Relationship between different sources of non-protein nitrogen and supplementation times on performance and metabolism of grazing Nellore cattle during the dry season.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation with two sources of non-protein nitrogen at different feeding times on the performance, ingestive behavior, and rumen metabolism of growing Nellore bulls during the dry season. Exp. 1: One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls, weighing 206 ± 39 kg of initial body weight (BW) and 12 months of age, were divided into 20 paddocks, and they were used in randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate performance and ingestive behavior. Exp. 2: 12 rumen cannulated animals with 509 ± 59 BW, divided into 4 paddocks, were used in a triple Latin square 4 × 4 in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate metabolism. The factors were 2 non-protein nitrogen sources (urea or slow-release urea) and 2 feeding times (07:00 or 13:00 at 4 g/kg BW of supplement). There was no influence of non-protein sources, supplementation time, or their interaction on the grazing time or the trough time during daytime, nighttime, or total (P ≥ 0.16). There were no interactions or factor effects on ADG (P ≥ 0.45) or final body weight (P ≥ 0.39). There was an interaction between supplementation time and collection time (P < 0.01) on ruminal pH. Animals supplemented in the morning had greater total SCFA at 18 h after supplementation (P = 0.03). The supplementation time and the non-protein nitrogen sources did not alter the ingestive behavior or animal performance of young Nellore cattle.

Oxidative damage in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is mainly induced by water temperature variation rather than Aurantiochytrium sp. meal dietary supplementation.

We investigated whether dietary supplementation with Aurantiochytrium sp. meal, a DHA-rich source (docosahexaenoic acid, 22: 6 n-3), fed during long-term exposure to cold-suboptimal temperature (22 °C, P1), followed by short-term exposure to higher temperatures (28 °C, P2, and 33 °C, P3), would promote oxidative damage in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two supplementation levels were tested: 1.0 g 100 g-1 (D1) and 4.0 g 100 g-1 (D4). A control diet, without the additive (D0, 0 g 100 g-1), and a positive control diet supplemented with cod liver oil (CLO) were also tested. The concentrations of DHA and total n-3 PUFAs in the CLO diet were similar to those found in diets D1 and D4, respectively. The parameters analyzed included hemoglobin (Hb), the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total glutathione, non-protein thiols, and the oxidative markers protein carbonyl and erythrocyte DNA damage. Nile tilapia did not present differences in Hb content, regardless of diet composition, but the temperature increase (P1 to P2) led to a higher Hb content. Likewise, the temperature increases promoted alterations in all antioxidant enzymes. The dietary supplementation with 1.0 g 100 g-1 Aurantiochytrium sp. meal after P1 caused minor DNA damage in Nile tilapia, demonstrating that the additive can safely be included in winter diets, despite its high DHA concentration.

Dietary supplementation with increasing doses of an organic micromineral complex on juvenile Nile tilapia: Effects on the antioxidant defense system and tissue deposition.

The effect of increasing amounts (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of dietary supplementation with an organic micromineral complex (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se) on antioxidant defenses and mineral deposition in tissues of Nile tilapia juveniles was evaluated, where 100% supplementation represented the average adopted by the feed industry in Brazil. Fish (initial weight 23.93 ± 0.80 g) were fed until apparent satiation twice a day for 56 days. The maximum deposition of Fe and Zn in the hepatopancreas occurred in fish given approximately 50% supplementation, whereas the deposition of Mn and Se increased linearly with the inclusion of the complex. The activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the hepatopancreas decreased in fish fed the 50% dose, when compared to those not receiving mineral supplementation or those receiving higher doses. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the hepatopancreas increased as the dietary Se concentration increased. However, the concentration of metallothionein in the hepatopancreas showed an inverse relationship to the increase in dietary supplementation of the organic mineral complex. There was no relationship between the doses of organic micromineral supplementation and the activities of GPx, reduced glutathione, non-protein thiols, or protein carbonylation. However, diets supplemented with 50% to 100% promoted greater GPx activity when compared to the 0% supplemented diet. Supplementation with intermediate doses of organic microminerals, approximately 50% of that used in commercial tilapia diets, promoted the homeostasis of metal metabolism, especially for Fe and Zn.

Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in alveolar macrophages of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study showed that 3 plant extracts enhanced the immune responses and growth efficiency of weaned pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is one of the most economically important disease in swine industry. However, each plant extract differently effected on growth efficiency and immune responses. Therefore, the objective of this study was conducted to characterize the effects and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of 3 plant extracts on gene expression of alveolar macrophages in weaned pigs experimentally infected with PRRSV. RESULTS: PRRSV infection altered (P < 0.05) the expression of 1,352 genes in pigs fed the control (CON; 755 up, 597 down). Compared with the infected CON, feeding capsicum (CAP), garlic botanical (GAR), or turmeric oleoresin (TUR) altered the expression of 46 genes (24 up, 22 down), 134 genes (59 up, 75 down), or 98 genes (55 up, 43 down) in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, respectively. PRRSV infection up-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of genes related to cell apoptosis, immune system process, and response to stimulus, but down-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in signaling transduction and innate immune response. Compared with the infected CON, feeding TUR or GAR reduced (P < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen processing and presentation, feeding CAP up-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. Supplementation of CAP, GAR, or TUR also enhanced (P < 0.05) the expression of several genes related to amino acid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, or RNA degradation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that 3 plant extracts differently regulated the expression of genes in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, especially altering genes involved in immunity.

Supplementation of different fat sources affects growth performance and carcass composition of finishing pigs.

BACKGROUND: There are various fat sources with different energy values and fatty acid compositions that may affect growth performance and carcass composition of grow-finishing pigs. A higher net energy was recently reported in choice white grease compared with soybean oil. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine whether practical responses confirm that difference between choice white grease and soybean oil, and to extend the observations to other fat sources. RESULTS: In Exp. 1, pigs fed fats had lower (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake in phase II and overall period, greater (P < 0.05) gain:feed in phase I, phase II, and overall period than pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed fats tended (P = 0.057) to have thicker backfat depth at the last rib than those fed control. Pigs fed 6% fats had greater (P < 0.01) gain:feed in phase II and overall period than pigs fed 3% fats. During phase I, pigs fed choice white grease grew faster (P < 0.05) than pigs fed soybean oil. In Exp. 2, pigs fed dietary fats (soybean oil, choice white grease, animal-vegetable blend, palm oil, or tallow) had greater (P < 0.01) gain:feed in each phase and overall period, greater (P < 0.01) average daily gain in phase I, but lower (P < 0.01) average daily feed intake in phase II an overall than pigs fed the control diets. The choice white grease also increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain during phase I compared with soybean oil. Pigs fed palm oil had thicker (P < 0.05) backfat depth at the 10th rib than those fed soybean oil, animal-vegetable blend, or tallow. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of 6% dietary fat improved feed efficiency of finishing pigs, while different fats produced different practical results that may be consistent with their different energy values. Results from the early stage indicate that dietary fats with relatively more saturated fatty acids may provide greater energy than those with relatively more unsaturated fatty acids for growing pigs.

Spray-dried plasma attenuates inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by lipopolysaccharide.

This study evaluated whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) can ameliorate inflammation, lethargic behaviors, and impairment of reproduction caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during late pregnancy. Two experiments were conducted with 125 mated female mice (C57BL/6 strain) in each experiment. All mice were shipped from a vendor on the gestation day (GD) 1 and arrived at the laboratory on GD 3. Mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatments with or without 8% SDP in the diet. On GD 17, mice determined pregnant by BW and abdomen shape were randomly assigned to intraperitoneal injections with or without 2 µg LPS. In experiment 1, 17 mice (26.7 ± 1.7 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 6 h after the LPS challenge to measure inflammatory responses in uterus and placenta. In experiment 2, 44 mice (26.0 ± 1.6 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 24 h after the LPS challenge to assess behavior and late-term pregnancy loss. Growth performance and reproductive responses, such as loss of pregnancy, percentage of fetal death, and etc., were measured in all pregnant mice. The LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) uterine and placental tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, late-term pregnancy loss, and lethargy score, and decreased (P < 0.05) uterine transforming growth factor-ß1, moving time and number of rearing, and growth and feed intake. The SDP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in one or both tissues, and the lethargy score, and increased (P < 0.05) moving time and number of rearing, growth of pregnant mice, and fetal weight. However, the SDP did not affect late-term pregnancy loss caused by the LPS challenge. Consequently, dietary SDP attenuated acute inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by the LPS challenge, but did not affect late-term pregnancy loss after the acute inflammation.

Dietary spray-dried plasma improves intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition.

BACKGROUND: Stress causes inflammation that impairs intestinal barrier function. Dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) has recognized anti-inflammatory effects and improvement of gut barrier function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary SDP on intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition. RESULTS: Villus height, width, and area of small intestines were low on gestation day (GD) 3 or 4 under stress conditions, and higher later (Time, P < 0.05). Crypt depth of colon was low on GD 4 and higher later (Time, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the SDP treatments improved (P < 0.05) intestinal morphology, indicated by increased villus height, villus width, villus area, and ratio between villus height and crypt depth of small intestines and crypt depth of colon, and by decreased crypt depth of small intestines, compared with the control diet. The SDP treatments also increased (P < 0.05) the number of goblet cells in intestines compared with the control diet. There were no differences between different levels of SDP. CONCLUSION: Dietary SDP improves intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition.

Effects of co-products from the corn-ethanol industry on body composition, retention of protein, lipids and energy, and on the net energy of diets fed to growing or finishing pigs.

BACKGROUND: Conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV), uncooked distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-BPX) and high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) are used in diets for pigs to provide protein and energy. These ingredients may have different effects on body composition and energy retention. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine effects of DDGS-CV, DDGS-BPX and HP-DDG on body composition and on retention of protein, lipids, and energy when fed to growing or finishing pigs. RESULTS: The total organ weight was greater (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs fed the HP-DDG diet than for finishing pigs fed the basal diet or the DDGS-CV diet. Finishing pigs fed the DDGS-CV diet had greater (P < 0.05) lipid gain than pigs fed the other diets, and the net energy (NE) for DDGS-CV was greater (P < 0.05) than for DDGS-BPX, but the NE value of HP-DDG was not different from that of DDGS-CV or DDGS-BPX. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of up to 30% DDGS or HP-DDG in diets fed to growing or finishing pigs will not affect body composition or the retention of energy, protein and lipids, regardless of the stage of growth of pigs. The NE value of DDGS-BPX and HP-DDG is not affected by the stage of growth of pigs, but the NE value of DDGS-CV is greater in finishing than in growing pigs.