Development of Prolinol Containing Inhibitors of Hypoxanthine-Guanine-Xanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase: Rational Structure-Based Drug Design.

Inhibition of hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity decreases the pool of 6-oxo and 6-amino purine nucleoside monophosphates required for DNA and RNA synthesis, resulting in a reduction in cell growth. Therefore, inhibitors of this enzyme have potential to control infections, caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, Trypanosoma brucei, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Helicobacter pylori. Five compounds synthesized here that contain a purine base covalently linked by a prolinol group to one or two phosphonate groups have Ki values ranging from 3 nM to >10 µM, depending on the structure of the inhibitor and the biological origin of the enzyme. X-ray crystal structures show that, on binding, these prolinol-containing inhibitors stimulated the movement of active site loops in the enzyme. Against TBr in cell culture, a prodrug exhibited an EC50 of 10 µM. Thus, these compounds are excellent candidates for further development as drug leads against infectious diseases as well as being potential anticancer agents.

5'-Phosphonate modified oligoadenylates as potent activators of human RNase L.

The oligoadenylate synthetase-ribonuclease L pathway is a major player in the interferon-induced antiviral defense mechanism of cells. Upon sensing viral dsRNA, 5'-phosphorylated 2',5'-oligoadenylates are synthesized, and subsequently activate latent RNase L. To determine the influence of 5'-phosphate end on the activation of human RNase L, four sets of 5'-phosphonate modified oligoadenylates were prepared on solid-phase. The ability of these 5'-modified oligoadenylates bearing shortened, isosteric and prolonged phosphonate linkages to activate RNase L was explored. We found that isosteric linkages and linkages prolonged by one atom were in general well tolerated by the enzyme with the EC50 values comparable to that of the natural activator. In contrast, linkages shortened by one atom or prolonged by two atoms exhibited decrease in the activity.

Nonhydrolysable Analogues of (p)ppGpp and (p)ppApp Alarmone Nucleotides as Novel Molecular Tools.

While alarmone nucleotides guanosine-3',5'-bisdiphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) are archetypical bacterial second messengers, their adenosine analogues ppApp (adenosine-3',5'-bisdiphosphate) and pppApp (adenosine-5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate) are toxic effectors that abrogate bacterial growth. The alarmones are both synthesized and degraded by the members of the RelA-SpoT Homologue (RSH) enzyme family. Because of the chemical and enzymatic liability of (p)ppGpp and (p)ppApp, these alarmones are prone to degradation during structural biology experiments. To overcome this limitation, we have established an efficient and straightforward procedure for synthesizing nonhydrolysable (p)ppNuNpp analogues starting from 3'-azido-3'-deoxyribonucleotides as key intermediates. To demonstrate the utility of (p)ppGNpp as a molecular tool, we show that (i) as an HD substrate mimic, ppGNpp competes with ppGpp to inhibit the enzymatic activity of human MESH1 Small Alarmone Hyrolase, SAH; and (ii) mimicking the allosteric effects of (p)ppGpp, (p)ppGNpp acts as a positive regulator of the synthetase activity of long ribosome-associated RSHs Rel and RelA. Finally, by solving the structure of the N-terminal domain region (NTD) of T. thermophilus Rel complexed with pppGNpp, we show that as an HD substrate mimic, the analogue serves as a bona fide orthosteric regulator that promotes the same intra-NTD structural rearrangements as the native substrate.

Insight into formation propensity of pseudocircular DNA G-hairpins.

We recently showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeric DNA can fold into an unprecedented pseudocircular G-hairpin (PGH) structure. However, the formation of PGHs in the context of extended sequences, which is a prerequisite for their function in vivo and their applications in biotechnology, has not been elucidated. Here, we show that despite its 'circular' nature, PGHs tolerate single-stranded (ss) protrusions. High-resolution NMR structure of a novel member of PGH family reveals the atomistic details on a junction between ssDNA and PGH unit. Identification of new sequences capable of folding into one of the two forms of PGH helped in defining minimal sequence requirements for their formation. Our time-resolved NMR data indicate a possibility that PGHs fold via a complex kinetic partitioning mechanism and suggests the existence of K+ ion-dependent PGH folding intermediates. The data not only provide an explanation of cation-type-dependent formation of PGHs, but also explain the unusually large hysteresis between PGH melting and annealing noted in our previous study. Our findings have important implications for DNA biology and nanotechnology. Overrepresentation of sequences able to form PGHs in the evolutionary-conserved regions of the human genome implies their functionally important biological role(s).

Tuning the hybridization properties of modified oligonucleotides: from flexible to conformationally constrained phosphonate internucleotide linkages.

The concept of conformational restriction leading to the preorganization of modified strands has proven to be successful and has afforded nucleic acid analogues with many interesting properties suitable for various biochemical applications. We utilized this concept to prepare a set of constrained oligonucleotides derived from 1,4-dioxane and 1,3-dioxolane-locked nucleoside phosphonates and evaluated their hybridization affinities towards their complementary RNA strands. With an increase of ΔTm per modification up to +5.2 °C, the hybridization experiments revealed the (S)-2',3'-O-phosphonomethylidene internucleotide linkage as one of the most Tm-increasing modifications reported to date. Moreover, we introduced a novel prediction tool for the pre-selection of potentially interesting chemical modifications of oligonucleotides.

Synthesis of 4'-Methoxy 2'-Deoxynucleoside Phosphoramidites for Incorporation into Oligonucleotides.

This unit contains detailed synthetic protocols for the preparation of 4'-methoxy 2'-deoxynucleoside phosphoramidite monomers for A, G, C, T, and U. First, 3'-silyl-protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dNs) are converted in two steps to 4',5'-enol acetates as the key starting compounds. Next, 4'-methoxy dNs are prepared by a one-pot procedure comprising N-iodosuccinimide-promoted methoxylation, hydrolysis, and reduction of the formed intermediates. Finally, 3'-phosphoramidites of 4'-methoxy dNs are obtained by a routine three-step procedure. Title phosphoramidite monomers are suitable for the synthesis of oligonucleotides on solid phase according to conventional amidite chemistry. 4'-Methoxy substitution represents a simple modification of the sugar part of dNs, where ß-D-erythro epimers preferentially adopt N-type (C3'-endo, RNA-like) conformation. Moreover, it imparts superior chemical stability, nuclease resistance, and excellent hybridization properties to modified 4'-methoxyoligodeoxynucleotides. The strong tendency toward RNA-selective hybridization suggests its potential utilization in antisense and/or RNAi technologies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4-Toluenesulfonyloxymethyl-(H)-phosphinate: A Reagent for the Introduction of O- and S-Methyl-(H)-phosphinate Moieties.

The straightforward synthesis of sodium 4-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl-(H)-phosphinate and (H)-phosphinomethylisothiouronium tosylate as new reagents for the preparation of O- and S-methyl-(H)-phosphinic acid derivatives, respectively, is described. The reactivity of both reagents was demonstrated by the preparation of protected 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-O-methyl-(H)-phosphinates in the 5'- and 3'-series and 2',5'-dideoxyribonucleoside-5'-S-methyl-(H)-phosphinates. These compounds represent a new class of monomers compatible with the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides by H-phosphonate chemistry, as it was proved with the synthesis of a fully phosphonate heptamer.

Straightforward Synthesis of Purine 4'-Alkoxy-2'-deoxynucleosides: First Report of Mixed Purine-Pyrimidine 4'-Alkoxyoligodeoxynucleotides as New RNA Mimics.

Purine and pyrimidine 4'-alkoxy-2'-deoxynucleosides were efficiently prepared from nucleoside 4'-5'-enol acetates in three steps by N-iodosuccinimide promoted alkoxylation, hydrolysis, and reduction followed by conversion to phosphoramidite monomers for the solid-phase synthesis of the oligonucleotides. Fully modified 4'-alkoxyoligodeoxynucleotides, which are characterized by a prevalent N-type (RNA-like) conformation, exhibited superior chemical and nuclease resistance as well as excellent hybridization properties with a strong tendency for RNA-selective hybridization, suggesting a potential application of 4'-alkoxy-oligodeoxynucleotides in antisense technologies.

Conformationally constrained nucleoside phosphonic acids--potent inhibitors of human mitochondrial and cytosolic 5'(3')-nucleotidases.

This work describes novel in vitro inhibitors of human mitochondrial (mdN) and cytosolic (cdN) 5'(3')-deoxynucleotidases. We designed a series of derivatives of the lead compound (S)-1-[2-deoxy-3,5-O-(phosphonobenzylidene)-ß-d-threo-pentofuranosyl]thymine bearing various substituents in the para position of the benzylidene moiety. Detailed kinetic study revealed that certain para substituents increase the inhibitory potency (iodo derivative; K = 2.71 µM) and some induce a shift in selectivity toward cdN (carboxy derivative, K = 11.60 µM; iodoxy derivative, K = 6.60 µM). Crystal structures of mdN in complex with three of these compounds revealed that various para substituents lead to two alternative inhibitor binding modes within the enzyme active site. Two binding modes were also identified for cdN complexes by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy.

5'-O-Methylphosphonate nucleic acids--new modified DNAs that increase the Escherichia coli RNase H cleavage rate of hybrid duplexes.

Several oligothymidylates containing various ratios of phosphodiester and isopolar 5'-hydroxyphosphonate, 5'-O-methylphosphonate and 3'-O-methylphosphonate internucleotide linkages were examined with respect to their hybridization properties with oligoriboadenylates and their ability to induce RNA cleavage by ribonuclease H (RNase H). The results demonstrated that the increasing number of 5'-hydroxyphosphonate or 5'-O-methylphosphonate units in antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) significantly stabilizes the heteroduplexes, whereas 3'-O-methylphosphonate AOs cause strong destabilization of the heteroduplexes. Only the heteroduplexes with 5'-O-methylphosphonate units in the antisense strand exhibited a significant increase in Escherichia coli RNase H cleavage activity by up to 3-fold (depending on the ratio of phosphodiester and phosphonate linkages) in comparison with the natural heteroduplex. A similar increase in RNase H cleavage activity was also observed for heteroduplexes composed of miRNA191 and complementary AOs containing 5'-O-methylphosphonate units. We propose for this type of AOs, working via the RNase H mechanism, the abbreviation MEPNA (MEthylPhosphonate Nucleic Acid).

Inhibition of human thymidine phosphorylase by conformationally constrained pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonic acids and their "open-structure" isosteres.

A series of conformationally constrained uridine-based nucleoside phosphonic acids containing annealed 1,3-dioxolane and 1,4-dioxane rings and their "open-structure" isosteres were synthesized and evaluated as potential multisubstrate-like inhibitors of the human recombinant thymidine phosphorylase (TP, EC 2.4.2.4) and TP obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). From a large set of tested nucleoside phosphonic acids, several potent compounds were identified that exhibited Ki values in the range of 0.048-1 µM. The inhibition potency of the studied compounds strongly depended on the degree of conformational flexibility of the phosphonate moiety, the stereochemical arrangement of the sugar-phosphonate component, and the substituent at position 5 of the pyrimidine nucleobase.

A Ferrier-type allylic rearrangement of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydronucleosides mediated by DMF dimethyl acetal: direct access to 4'-alkoxy-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides.

A straightforward synthesis of epimeric 4'-alkoxy-substituted 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides via a DMF dimethyl acetal mediated allylic rearrangement of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydronucleosides is described.

Structural diversity of nucleoside phosphonic acids as a key factor in the discovery of potent inhibitors of rat T-cell lymphoma thymidine phosphorylase.

Structurally diverse, sugar-modified, thymine-containing nucleoside phosphonic acids were evaluated for their ability to inhibit thymidine phosphorylase (TP, EC 2.4.2.4) purified from spontaneous T-cell lymphomas of an inbred Sprague-Dawley rat strain. From a large set of tested compounds, among them a number of pyrrolidine-based derivatives, 10 nucleotide analogues with IC(50) values below 1 microM were selected. Out of them, four compounds strongly inhibited the enzyme with IC(50) values lying in a range of 11-45 nM. These most potent compounds might be bi-substrate analogues.

Chiral phosphonate internucleotide linkage: a promising modification for chimeric oligonucleotides?

We have synthesized two different groups of oligonucleotides containing chiral isopolar nonisosteric phosphonate internucleotide linkages, and studied their properties in combination with natural phosphodiester ones. The improved synthetic procedures for the monomers preparation are also reported.

Nucleoside phosphonic acids in thymidine phosphorylase inhibition: structure-activity relationship.

A number of structurally diverse nucleoside phosphonic acids have been tested against human recombinant thymidine phosphorylase and human platelets supernatant using 2'-deoxy-5-nitrouridine as the substrate. We have selected several inhibitors working at micromolar level as lead structures for further evaluation.