentrated in vulnerable groups. FUNDING: Inter-American Development Bank.

Virologic response with 2 different cidofovir dosing regimens for preemptive treatment of adenovirus DNAemia in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.

ADV is frequently seen in our pediatric SOT population. It presents in a variety of clinical presentation and can cause severe disease. In this population, there are very few studies to determine the safety of CDV as a potential therapeutic agent. We present the findings of our retrospective study evaluating the efficacy and safety of CDV as 2 separate dosing regimens. Regimen A uses the standard 5 mg/kg once a week (Regimen A), and the second uses the 1 mg/kg 3 times per week (Regimen B). Overall, the dosing regimen did not differ in nephrotoxicity, but Regimen B had a higher, although non-significant, rate of viral load clearance. This suggests that more frequent dosing at lower levels may be more efficacious without any significant side effects in our SOT population.

Aluminum phosphide poisoning: Successful recovery of multiorgan failure in a pediatric patient.

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an insecticide and rodenticide that produces phosphine gas when exposed to moisture. Exposure to AIP has been described as through inhalation and ingestion routes and is typically either accidental or a suicidal attempt. The result is potential multiorgan toxicity involving the heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver, with an overall mortality related to exposure reported from 30% to 77%. The initial symptoms are nonspecific and can include epigastric pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and dyspnea. Patients rapidly experience multisystem organ failure, cardiovascular collapse, and, finally, death. We report the case of a 3 year old girl with AlP poisoning who developed cardiogenic shock, ventricular arrhythmias, respiratory failure, liver injury, and significant acute kidney injury (AKI). She was successfully supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 16 days, treated with lidocaine and magnesium sulfate for ventricular arrhythmias, and received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and hemodialysis for 24 days for metabolic acidosis secondary to AKI. Despite her severe clinical presentation, she had complete normalization of her end-organ dysfunction with no neurological sequelae. This case demonstrates the high index of suspicion required for AlP poisoning given the potential for rapid progression and severe multiorgan toxicity. The authors recommend prompt referral to a tertiary care center with ECMO and CRRT capability in cases of suspected or documented AlP poisoning.

Real-Time Ventricular Fibrillation Amplitude-Spectral Area Analysis to Guide Timing of Shock Delivery Improves Defibrillation Efficacy During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Swine.

BACKGROUND: The ventricular fibrillation amplitude spectral area (AMSA) predicts whether an electrical shock could terminate ventricular fibrillation and prompt return of spontaneous circulation. We hypothesized that AMSA can guide more precise timing for effective shock delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three shock delivery protocols were compared in 12 pigs each after electrically induced ventricular fibrillation, with the duration of untreated ventricular fibrillation evenly stratified into 6, 9, and 12 minutes: AMSA-Driven (AD), guided by an AMSA algorithm; Guidelines-Driven (GD), according to cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines; and Guidelines-Driven/AMSA-Enabled (GDAE), as per GD but allowing earlier shocks upon exceeding an AMSA threshold. Shocks delivered using the AD, GD, and GDAE protocols were 21, 40, and 62, with GDAE delivering only 2 AMSA-enabled shocks. The corresponding 240-minute survival was 8/12, 6/12, and 2/12 (log-rank test, P=0.035) with AD exceeding GDAE (P=0.026). The time to first shock (seconds) was (median [Q1-Q3]) 272 (161-356), 124 (124-125), and 125 (124-125) (P<0.001) with AD exceeding GD and GDAE (P<0.05); the average coronary perfusion pressure before first shock (mm Hg) was 16 (9-30), 10 (6-12), and 3 (-1 to 9) (P=0.002) with AD exceeding GDAE (P<0.05); and AMSA preceding the first shock (mV·Hz, mean±SD) was 13.3±2.2, 9.0±1.6, and 8.6±2.0 (P<0.001) with AD exceeding GD and GDAE (P<0.001). The AD protocol delivered fewer unsuccessful shocks (ie, less shock burden) yielding less postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction and higher 240-minute survival. CONCLUSIONS: The AD protocol improved the time precision for shock delivery, resulting in less shock burden and less postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction, potentially improving survival compared with time-fixed, guidelines-driven, shock delivery protocols.

Apoyo mutuo, liderazgo afectivo y experiencia clínica comunitaria: acompañamiento psicosocial para la “rehabilitación” de víctimas del conflicto armado / Mutual support, affective leadership, and community rehabilitation: an experience of psychosocial accompaniment for the “rehabilitation” of victims of the armed conflict

Se presenta la sistematización de una experiencia de acompañamiento psicosocial a víctimas del conflicto armado en la ciudad de Medellín. Este estudio, permitió comprender y evidenciar que las estrategias de fortalecimiento comunitario, la formación de líderes y lideresas afectivos/as, el apoyo entre iguales, la acción psicosocial desde la potenciación de las comunidades y sus redes de apoyo, son acciones pertinentes para generar empoderamiento personal y colectivo, recuperación emocional, transformaciones subjetivas y experiencias de reconstrucción deproyectos de vida, del tejido social y redignificación de víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Se propone así, desarrollar procesos de reparación integral desde las comunidades más que ejecutar, desde arriba y de formavertical, proyectos por lo general, alejados de las necesidades y posibilidades de la gente.

The systematization of an experience of psychosocial accompaniment to victims of the armed conflict in the city of Medellin is introduced. This study allowed to understand and to demonstrate that the strategies forcommunity strengthening, the training of leaders and affective men and women leaders, the peer support, thepsychosocial action from the empowerment of communities and their support networks, are necessary actions to generate personal and collective empowerment, emotional recovery, subjective transformations, and experiences of reconstruction of projects of life, the social fabric, and the re-dignification of victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. It is therefore proposed to develop processes of integral repair from the communities rather than to carry out, from above and vertically, projects, usually away from the needs and possibilities of the people.

Regulating farmer nutrient management: a three-state case study on the delmarva peninsula.

Growing concern about water quality issues, along with a series of fish kills in 1997, prompted Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia to adopt regulations to reduce nutrient pollution from agricultural nonpoint sources. All three states required farmers to follow a state-certified nutrient management plan that would "optimize crop yields and minimize environmental losses," although the policy-making processes in each state were different. The objective of this political and policy analysis research was to determine if the policy-making process affected farmer compliance and whether nutrient management practices have improved. Sixty farmers on the Delmarva Peninsula, which includes all three states, who grew corn and used poultry manure as a nutrient source were interviewed, as were 68 policy stakeholders. Analysis of state regulatory agency data indicated that the contentious policy-making process in Maryland resulted in initially poor administrative compliance (i.e., obtaining a plan), whereas collaborative approaches in Delaware resulted in very good initial compliance. Interviews with farmers indicated good adoption of four practices: possessing a current plan, taking soil and manure nutrient tests, and split-applying nitrogen fertilizer. Farmers reported poor adoption (60% or less) across all three states of other practices: taking residual nitrogen credits for previous use of legumes or manure, keeping manure-free setbacks next to surface waters, avoiding manure application in winter, and frequent calibration of manure spreaders. Although nutrient management plans were required, many aspects of implementation and enforcement meant that adherence to plans was largely voluntary. This research helped identify successes, shortcomings, and lessons learned about regulating farmers.

Resultados de la psicoterapia positiva en pacientes con depresión / Positive psychotherapy results in patients with depression

En la presente investigación preliminar se analiza la efectividad de la Psicoterapia Positiva, a través de talleres grupales en una muestra de pacientes diagnosticados con depresión, del consultorio Remigio Sapunar de la ciudad de Arica, en contraste con la terapia habitual en un diseño cuasi experimental. Se utilizaron los instrumentos BDI (Beck, 1979) y CES-D (Radioff, 1977), para síntomas depresivos, y la Escala de Satisfacción Vital (Cuadra, 2002). Los resultados arrojan diferencias de medias significativas en las medidas pre y post del grupo de terapia positiva. Además, se observa una clara tendencia en las diferencias de medias a favor de la eficacia de la psicoterapia positiva sobre la terapia habitual.

In this preliminary research, the effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy was compared to a quasi-experimental behavioral therapy. Participants were patients diagnosed with depression at Remigio Sapunar Centre in Arica, Chile. Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction were assessed using BDI (Beck, 1979), CES-D (Radioff, 1977) and Life Satisfaction Scale (Cuadra, 2002). Findings shown significant means differences between pre and post measures in the positive therapy group. In addition, a clear pattern was observed in the methods, highlighting the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy over behavioral therapy.

Is there a role for first responders in EMS responses to medical facilities?

OBJECTIVE: Emergency medical dispatch (EMD) protocols should match response resources with patient needs. We tested a protocol sending only a commercial ambulance, without fire department first responders (FR), to all non-cardiac-arrest EMS calls at a physician-staffed HMO facility. Study objectives were to determine how often FR provided patient care at such facilities and whether EMD implementation could conserve FR resources without compromising patient care. METHODS: All EMS dispatches to this facility in the 4 months before implementation of the EMD protocol and 4 months after implementation were identified through dispatch records, and all FR and ambulance patient care reports were reviewed. In the "after" phase, all cases needing ALS transport were reviewed to examine whether there would have been benefit to FR dispatch. RESULTS: Of 242 dispatches in the "before" phase, BLS FR responded to 156 (64%), and ALS FR to 117 (48%). BLS FR provided patient care in 2 cases, and ALS FR in 17. Of 227 dispatches in the "after" phase, BLS FR responded to 10 (4%), and ALS FR to 10 (4%); all but one were protocol violations. BLS FR provided care in one case, and ALS FR in three. Review of the 93 "after" cases requiring ALS transport found none where FR presence would have been beneficial. CONCLUSIONS: First responders rarely provided patient care when responding to EMS calls at a physician-staffed medical facility. Implementation of an EMD protocol can safely reduce the number of FR responses to unscheduled ambulance calls at such a facility.