Radiation therapy for ventricular arrhythmias.

Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) can be life-threatening arrhythmias that result in significant morbidity and mortality. Catheter ablation (CA) is an invasive treatment modality that can be effective in the treatment of VA where medications fail. Recurrence occurs commonly following CA due to an inability to deliver lesions of adequate depth to cauterise the electrical circuits that drive VA or reach areas of scar responsible for VA. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is a non-invasive treatment modality that allows volumetric delivery of energy to treat circuits that cannot be reached by CA. It overcomes the weaknesses of CA and has been successfully utilised in small clinical trials to treat refractory VA. This article summarises the current evidence for this novel treatment modality and the steps that will be required to bring it to the forefront of VA treatment.

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Transcatheter Microwave and Radiofrequency Denervation in a Chronic Ovine Model.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter renal denervation (RDN) has had inconsistent efficacy and concerns for durability of denervation. We aimed to investigate long-term safety and efficacy of transcatheter microwave RDN in vivo in normotensive sheep in comparison to conventional radiofrequency ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sheep underwent bilateral RDN, receiving 1 to 2 microwave ablations (maximum power of 80-120 W for 240 s-480 s) and 12 to 16 radiofrequency ablations (180 s-240 s) in the main renal artery in a paired fashion, alternating the side of treatment, euthanized at 2 weeks (acute N=15) or 5.5 months (chronic N=15), and compared with undenervated controls (N=4). Microwave RDN produced substantial circumferential perivascular injury compared with radiofrequency at both 2 weeks [area 239.8 (interquartile range [IQR] 152.0-343.4) mm2 versus 50.1 (IQR, 32.0-74.6) mm2, P <0.001; depth 16.4 (IQR, 13.9-18.9) mm versus 7.5 (IQR, 6.0-8.9) mm P <0.001] and 5.5 months [area 20.0 (IQR, 3.4-31.8) mm2 versus 5.0 (IQR, 1.4-7.3) mm2, P=0.025; depth 5.9 (IQR, 1.9-8.8) mm versus 3.1 (IQR, 1.2-4.1) mm, P=0.005] using mixed models. Renal denervation resulted in significant long-term reductions in viability of renal sympathetic nerves [58.9% reduction with microwave (P=0.01) and 45% reduction with radiofrequency (P=0.017)] and median cortical norepinephrine levels [71% reduction with microwave (P <0.001) and 72.9% reduction with radiofrequency (P <0.001)] at 5.5 months compared with undenervated controls. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter microwave RDN produces deep circumferential perivascular ablations without significant arterial injury to provide effective and durable RDN at 5.5 months compared with radiofrequency RDN.

APSIM-based modeling approach to understand sorghum production environments in Mali.

Sorghum production system in the semi-arid region of Africa is characterized by low yields which are generally attributed to high rainfall variability, poor soil fertility, and biotic factors. Production constraints must be well understood and quantified to design effective sorghum-system improvements. This study uses the state-of-the-art in silico methods and focuses on characterizing the sorghum production regions in Mali for drought occurrence and its effects on sorghum productivity. For this purpose, we adapted the APSIM-sorghum module to reproduce two cultivated photoperiod-sensitive sorghum types across a latitude of major sorghum production regions in Western Africa. We used the simulation outputs to characterize drought stress scenarios. We identified three main drought scenarios: (i) no-stress; (ii) early pre-flowering drought stress; and (iii) drought stress onset around flowering. The frequency of drought stress scenarios experienced by the two sorghum types across rainfall zones and soil types differed. As expected, the early pre-flowering and flowering drought stress occurred more frequently in isohyets < 600 mm, for the photoperiod-sensitive, late-flowering sorghum type. In isohyets above 600 mm, the frequency of drought stress was very low for both cultivars. We quantified the consequences of these drought scenarios on grain and biomass productivity. The yields of the highly-photoperiod-sensitive sorghum type were quite stable across the higher rainfall zones > 600 mm, but was affected by the drought stress in the lower rainfall zones < 600 mm. Comparatively, the less photoperiod-sensitive cultivar had notable yield gain in the driest regions < 600 mm. The results suggest that, at least for the tested crop types, drought stress might not be the major constraint to sorghum production in isohyets > 600 mm. The findings from this study provide the entry point for further quantitative testing of the Genotype × Environment × Management options required to optimize sorghum production in Mali. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-023-00909-5.

The chromatin landscape of healthy and injured cell types in the human kidney.

There is a need to define regions of gene activation or repression that control human kidney cells in states of health, injury, and repair to understand the molecular pathogenesis of kidney disease and design therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive integration of gene expression with epigenetic features that define regulatory elements remains a significant challenge. We measure dual single nucleus RNA expression and chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27me3 histone modifications to decipher the chromatin landscape and gene regulation of the kidney in reference and adaptive injury states. We establish a spatially-anchored epigenomic atlas to define the kidney's active, silent, and regulatory accessible chromatin regions across the genome. Using this atlas, we note distinct control of adaptive injury in different epithelial cell types. A proximal tubule cell transcription factor network of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 regulates the transition between health and injury, while in thick ascending limb cells this transition is regulated by NR2F1. Further, combined perturbation of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 distinguishes two adaptive proximal tubular cell subtypes, one of which manifested a repair trajectory after knockout. This atlas will serve as a foundation to facilitate targeted cell-specific therapeutics by reprogramming gene regulatory networks.

Learning curve for fusion magnetic resonance imaging targeted prostate biopsy and three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography segmentation.

OBJECTIVE: To report the learning curve of multiple operators for fusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) targeted biopsy and to determine the number of cases needed to achieve proficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All adult males who underwent fusion MRI targeted biopsy between February 2012 and July 2021 for clinically suspected prostate cancer (PCa) in a single centre were included. Fusion transrectal MRI targeted biopsy was performed under local anaesthesia using the Koelis platform. Learning curves for segmentation of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) images and the overall MRI targeted biopsy procedure were estimated with locally weighted scatterplot smoothing by computing each operator's timestamps for consecutive procedures. Non-risk-adjusted cumulative sum (CUSUM) methods were used to create learning curves for clinically significant (i.e., International Society of Urological Pathology grade ≥ 2) PCa detection. RESULTS: Overall, 1721 patients underwent MRI targeted biopsy in our centre during the study period. The median (interquartile range) times for TRUS segmentation and for the MRI targeted biopsy procedure were 4.5 (3.5, 6.0) min and 13.2 (10.6, 16.9) min, respectively. Among the 14 operators with experience of more than 50 cases, a plateau was reached after 40 cases for TRUS segmentation time and 50 cases for overall MRI targeted biopsy procedure time. CUSUM analysis showed that the learning curve for clinically significant PCa detection required 25 to 45 procedures to achieve clinical proficiency. Pain scores ranged between 0 and 1 for 84% of patients, and a plateau phase was reached after 20 to 100 cases. CONCLUSIONS: A minimum of 50 cases of MRI targeted biopsy are necessary to achieve clinical and technical proficiency and to reach reproducibility in terms of timing, clinically significant PCa detection, and pain.

Inflammation primes the kidney for recovery by activating AZIN1 A-to-I editing.

The progression of kidney disease varies among individuals, but a general methodology to quantify disease timelines is lacking. Particularly challenging is the task of determining the potential for recovery from acute kidney injury following various insults. Here, we report that quantitation of post-transcriptional adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing offers a distinct genome-wide signature, enabling the delineation of disease trajectories in the kidney. A well-defined murine model of endotoxemia permitted the identification of the origin and extent of A-to-I editing, along with temporally discrete signatures of double-stranded RNA stress and Adenosine Deaminase isoform switching. We found that A-to-I editing of Antizyme Inhibitor 1 (AZIN1), a positive regulator of polyamine biosynthesis, serves as a particularly useful temporal landmark during endotoxemia. Our data indicate that AZIN1 A-to-I editing, triggered by preceding inflammation, primes the kidney and activates endogenous recovery mechanisms. By comparing genetically modified human cell lines and mice locked in either A-to-I edited or uneditable states, we uncovered that AZIN1 A-to-I editing not only enhances polyamine biosynthesis but also engages glycolysis and nicotinamide biosynthesis to drive the recovery phenotype. Our findings implicate that quantifying AZIN1 A-to-I editing could potentially identify individuals who have transitioned to an endogenous recovery phase. This phase would reflect their past inflammation and indicate their potential for future recovery.

miRNA and mRNA Signatures in Human Acute Kidney Injury Tissue.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important contributor to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a need to understand molecular mediators that drive either recovery or progression to CKD. In particular, the role of miRNA and its regulatory role in AKI is poorly understood. We performed miRNA and mRNA sequencing on biobanked human kidney tissues obtained in the routine clinical care of patients with the diagnoses of AKI and minimal change disease (MCD), in addition to nephrectomized (Ref) tissue from individuals without known kidney disease. Transcriptomic analysis of mRNA revealed that Ref tissues exhibited a similar injury signature to AKI, not identified in MCD samples. The transcriptomic signature of human AKI was enriched with genes in pathways involved in cell adhesion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (e.g., CDH6, ITGB6, CDKN1A ). miRNA DE analysis revealed upregulation of miRNA associated with immune cell recruitment and inflammation (e.g., miR-146a, miR-155, miR-142, miR-122). These miRNA (i.e., miR-122, miR-146) are also associated with downregulation of mRNA such as DDR2 and IGFBP6 , respectively. These findings suggest integrated interactions between miRNAs and target mRNAs in AKI-related processes such as inflammation, immune cell activation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These data contribute several novel findings when describing the epigenetic regulation of AKI by miRNA, and also underscores the importance of utilizing an appropriate reference control tissue to understand canonical pathway alterations in AKI.

Impact of Relative Volume Difference Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Three-dimensional Transrectal Ultrasound Segmentation on Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer Detection in Fusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Segmentation of three-dimensional (3D) transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images is known to be challenging, and the clinician often lacks a reliable and easy-to-use indicator to assess its accuracy during the fusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted prostate biopsy procedure. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the relative volume difference between 3D-TRUS and MRI segmentation on the outcome of a targeted biopsy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: All adult males who underwent an MRI-targeted prostate biopsy for clinically suspected prostate cancer between February 2012 and July 2021 were consecutively included. INTERVENTION: All patients underwent a fusion MRI-targeted prostate biopsy with a Koelis device. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Three-dimensional TRUS and MRI prostate volumes were calculated using 3D prostate models issued from the segmentations. The primary outcome was the relative segmentation volume difference (SVD) between transrectal ultrasound and MRI divided by the MRI volume (SVD = MRI volume - TRUS volume/MRI volume) and its correlation with clinically significant prostate cancer (eg, International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] ≥2) positiveness on targeted biopsy cores. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 1721 patients underwent a targeted biopsy resulting in a total of 5593 targeted cores. The median relative SVD was significantly lower in patients diagnosed with clinically significant prostate cancer than in those with ISUP 0-1: (6.7% [interquartile range {IQR} -2.7, 13.6] vs 8.0% [IQR 3.3, 16.4], p < 0.01). A multivariate regression analysis showed that a relative SVD of >10% of the MRI volume was associated with a lower detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer (odds ratio = 0.74 [95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.98]; p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: A relative SVD of >10% of the MRI segmented volume was associated with a lower detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer on targeted biopsy cores. The relative SVD can be used as a per-procedure quality indicator of 3D-TRUS segmentation. PATIENT SUMMARY: A discrepancy of ≥10% between segmented magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound volume is associated with a reduced ability to detect significant prostate cancer on targeted biopsy cores.

Unleashing the Power of Artificial Intelligence and Fusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Targeted Biopsy: Transforming Prostate Cancer Diagnosis.

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and medical imaging have opened new avenues for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. In particular, AI technology can enhance the performance of fusion magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy of the prostate, and has the potential to enhance the usability and precision of this biopsy technique, guide treatment decisions, and further advance prostate cancer care.

An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney.

Understanding kidney disease relies on defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles and interactions within tissue neighbourhoods1. Here we applied multiple single-cell and single-nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei or cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference kidneys (45 donors) and diseased kidneys (48 patients). This has provided a high-resolution cellular atlas of 51 main cell types, which include rare and previously undescribed cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, regulatory factors and spatial localizations spanning the entire kidney. We also define 28 cellular states across nephron segments and interstitium that were altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive (successful or maladaptive repair), transitioning and degenerative states. Molecular signatures permitted the localization of these states within injury neighbourhoods using spatial transcriptomics, while large-scale 3D imaging analysis (around 1.2 million neighbourhoods) provided corresponding linkages to active immune responses. These analyses defined biological pathways that are relevant to injury time-course and niches, including signatures underlying epithelial repair that predicted maladaptive states associated with a decline in kidney function. This integrated multimodal spatial cell atlas of healthy and diseased human kidneys represents a comprehensive benchmark of cellular states, neighbourhoods, outcome-associated signatures and publicly available interactive visualizations.

The chromatin landscape of healthy and injured cell types in the human kidney.

There is a need to define regions of gene activation or repression that control human kidney cells in states of health, injury, and repair to understand the molecular pathogenesis of kidney disease and design therapeutic strategies. However, comprehensive integration of gene expression with epigenetic features that define regulatory elements remains a significant challenge. We measured dual single nucleus RNA expression and chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27me3 histone modifications to decipher the chromatin landscape and gene regulation of the kidney in reference and adaptive injury states. We established a comprehensive and spatially-anchored epigenomic atlas to define the kidney's active, silent, and regulatory accessible chromatin regions across the genome. Using this atlas, we noted distinct control of adaptive injury in different epithelial cell types. A proximal tubule cell transcription factor network of ELF3 , KLF6 , and KLF10 regulated the transition between health and injury, while in thick ascending limb cells this transition was regulated by NR2F1 . Further, combined perturbation of ELF3 , KLF6 , and KLF10 distinguished two adaptive proximal tubular cell subtypes, one of which manifested a repair trajectory after knockout. This atlas will serve as a foundation to facilitate targeted cell-specific therapeutics by reprogramming gene regulatory networks.

Beyond Conventional Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy: A Review of Electrophysiological Options in the Management of Chronic Heart Failure.

The incidence of heart failure (HF) continues to grow and burden our health care system. Electrophysiological aberrations are common amongst patients with heart failure and can contribute to worsening symptoms and prognosis. Targeting these abnormalities with cardiac and extra-cardiac device therapies and catheter ablation procedures augments cardiac function. Newer technologies aimed to improvement procedural outcomes, address known procedural limitations and target newer anatomical sites have been trialled recently. We review the role and evidence base for conventional cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) and its optimisation, catheter ablation therapies for atrial arrhythmias, cardiac contractility and autonomic modulation therapies.

Integrated Cytometry With Machine Learning Applied to High-Content Imaging of Human Kidney Tissue for In Situ Cell Classification and Neighborhood Analysis.

The human kidney is a complex organ with various cell types that are intricately organized to perform key physiological functions and maintain homeostasis. New imaging modalities, such as mesoscale and highly multiplexed fluorescence microscopy, are increasingly being applied to human kidney tissue to create single-cell resolution data sets that are both spatially large and multidimensional. These single-cell resolution high-content imaging data sets have great potential to uncover the complex spatial organization and cellular makeup of the human kidney. Tissue cytometry is a novel approach used for the quantitative analysis of imaging data; however, the scale and complexity of such data sets pose unique challenges for processing and analysis. We have developed the Volumetric Tissue Exploration and Analysis (VTEA) software, a unique tool that integrates image processing, segmentation, and interactive cytometry analysis into a single framework on desktop computers. Supported by an extensible and open-source framework, VTEA's integrated pipeline now includes enhanced analytical tools, such as machine learning, data visualization, and neighborhood analyses, for hyperdimensional large-scale imaging data sets. These novel capabilities enable the analysis of mesoscale 2- and 3-dimensional multiplexed human kidney imaging data sets (such as co-detection by indexing and 3-dimensional confocal multiplexed fluorescence imaging). We demonstrate the utility of this approach in identifying cell subtypes in the kidney on the basis of labels, spatial association, and their microenvironment or neighborhood membership. VTEA provides an integrated and intuitive approach to decipher the cellular and spatial complexity of the human kidney and complements other transcriptomics and epigenetic efforts to define the landscape of kidney cell types.

Mechano-Chemical Effect of Gelatin- and HA-Based Hydrogels on Human Retinal Progenitor Cells.

Engineering matrices for cell therapy requires design criteria that include the ability of these materials to support, protect and enhance cellular behavior in vivo. The chemical and mechanical formulation of the biomaterials can influence not only target cell phenotype but also cellular differentiation. In this study, we have demonstrated the effect of a gelatin (Gtn)-hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel on human retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) and show that by altering the mechanical properties of the materials, cellular behavior is altered as well. We have created an interpenetrating network polymer capable of encapsulating hRPCs. By manipulating the stiffness of the hydrogel, the differentiation potential of the hRPCs was controlled. Interpenetrating network 75 (IPN 75; 75% HA) allowed higher expression of rod photoreceptor markers, whereas cone photoreceptor marker expression was found to be higher in IPN 50. In vivo testing of these living matrices performed in Long-Evans rats showed higher levels of rod photoreceptor marker expression when IPN 75 was injected versus IPN 50. These biomaterials mimic biological cues that are required to simulate the dynamic complexity of natural retinal ECM. These hydrogels can be used as a vehicle for cell delivery in vivo as well as for expansion and differentiation in an in vitro 3D system in a highly reproducible manner.

Translation Rescue by Targeting Ppp1r15a through Its Upstream Open Reading Frame in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in a Murine Model.

BACKGROUND: Translation shutdown is a hallmark of late-phase, sepsis-induced kidney injury. Methods for controlling protein synthesis in the kidney are limited. Reversing translation shutdown requires dephosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) subunit eIF2 α ; this is mediated by a key regulatory molecule, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (Ppp1r15a), also known as GADD34. METHODS: To study protein synthesis in the kidney in a murine endotoxemia model and investigate the feasibility of translation control in vivo by boosting the protein expression of Ppp1r15a, we combined multiple tools, including ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), proteomics, polyribosome profiling, and antisense oligonucleotides, and a newly generated Ppp1r15a knock-in mouse model and multiple mutant cell lines. RESULTS: We report that translation shutdown in established sepsis-induced kidney injury is brought about by excessive eIF2 α phosphorylation and sustained by blunted expression of the counter-regulatory phosphatase Ppp1r15a. We determined the blunted Ppp1r15a expression persists because of the presence of an upstream open reading frame (uORF). Overcoming this barrier with genetic and antisense oligonucleotide approaches enabled the overexpression of Ppp1r15a, which salvaged translation and improved kidney function in an endotoxemia model. Loss of this uORF also had broad effects on the composition and phosphorylation status of the immunopeptidome-peptides associated with the MHC-that extended beyond the eIF2 α axis. CONCLUSIONS: We found Ppp1r15a is translationally repressed during late-phase sepsis because of the existence of an uORF, which is a prime therapeutic candidate for this strategic rescue of translation in late-phase sepsis. The ability to accurately control translation dynamics during sepsis may offer new paths for the development of therapies at codon-level precision. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at.

Impact of Udenafil on Echocardiographic Indices of Single Ventricle Size and Function in FUEL Study Participants.

BACKGROUND: The FUEL trial (Fontan Udenafil Exercise Longitudinal) demonstrated statistical improvements in exercise capacity following 6 months of treatment with udenafil (87.5 mg po BID). The effect of udenafil on echocardiographic measures of single ventricle function in this cohort has not been studied. METHODS: The 400 enrolled participants were randomized 1:1 to udenafil or placebo. Protocol echocardiograms were obtained at baseline and 26 weeks after initiation of udenafil/placebo. Linear regression compared change from baseline indices of single ventricle systolic, diastolic and global function, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and mean Fontan fenestration gradient in the udenafil cohort versus placebo, controlling for ventricular morphology (left ventricle versus right ventricle/other) and baseline value. RESULTS: The udenafil participants (n=191) had significantly improved between baseline and 26 weeks visits compared to placebo participants (n=195) in myocardial performance index (P=0.03, adjusted mean difference [SE] of changes between groups -0.03[0.01]), atrioventricular valve inflow peak E (P=0.009, 3.95 [1.50]), and A velocities (P=0.034, 3.46 [1.62]), and annular Doppler tissue imaging-derived peak e' velocity (P=0.008, 0.60[0.23]). There were no significant differences in change in single ventricle size, systolic function, atrioventricular valve regurgitation severity, or mean fenestration gradient. Participants with a dominant left ventricle had significantly more favorable baseline values of indices of single ventricle size and function (lower volumes and areas, E/e' ratio, systolic:diastolic time and atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and higher annular s' and e' velocity). CONCLUSIONS: FUEL participants who received udenafil demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in some global and diastolic echo indices. Although small, the changes in diastolic function suggest improvement in pulmonary venous return and/or augmented ventricular compliance, which may help explain improved exercise performance in that cohort. REGISTRATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT02741115.

Push-pull organic dyes and dye-catalyst assembly featuring a benzothiadiazole unit for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.

In this work, we report the design and the preparation of two new dyes and a molecular dyad for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from water in a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (DSPEC). We designed dyes that include a benzothiadiazole (BTD) and an indacenodithiophene (IDT) units, and we obtained a new molecular dyad by covalent coupling with the cobalt diimine-dioxime catalyst. The introduction of the benzothiadiazole core in the structure improves the absorption properties and leads to an extension of the spectrum in the visible range up to 650 nm. The photoelectrochemical properties of the new dyad were evaluated on pristine and lithium-doped NiO electrodes. We demonstrate that increasing the light harvesting efficiency of the dyad by introducing a IDT-BTD chromophore is clearly beneficial for the photoelectrochemical activity. We also demonstrate that lithium doping of NiO, which improves the electronic conductivity of the mesoporous film, leads to a significant increase in performance, in terms of TON and F.E., more than doubled with our new dyad. This BTD-based molecular system outperforms the results of previously reported dyads using the same catalyst.

The protein organization of a red blood cell.

Red blood cells (RBCs) (erythrocytes) are the simplest primary human cells, lacking nuclei and major organelles and instead employing about a thousand proteins to dynamically control cellular function and morphology in response to physiological cues. In this study, we define a canonical RBC proteome and interactome using quantitative mass spectrometry and machine learning. Our data reveal an RBC interactome dominated by protein homeostasis, redox biology, cytoskeletal dynamics, and carbon metabolism. We validate protein complexes through electron microscopy and chemical crosslinking and, with these data, build 3D structural models of the ankyrin/Band 3/Band 4.2 complex that bridges the spectrin cytoskeleton to the RBC membrane. The model suggests spring-like compression of ankyrin may contribute to the characteristic RBC cell shape and flexibility. Taken together, our study provides an in-depth view of the global protein organization of human RBCs and serves as a comprehensive resource for future research.