RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been long implicated in the etiopathogenesis of mental illnesses, including disorders characterized by high impulsivity. The objective of most of the studies in this field is to determine the effect of omega-3 supplementation on the impulsive symptoms. In contrast, studies analyzing basal PUFA composition in patients with impulsive behaviors are very scarce, results are not yet conclusive, and to date, no publication has specifically evaluated this in gambling disorder. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between basal PUFA composition of plasma and erythrocyte membrane and impulsivity in subjects with gambling disorder. METHODS: It is an observational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of fifty-five men with gambling disorder, who voluntarily accepted to participate. Basal composition of PUFA in plasma and erythrocyte membrane was assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Trait impulsivity was measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11). RESULTS: Arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio in the erythrocyte membrane was negatively correlated with total scores in BIS-11. It was also observed that impulsive gamblers had a higher proportion of EPA and a lower value of AA/EPA and AA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio in erythrocyte membrane than non-impulsive gamblers. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that alteration of basal PUFA composition exists in disorders characterized by high impulsivity, although the direction of this is still unknown. Unfortunately, the empirical literature on this field is non-existent at the time and we have no direct means to support or refute these outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between essential fatty acids and disorders characterized by high impulsivity.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Esenciales , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Juego de Azar , Conducta Impulsiva , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , Humanos , Conducta Impulsiva/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo que comienza en edades muy tempranas y que puede estar presente hasta la edad adulta. Los sujetos que padecen TDAH presentan síntomas como falta de atención, impulsividad e hiperactividad, y se ven afectados en otras áreas, como las sociales o emocionales. El TDAH asocia un riesgo aumentado para presentar comorbilidades con otros trastornos psiquiátricos, lo que ensombrece la evolución. Teniendo en cuenta el TDAH como un factor de riesgo evolutivo, la prevención debería ser un objetivo principal. Mayoritariamente, las acciones preventivas en el TDAH se han centrado en la prevención terciaria. La presente revisión busca estudiar los factores que intervienen en el desarrollo del TDAH para poder conformar un modelo de prevención más allá de la prevención terciaria. Se estudian modelos de prevención secundaria (detección precoz de la enfermedad) y primaria (evitar o retrasar la enfermedad), intentando incorporarlos a la práctica diaria. Se revisan los factores de riesgo que afectan al TDAH. Mediante acciones encaminadas a la detección precoz, se podría mejorar la evolución del trastorno, y mediante la identificación de poblaciones en riesgo, se pueden concentrar los esfuerzos en desarrollar una verdadera prevención primaria (período perinatal y primeros años de vida), que a la larga podría contribuir en la reducción de la incidencia del TDAH (AU)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins at an early age and can be present until adulthood. Subjects with ADHD not only have symptoms such as inattention, impulsivity or hyperactivity but also have their social and emotional areas affected. In addition, they have an associated increased risk for presenting comorbilities with other psychiatric disorders, overshadowing the development. Considering ADHD as a evolutionary risk factor, prevention should be considered as a primary goal. Most preventive actions on ADHD have been focused on tertiary prevention. The present review aims to study the factors involved in the development of ADHD in order to form a prevention model beyond tertiary prevention. This research focuses on models of primary prevention (early detection of disease) and secondary prevention (to prevent or delay the disease), trying to incorporate them into daily practice. This study reviews risk factors that affect ADHD. Through actions aimed to pursue an early detection, development of the disorder could be improved, and by identifying population at risk, efforts could be concentrated on developing a true primary prevention (perinatal period and early childhood) that eventually could contribute to reduce the incidence of ADHD (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/terapia , Factores de Riesgo , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/instrumentación , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Diagnóstico Dual (Psiquiatría)/instrumentación , Diagnóstico Dual (Psiquiatría)/métodos , Diagnóstico Dual (Psiquiatría) , Prevención de Enfermedades , Prevención Primaria/instrumentación , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Prevención Secundaria/instrumentación , Prevención Secundaria/métodos , Prevención Terciaria/instrumentación , Prevención Terciaria/métodos , EspañaRESUMEN
Excess weight and obesity are defined by the WHO (World Health Organization) as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that is unhealthy.1 On the other hand, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by the presence of attention difficulties, poor motor regulation activity, and low impulse control.2 The association between obesity and ADHD has been systematically investigated for twelve years. In this review article, previous studies that were relevant in establishing this relation are examined. Neurobiological hypotheses about the relation between obesity and ADHD are reviewed, and an association with addictions is considered.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/complicaciones , Obesidad/complicaciones , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Conducta Adictiva , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/psicologíaRESUMEN
El sobrepeso y la obesidad son definidas por la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud) como una acumulación anormal o excesiva de grasa que es perjudicial para la salud. Por otro lado, el TDAH (Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad) se define por la presencia de dificultades atencionales, pobre regulación de la actividad motora y un bajo control de los impulsos 2. La asociación entre Obesidad y TDAH se investiga sistemáticamente desde hace doce años. En este artículo de revisión se expondrán estudios previos que son relevantes a la hora de establecer esta relación, se revisarán las distintas hipótesis neurobiológicas que asocian Obesidad con TDAH y se planteará su asociación con las adicciones
Excess weight and obesity are defined by the WHO (World Health Organization) as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that is unhealthy.1 On the other hand, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by the presence of attention difficulties, poor motor regulation activity, and low impulse control.2 The association between obesity and ADHD has been systematically investigated for twelve years. In this review article, previous studies that were relevant in establishing this relation are examined.Neurobiological hypotheses about the relation between obesity and ADHD are reviewed, and an association with addictions is considered
