RESUMEN
Economic growth in Vietnam in the last few years has brought about an increasing demand for energy and has had a severe environmental impact. Fish processing is one of the fastest-growing industries that discharge organically-polluted wastewater. To counter these environmental problems, new technologies for energy-efficient treatment are needed. By coupling innovative nitrogen removal systems with anaerobic treatment processes, it is possible to realise such technologies. In the present project, a combined deammonification and anaerobic carbon removal system is presented. Special requirements to enable reliable treatment are discussed, taking industrial wastewater characteristics into consideration. To evaluate energetic efficiency, energy balance calculations based on data from a fish-processing factory are made. The determined specific energy consumption and production rates show that energy recovery is possible, even when COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies of over 90% are achieved. Depending on the pre-treatment employed, energy recovery rates ranging from 0.6 to 2.5 kWh/mt raw fish can be reached.
Asunto(s)
Industria de Alimentos , Residuos Industriales , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Aerobiosis , Amoníaco/química , Anaerobiosis , Animales , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Carbono/química , Peces , Nitrógeno/química , Ciclo del Nitrógeno , Vietnam , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), one of the major catechins in green tea, is a potential chemopreventive agent for various cancers. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of EGCG on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and tumor suppression. METHODS: Cell colony formation was evaluated by a soft agar assay. Transcriptional activity of HSP70 and HSP90 was determined by luciferase reporter assay. An EGCG-HSPs complex was prepared using EGCG attached to the cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated Sepharose 4B. In vivo effect of EGCG on tumor growth was examined in a xenograft model. RESULTS: Treatment with EGCG decreased cell proliferation and colony formation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. EGCG specifically inhibited the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 by inhibiting the promoter activity of HSP70 and HSP90. Pretreatment with EGCG increased the stress sensitivity of MCF-7 cells upon heat shock (44 degrees C for 1 h) or oxidative stress (H2O2, 500 microM for 24 h). Moreover, treatment with EGCG (10 mg/kg) in a xenograft model resulted in delayed tumor incidence and reduced tumor size, as well as the inhibition of HSP70 and HSP90 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings demonstrate that HSP70 and HSP90 are potent molecular targets of EGCG and suggest EGCG as a drug candidate for the treatment of human cancer.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Animales , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/metabolismo , Sitios de Unión , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Catequina/metabolismo , Catequina/farmacología , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias del Colon/genética , Neoplasias del Colon/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Transfección , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The selector activated sludge (SAS) systems are known to prevent excessive growth of filamentous microorganisms responsible for bulking sludge, but these systems were hardly ever modelled. This study aimed to develop a model capable of predicting rapid substrate removal in the SAS systems. For this purpose, the Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (ASM3) was extended with three processes (adsorption, direct growth on the adsorbed substrate under aerobic or anoxic conditions). The modified ASM3 was tested against the results of batch experiments with the biomass originating from two full-scale SAS systems in Germany. The endogenous biomass was mixed with various readily biodegradable substrates (acetate, peptone, glucose and wastewater) and the utilisation of substrate (expresses as COD) and oxygen uptake rates (OURs) were measured during the experiments. In general, model predictions fitted to the experimental data, but a considerable number of kinetic (5) and stoichiometric (2) parameters needed to be adjusted during model calibration. The simulation results revealed that storage was generally a dominating process compared to direct growth in terms of the adsorbed substrate utilisation. The contribution of storage ranged from 65-71% (Plant A) and 69-92% (Plant B).
