A Decrease in Branched-Chain Amino Acids after a Competitive Male Professional Volleyball Game-A Metabolomic-Based Approach.

A competitive volleyball game is a highly metabolic and physically demanding event for professional players. This study aimed to investigate whether a single game at the end of a preseason promotes changes in the biochemical markers of physical exercise responses and the metabolomic profile of professional volleyball players. This cross-sectional study included 13 male Brazilian professional volleyball players. Food intake, body composition, heart rate, physical movement variables, and blood biochemical indicators were evaluated. For non-target metabolomic analysis, serum samples were subjected to 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the biochemical indicators after the game (p > 0.05). The level of metabolites present in the groups of the main components (ß-hydroxybutyrate, arginine/lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) had decreased after the game. However, formic acid and histidine levels increased. Among the compounds not part of the main components, hypoxanthine and tyrosine increased, whereas low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels decreased. After the game, the metabolomic profiles of players showed significant negative variations in essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). These decreases might be influenced by athlete diet and reduced glycogen storage due to lower carbohydrate intake, potentially impacting serum-essential amino acid levels via oxidation in skeletal muscle. The study provides insights for developing metabolic compensation strategies in athletes.

Yeast cells-xanthan gum coacervation for hydrosoluble bioactive encapsulation.

This study assessed the technological feasibility of microencapsulating vitamin C (VC) via coacervation between yeast cells (YC) and xanthan gum (XG). The interaction efficiency between YC and XG was examined across various pHs and ratios, while characterizing the microcapsules in terms of encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and thermal and chemical stability. Additionally, in vitro digestion experiments were conducted to determine the digestion efficiency and bioavailability of the bioactive compound. The optimally produced microcapsules exhibited favorable functional attributes, including low water activity (≤ 0.3) and particle size (≤ 33.52 µm), coupled with a high encapsulation efficiency (∼ 86.12 %). The microcapsules were able to increase the stability of VC at high temperatures and during storage when compared to the control. The in vitro experiment revealed that the microcapsules effectively retained approximately 50 % of the VC in simulated gastric fluid, with up to 80 % released in simulated intestinal fluid. However, due to prior degradation in the simulated gastric fluid, the achieved bioavailability was around 68 %. These results are promising, underscoring the potential of these microcapsules as a viable technology for encapsulating, protect, and releasing water-soluble bioactives in the GI tract.

Comparison of the effects of pea protein and whey protein on the metabolic profile of soccer athletes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.

Introduction: Pea protein (PP) concentrate is a plant-based alternative to animal protein sources, such as whey protein (WP). In addition to its valuable amino acid composition, PP has a low environmental impact, making it a sustainable, nutritious, and viable alternative for enhanced sports performance, such as in soccer. PP Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of PP and WP supplementation on biochemical and metabolic parameters in soccer players. Methods: Twelve male under-20 soccer players were included in this double-blind, randomized crossover intervention study. For 10 consecutive days, each participant received either 0.5 g/kg of the PP or WP supplementation after training, starting 7 days before the test game, and continuing until 2 days after. After a 4-day washout period, the athletes switched groups and the intervention was restarted. Blood samples were collected before and after the game, as well as 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h intervals thereafter. Creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate (LA), urea, creatinine, and uric acid were analyzed using commercial kits. Exploratory metabolic profiling of the serum samples was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: A comparison of biochemical markers showed that the PP group had lower CK in the post-game moment, 24 h, and 48 h. Lower LA in the post-game moment, and lower ALT in the post-game moment and at 24 h. Of the 48 metabolites analyzed, 22 showed significant differences between the time points, such as amino acids, ketone bodies, and glucose metabolism. Glutamate and lactate levels significantly increased between the pre- and post-game moments in the WP group. After the game, the WP group exhibited reduced levels of metabolites such as arginine and taurine, whereas no such change was observed in the PP group. There was no difference in metabolites 72 h after the game. Conclusions: Despite the slight advantage of the PP group in specific biochemical markers, these differences are not sufficient to justify the choice of a particular type of protein. However, the results highlight the viability of plant protein as a potential alternative to animal protein without compromising athletic performance or recovery.

Effect of gas exchange data selection methods on resting metabolic rate estimation in young athletes.

This cross-sectional study analysed the effect of the gas exchange data selection methods on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) estimation and proposed a protocol shortening providing a suitable RMR estimation for young athletes. Sixty-six healthy young Brazilian athletes performed a 30-minute RMR assessment. Different methods of gas exchange data selection were applied: short and long-time intervals, steady-state (SSt), and filtering. A mixed one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the mean differences in gas exchange, RMR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and coefficients of variation across all methods. Additionally, paired Student's t-test were used to compare the first and best SSt RMR values for each SSt method (3, 4, and 5-min). The 5-min SSt method provided the lowest RMR estimate (1454 kcal.day-1). There was a statistical difference between methods (F = 2.607, p = 0.04), but they presented a clinically irrelevant absolute difference (~36 kcal.day-1). There were no differences in RER among methods. In addition, using the SSt method, 12 minutes of assessment were enough to obtain a valid estimation of RMR. The 5-min SSt method should be employed for assessing the RMR among young athletes, considering the possibility of obtaining a shortened assessment (~12 min) with an acceptable and low coefficient of variation.

Effectiveness of current protein recommendations in adolescent athletes on a low-carbon diet.

Adolescent athletes require adequate energy and nutrient supply to support growth, development, and the demands associated with exercise and training. However, they are susceptible to nutritional inadequacies affecting their health and physical performance. Food choices with nutrient adequacy and environmental protection is crucial for a sustainable diet. Therefore, we aimed to assess the adequacy of low-carbon diets to meet the protein requirements of adolescent athletes. Therefore, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 91 adolescent athletes from sports clubs in Rio de Janeiro who underwent anthropometric and food consumption assessments. To estimate the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities, the sustainability indicators carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) were used. The CF of the athlete's diet was compared with the benchmark of 1,571 g CO2eq/cap/d estimated by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Protein recommendations according to the American Dietetic Association (ADA) for athletes and protein food groups according to the low-carbon EAT-Lancet reference diet were used as references. The results were stratified by sport modality, age, sex, and income range. The Mann-Whitney test was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test to assess the differences between groups using the statistical program GraphPad PRISM® version 8.0. CF and WF were directly associated with total energy intake, total protein intake, animal-origin protein intake, and the food groups of meat and eggs. Significant differences were observed in the environmental impact of diet based on sports groups and gender. The athletes' profile with higher environmental impact was male, middle-income class, and of any age group. The quartiles of CF of the overall diets were above the 1,571 g CO2eq/cap/d benchmark. Additionally, ADA's recommended range of daily protein consumption was met by most athletes, even in the lowest quartile of CF. Thus, a diet with a lower environmental impact can meet protein recommendations in adolescent athletes. The results found are of interest to the sports and food industries. It could help in designing a balanced diet for athletes as well as ensure less negative environmental impacts of food production and consumption.

Relationship of age at menarche and serum leptin with the metabolically unhealthy phenotype in adolescents / Relación de la edad de la menarquia y la leptina sérica con el fenotipo metabólicamente no saludable en adolescentes

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship of age at menarche and leptin with the metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) phenotypes in adolescent girls in different body mass index (BMI) categories. METHOD: an observational and cross-sectional study consisting of 139 female adolescents attended to at the Adolescent Reference Center in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro. Menarche was classified as early (EM) when the first menstruation occurred at or before 11 years of age; normal menarche (NM) was categorized at ages 12 to 14; menarche was considered late (LM) when it occurred at age 15 or older. The factors required to ascertain the subjects' phenotype, as well as their leptin levels, weight, and height, were measured and their BMIs were calculated. The girls were classified as MH or MUH based on the NCEP-ATP III criteria as adapted for children and adolescents. RESULTS: 82 % (n = 114) of the girls were classified as MH and 18 % (n = 25) as MUH. Mean age at menarche was 11.79 ± 1.39 years. There was a higher prevalence of MUH amongst the girls who had EM (p = 0.04). A higher inadequacy of serum leptin concentrations was found in girls who had EM (p = 0.05) and in those classified as MUH (p = 0.01). The adolescents who were severely obese exhibited inadequate leptin levels (p < 0.01) and had gone through EM (p = 0.02). A total of 8.1 % (n = 7) of the normal-weight girls were classified as MUH, and 29.4 % (n = 5) of those who were severely obese were classified as MH (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: early menarche and high serum leptin concentrations are related with the MUH phenotype in adolescent girls in different BMI categories

OBJETIVO: analizar la relación de la edad de la menarquia y los niveles de leptina con los fenotipos metabólicamente saludables (MS) y metabólicamente no saludables (MNS) en adolescentes de diferentes categorías de índice de masa corporal (IMC). MÉTODO: estudio observacional y transversal compuesto por 139 adolescentes de sexo feminino, atendidas en el Centro de Referencia para Adolescentes de Macaé, Río de Janeiro. La menarquia se clasificó como precoz (MP) cuando se produjo la primera menstruación a o antes de los 11 años de edad; la menarquia normal (MN) se clasificó como aquella sucedida a la edad de 12 a 14 años; la menarquia se consideró tardía (MT) cuando ocurrió a los 15 años o más. Se midieron los factores necesarios para determinar el fenotipo de los sujetos, y se midieron sus niveles de leptina, peso y altura, y se calculó su IMC. Las adolescentes se clasificaron como MS y MNS según los criterios de NCEP-ATP III, adaptados para niños y adolescentes. RESULTADOS: el 82 % (n = 114) de las adolescentes se clasificaron como MH y el 18 % (n = 25) como MUH. La edad media de la menarquia fue de 11,79 ± 1,39 años. Hubo una mayor prevalencia de MUH entre las adolescentes que tenían MP (p = 0,04). Se encontró una mayor insuficiencia de las concentraciones séricas de leptina en las adolescentes que tenían MP (p = 0,05) y en aquellas clasificadas como MNS (p = 0,01). Las adolescentes que eran severamente obesas exhibieron niveles inadecuados de leptina (p < 0,01) y habían pasado por una MP (p = 0,02). El 8,1 % (n = 7) de las adolescentes de peso normal se clasificaron como MNS y el 29,4 % (n = 5) de las que eran severamente obesas se clasificaron como MS (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: la menarquia temprana y las altas concentraciones séricas de leptina están relacionadas con el fenotipo MNS en las adolescentes de diferentes categorías de IMC

Caffeine Supplementation for 4 Days Does Not Induce Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effects Promoted by Acute Intake on Physiological, Metabolic, and Performance Parameters of Cyclists: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study.

The present study investigated whether the caffeine supplementation for four days would induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects promoted by acute intake on physiological, metabolic, and performance parameters of cyclists. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design was employed, involving four experimental trials; placebo (4-day)-placebo (acute)/PP, placebo (4-day)-caffeine (acute)/PC, caffeine (4-day)-caffeine (acute)/CC and caffeine (4-day)-placebo (acute)/CP. Fourteen male recreationally-trained cyclists ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg∙kg-1) for 4 days. On day 5 (acute), capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg∙kg-1) were ingested 60 min before completing a 16 km time-trial (TT). CC and PC showed improvements in time (3.54%, ES = 0.72; 2.53%, ES = 0.51) and in output power (2.85%, ES = 0.25; 2.53%, ES = 0.20) (p < 0.05) compared to CP and PP conditions, respectively. These effects were accompanied by increased heart rate (2.63%, ES = 0.47; 1.99%, ES = 0.34), minute volume (13.11%, ES = 0.61; 16.32%, ES = 0.75), expired O2 fraction (3.29%, ES = 0.96; 2.87, ES = 0.72), lactate blood concentration (immediately after, 29.51% ES = 0.78; 28.21% ES = 0.73 recovery (10 min), 36.01% ES = 0.84; 31.22% ES = 0.81), and reduction in expired CO2 fraction (7.64%, ES = 0.64; 7.75%, ES = 0.56). In conclusion, these results indicate that caffeine, when ingested by cyclists in a dose of 6 mg∙kg-1 for 4 days, does not induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects promoted by acute intake on physiological, metabolic, and performance parameters.

Intense physical exercise potentiates glucose inhibitory effect over food intake of male Wistar rats.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? How does an acute session of exercise affect food intake of male Wistar rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Food intake in male Wistar rats is decreased in the first hour after physical exercise independent of the intensity. Moreover, high-intensity exercise potentiates the anorexic effect of peripheral glucose administration. This work raises new feeding-related targets that would explain how exercise drives body weight loss. ABSTRACT: Obesity has emerged as a critical metabolic disorder in modern society. An adequate lifestyle with a well-oriented programme of diet and physical exercise (PE) can prevent or potentially even cure obesity. Additionally, PE might lead to weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing hunger perception. In this article, we hypothesize that an acute exercise session would potentiate the glucose inhibitory effects on food intake in male Wistar rats. Our data show that moderate- or high-intensity PE significantly decreased food intake, although no changes in the expression of feeding-related neuropeptide in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus were found. Exercised animals demonstrated a reduced glucose tolerance and increased blood insulin concentration. Intraperitoneal administration of glucose decreased food intake in control animals. In the animals submitted to moderate-intensity PE, the decrease in food intake promoted by glucose was similar to controls; however, an interaction was observed when glucose was injected in the high-intensity PE group, in which food intake was significantly lower than the effect produced by glucose alone. A different pattern of expression was observed for the monocarboxylate transporter isoforms (MCT1, 2 and 4) and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFBP3) in the hypothalamus, which was dependent on the exercise intensity. In conclusion, PE decreases food intake independently of the intensity. However, an interaction between PE and the anorexic effect of glucose is only observed when a high-intensity exercise is performed. These data show an essential role of exercise intensity in the modulation of the glucose inhibitory effect on food intake.

Validity of Skinfold Equations, Against Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, in Predicting Body Composition in Adolescent Pentathletes.

PURPOSE: Body composition of adolescent athletes is often evaluated scientifically and in sports by using reference equations developed from nonathlete adolescent populations. The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of predictive equations based on skinfold measurements, as compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to estimate body fat in adolescent modern pentathlon athletes. METHODS: 51 athletes, 27 male (mean age = 15.1 years; standard deviation, SD = 1.5 years) and 24 female (mean age = 14.2 years; SD = 2.5 years), were assessed using DXA, anthropometric parameters, sports practice anamnesis, and pubertal stages. Agreement between methods was tested with boxplots of mean comparisons using Student's t test (p < .05), and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The body density equations of Durnin & Rahaman (1967) and Durnin & Womersley (1974) showed better agreement with DXA than the other predictive equations, for both females (difference between means=-2.03; 2SD = 8.44) and males (difference between means = 0.98; 2SD = 7.30). There were no mean differences between these equations and the reference method (DXA; p > .05), but they did display high variability (2SD). CONCLUSION: The high variability among results indicated imprecision. Predictive skinfold equations developed for nonathlete adolescents do not offer good validity for modern adolescent pentathlon athletes, and should be avoided.

Critical evaluation of food intake and energy balance in young modern pentathlon athletes: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Modern pentathlon comprises five sports: fencing, swimming, equestrian jumping, and a combined event of pistol shooting and running. Despite the expected high energy demand of this sport, there are few studies that provide support for the nutritional recommendations for pentathletes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate young modern pentathlon athletes with respect to body composition, biochemical profile, and consumption of food and supplements. METHODS: Fifty-six young modern pentathletes aged 13.5 ± 2.4 years participated in the study: 22 adolescent girls and 34 adolescent boys, weight 55.8 ± 13.3 kg, height 1.6 ± 0.1 m, and body fat 21.1 ± 3.1 %. Food consumption was analyzed through a 24-h recall method and food-frequency questionnaire. Assessment of body composition was carried out by checking anthropometric measures (body mass, height, and skinfolds) and using protocols according to participants' age and sexual maturity. RESULTS: Male participants consumed less energy than the general recommendations for athletes from the American Dietetic Association (2749 ± 1024 kcal vs. 3113 ± 704 kcal, p < 0.01), whereas female participants consumed more energy than those recommendations (2558 ± 808 kcal vs. 2213 ± 4734 kcal, p < 0.01). Neither young men nor young women followed the carbohydrate intake recommendations for athletes (6.3 ± 2.5 g/kg/day and 6.6 ± 2.2 g/kg/day, respectively). Lipid and protein intakes corresponded to recommendations for both sexes; however, insufficient intakes of calcium, fruits, and vegetables were seen, as well as frequent consumption of baked goods and sugared soft drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent modern pentathlon athletes presented inadequate eating habits with respect to consumption of carbohydrates and energy. Many participants had insufficient intake of micronutrients, especially calcium. However, future research is needed that is aimed at elucidating the real nutritional demands for good physical performance in this sport and the impact of inadequate eating habits on performance, especially among young athletes who are in the growth-stage years and are exposed to intense physical exercise routines.

Development of a beetroot-based nutritional gel containing high content of bioaccessible dietary nitrate and antioxidants.

Beetroot, a food rich in nitrate and antioxidants has gained attention because of its potential effect on improving cardiovascular health and exercise performance. This work had the purpose of developing a beetroot-based nutritional gel (BG) and estimating the in vitro bioaccessibility of the nitrate, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic (TP) and potassium content, as compared to beetroot juice (BJ). Nitrate was assessed by a high-performance liquid chromatography system, TAC was assessed using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and TP was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method before and after an in vitro digestion. Significantly higher values of nitrate, TEAC, TP and potassium before and after digestion were observed in BG as compared to BJ. The results suggest a new nutritional strategy to give high contents of bioaccessible nutrients (nitrate, antioxidants and potassium) that are potentially relevant to improve cardiovascular health and exercise performance.

Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory analyses of a nitrate-enriched beetroot gel and its effects on plasmatic nitric oxide and blood pressure.

BACKGROUND: Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a dietary source of natural antioxidants and inorganic nitrate (NO3(-)). It is well known that the content of antioxidant compounds and inorganic nitrate in beetroot can reduce blood pressure (BP) and the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to formulate a beetroot gel to supplement dietary nitrate and antioxidant compounds able to cause beneficial health effects following acute administration. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A beetroot juice produced from Beta vulgaris L., without any chemical additives, was used. The juice was evaluated by physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The sample was tested in five healthy subjects (four males and one female), ingesting 100 g of beetroot gel. RESULTS: The formulated gel was nitrate enriched and contained carbohydrates, fibers, saponins, and phenolic compounds. The formulated gels possess high total antioxidant activity and showed adequate rheological properties, such as high viscosity and pleasant texture. The consumer acceptance test for flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of beetroot gel flavorized with synthetic orange flavor had a sensory quality score >6.6. The effects of acute inorganic nitrate supplementation on nitric oxide production and BP of five healthy subjects were evaluated. The consumption of beetroot gel increased plasma nitrite threefold after 60 min of ingestion and decreased systolic BP (-6.2 mm Hg), diastolic BP (-5.2 mm Hg), and heart rate (-7 bpm).

Spray-dried extract from the Amazonian adaptogenic plant Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke (Saracura-mirá): Chemical composition and immunomodulatory properties.

Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke is a medicinal plant used in the Amazon region to prepare a drink with tonic, immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties. Due to the growing interest in dietary supplements with these properties and, to provide a new functional ingredient, barks from A. amazonicus were extracted. The extract was spray dried without drying adjuvants, resulting in a powder (SARF), which was characterized by its physico-chemical properties and proximate, mineral and saponin contents. The SARF saponins were characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMSn) analysis. The SARF particles tended to have a spherical shape and a unimodal size distribution. The particles also had good rehydration characteristics and high saponin content (33%). The effect of SARF on antibody production was investigated, and we found that SARF increased the basal levels of anti-ovalbumin, anti-LPS and anti-dextran IgM antibodies, and the anti-dextran IgG antibodies in unimmunized mice. No increase in antibody titers was observed after SARF treatment in immunized mice. These results suggest that SARF could be an interesting new functional ingredient for food applications or pharmaceutical products.

Basal Metabolic Rate of Adolescent Modern Pentathlon Athletes: Agreement between Indirect Calorimetry and Predictive Equations and the Correlation with Body Parameters.

PURPOSE: The accurate estimative of energy needs is crucial for an optimal physical performance among athletes and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) equations often are not well adjusted for adolescent athletes requiring the use of specific methods, such as the golden standard indirect calorimetry (IC). Therefore, we had the aim to analyse the agreement between the BMR of adolescents pentathletes measured by IC and estimated by commonly used predictive equations. METHODS: Twenty-eight athletes (17 males and 11 females) were evaluated for BMR, using IC and the predictive equations Harris and Benedict (HB), Cunningham (CUN), Henry and Rees (HR) and FAO/WHO/UNU (FAO). Body composition was obtained using DXA and sexual maturity data were retrieved through validated questionnaires. The correlations among anthropometric variables an IC were analysed by T-student test and ICC, while the agreement between IC and the predictive equations was analysed according to Bland and Altman and by survival-agreement plotting. RESULTS: The whole sample average BMR measured by IC was significantly different from the estimated by FAO (p<0.05). Adjusting data by gender FAO and HR equations were statistically different from IC (p <0.05) among males, while female differed only for the HR equation (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The FAO equation underestimated athletes' BMR when compared with IC (T Test). When compared to the golden standard IC, using Bland and Altman, ICC and Survival-Agreement, the equations underestimated the energy needs of adolescent pentathlon athletes up to 300kcal/day. Therefore, they should be used with caution when estimating individual energy requirements in such populations.

Preparation and Evaluation of Chitosan Submicroparticles Containing Pilocarpine for Glaucoma Therapy.

The objective of the present study was to optimize the preparation of chitosan submicroparticles and to assess whether they enhanced ocular permeation of pilocarpine. Submicroparticles were produced by spray drying and characterized to determine process yield, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, size distribution, drug-polymeric matrix interaction, porcine sclera permeation as well as ocular irritancy and drug retention. Quantification of pilocarpine using High Performance Liquid Chromatography was found to be selective, linear, precise, accurate and robust. The spray drying method proved to be simple and reproducibly produced particles with satisfactory yields, thus showing potential for industrial scale applications. The pilocarpine-loaded chitosan particles exhibited adequate morphological characteristics as well as high encapsulation efficiency. The particles produced were on a submicrometric scale and compatible with intraocular administration. In pilocarpine-loaded particles, the interaction between pilocarpine and chitosan polymeric matrix resulted in delayed release of the drug, attributed to formation of a reservoir system. The best fit for drug release was obtained using the Higuchi equation. The chitosan submicroparticles enhanced the permeation effect and increased the passage of pilocarpine through porcine sclera and also demonstrated low irritancy potential. Therefore, the particles produced can be considered a promising system for the ocular delivery of pilocarpine.

COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL DE PENTATLETAS ADOLESCENTES AVALIADA COM A ABSORTOMETRIA RADIOLÓGICA DE DUPLA ENERGIA / BODY COMPOSITION OF ADOLESCENTS PENTATHLETES ASSESSMENT USING THE DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY

RESUMO Os objetivos do estudo foram elaborar referências e analisar as características da composição corporal de atletas adolescentes de pentatlo moderno nos sexos feminino e masculino, por meio do DXA, em diferentes fases da puberdade. Participaram 48 atletas adolescentes praticantes de pentatlo moderno, sendo 21 meninas (14,67±2,35) e 27 meninos (15,15±1,51 anos). Em atletas do sexo feminino o percentual de gordura foi considerado alto no grupo de púberes; o aumento da massa magra e a estabilidade da gordura corporal, em púberes avançados e pós-púberes, são efeitos decorrentes dos efeitos do treinamento de pentatlo moderno. Os atletas masculinos apresentaram alterações comuns na composição corporal durante todas as fases da puberdade. A avaliação do BMC e BMD parecem pertinentes as adolescentes na mesma fase da puberdade praticantes de outras modalidades esportivas no masculino e feminino, demonstrando impacto positivo do treinamento.

ABSTRACT The aims of the study were to elaborate references and analyze the characteristics of body composition of adolescent modern pentathlon athletes in female and male, through DXA at different pubertal stages . A total of 48 adolescent athletes practitioners of modern pentathlon, 21 girls (14.67 ± 2.35) and 27 boys (15.15 ± 1.51 years). In female athletes the percentage of fat was considered high in pubescent group; increased lean body mass and the stability of body fat in advanced pubescent and post-pubescent, are effects of the practice of modern pentathlon training. Male athletes showed changes in body composition that are common during the puberty. The evaluation of BMC and BMD in male and female seem appropriate to adolescents at the same stage of puberty practitioners of other sports, demonstrating the positive impact of the training.

Impacto do destreinamento na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas / Impact of detraining on anthropometry of adolescent pentathletes / Impacto del desentrenamiento en la antropometría de adolescentes pentatletas

INTRODUÇÃO: A caracterização do perfil antropométrico ao fim da fase de treinamento competitivo e após o destreinamento decorrente da fase de transição pode auxiliar a elaboração de estratégias que beneficiem pentatletas adolescentes no retorno ao treinamento. OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto do destreinamento, originado pela fase de transição, na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 16 meninos (15,12 ± 1,77 anos) e 10 meninas (14,57 ± 2,40 anos) praticantes de pentatlo moderno. A adesão à dieta específica no período de destreinamento foi avaliada por profissionais especializados. No fim das fases competitivas e de transição, foram avaliadas a maturação sexual e as variáveis antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Valores percentuais demonstram que meninas tendem a aderir mais à dieta do que meninos. Diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os períodos foram observadas somente no sexo masculino, nas variáveis massa corporal (0,003), estatura (0,000), somatório de dobras cutâneas (0,033) e na mesomorfia (0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A massa corporal, o somatório de dobras cutâneas e a mesomorfia parecem ter sofrido impacto negativo do destreinamento. O aumento da estatura parece estar associado ao pico de velocidade da estatura. Em meninas, a tendência de aderirem mais à dieta pode ter contribuído para a não identificação de alterações antropométricas. .

INTRODUCTION: The characterization of the anthropometric profile at the end of competitive training phase and after detraining due to the transition phase can aid the development of strategies that benefit adolescent pentathletes on return to training. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of detraining caused by the transition phase on anthropometry of adolescent pentathletes. METHODS: The sample consisted of 16 male adolescents (15.2 ± 1.77 years) and 10 female adolescents (14.57 ± 2.40 years), all practitioners of modern pentathlon. The adherence to specific diet in the detraining period was evaluated by specialized professionals. At the end of competitive and transition phases, sexual maturation and anthropometric variables were evaluated. RESULTS: Percentages show that female adolescents tend to adhere more to the diet than male adolescents. Significant differences (p<0.05) between periods were observed only in males in the following variables: body mass (0.003), height (0.000), sum of skinfolds (0.033) and mesomorphy (0.001). CONCLUSION: Body mass, sum of skinfolds and mesomorphy appear to have suffered negative impact of detraining. The increase in height is associated to the peak height velocity. In females, the trend to follow the diet more strictly may have contributed to the failure to identify anthropometric changes. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: La caracterización del perfil antropométrico al fin de la fase de entrenamiento competitivo y después del desentrenamiento proveniente de la fase de transición puede auxiliar en la elaboración de estrategias que beneficien a pentatletas adolescentes en el retorno al entrenamiento. OBJETIVO: Analizar el impacto del desentrenamiento, originado por la fase de transición, en la antropometría de adolescentes pentatletas. MÉTODOS: La muestra fue compuesta por 16 niños (15,12 ± 1,77 años) y 10 niñas (14,57 ± 2,40 años) practicantes de pentatlón moderno. La adhesión a la dieta específica en el período de desentrenamiento fue evaluada por profesionales especializados. Al fin de las fases competitivas y de transición, fueron evaluadas la maduración sexual y las variables antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Valores porcentuales demuestran que las niñas tienden a adherir más a la dieta que los niños. Fueron observadas diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre los períodos solamente en el sexo masculino, en las variables masa corporal (0,003), estatura (0,000), sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos (0,033) y en la mesomorfia (0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: La masa corporal, la sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos y la mesomorfia parecen haber sufrido impacto negativo del desentrenamiento. El aumento de la estatura parece estar asociado al pico de velocidad de la estatura. En las niñas, la tendencia de adherir más a la dieta puede haber contribuido para la no identificación de alteraciones antropométricas. .

Nutrição escolar consciente: estudo de caso sobre o uso de oficinasde culinária no ensino fundamental / Conscious school nutrition: a case study on the use of culinary workshops in Elementar School

Devido à inadequação das práticas alimentares de crianças em idade escolar, devem ser adotadas estratégias educativas que enfatizem os benefícios da adoção de uma dieta equilibrada. A escola é considerada espaço privilegiado para desenvolvimento de diversos saberes, incluindo programas voltados para a educação alimentar e nutricional. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de atividades educativas no aprendizado a respeito de alimentos e alimentação saudável sobre alunos matriculados no ensino fundamental de escolas municipais de Duque de Caxias/RJ. Foram selecionadas três escolas, com amostra de 171 alunos, divididas em grupo controle (n = 77) e experimental (n = 94). A avaliação dos alunos de ambos os grupos consistiu em duas aplicações de quatro questionários, em formato de jogos, validados em pesquisa do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Alimentos para fins Especiais e Educacionais (LabDAFEE). Os alunos do grupo experimental participaram da intervenção, com atividades educativas na escola, que consistiram de oficinas culinárias e jogos lúdico-didáticos, no intervalo das duas avaliações do conhecimento de nutrição. Para as análises estatísticas dos resultados aplicaram-se os Testes de Wilcoxon (p-valor ≤ 0,05) e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (p-valor < 0,05). As atividades educativas foram consideradas eficientes, pois na segunda aplicação do questionário a escola experimental obteve melhora significativa nos resultados dos jogos utilizados para avaliação dos escolares.

Due to inadequate dietary practices in schoolaged children, it should be adopted educational strategies that emphasize the benefits of adopting a balanced diet. The school is considered privileged space for development of diverse knowledge, including programs for food and nutritional education. This study evaluated the effect of educational activities on learning about food and healthy eating, with students enrolled in primary schools in Duque de Caxias/RJ. Three schools were selected, with a sample of 171 students, divided into a control group (n = 77) and experimental (n = 94). The students’ evaluation on both groups, were consisted in two applications of four questionnaires, in game format, validated at the Research Laboratory Development and Foods for Special Education (DAFEE). Students at the experimental group participated the intervention, with educational activities at school, consisting of culinary workshops and educational recreational and educational games, between two nutritional knowledge evaluations. For the results’ statistical analyzes, were applied the Wilcoxon tests (p-value ≤ 0.05) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (p-value

Nutrição escolar consciente: estudo de caso sobre o uso de oficinasde culinária no ensino fundamental / Conscious school nutrition: a case study on the use of culinary workshops in Elementar School

Devido à inadequação das práticas alimentares de crianças em idade escolar, devem ser adotadas estratégias educativas que enfatizem os benefícios da adoção de uma dieta equilibrada. A escola é considerada espaço privilegiado para desenvolvimento de diversos saberes, incluindo programas voltados para a educação alimentar e nutricional. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de atividades educativas no aprendizado a respeito de alimentos e alimentação saudável sobre alunos matriculados no ensino fundamental de escolas municipais de Duque de Caxias/RJ. Foram selecionadas três escolas, com amostra de 171 alunos, divididas em grupo controle (n = 77) e experimental (n = 94). A avaliação dos alunos de ambos os grupos consistiu em duas aplicações de quatro questionários, em formato de jogos, validados em pesquisa do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Alimentos para fins Especiais e Educacionais (LabDAFEE). Os alunos do grupo experimental participaram da intervenção, com atividades educativas na escola, que consistiram de oficinas culinárias e jogos lúdico-didáticos, no intervalo das duas avaliações do conhecimento de nutrição. Para as análises estatísticas dos resultados aplicaram-se os Testes de Wilcoxon (p-valor ≤ 0,05) e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (p-valor < 0,05). As atividades educativas foram consideradas eficientes, pois na segunda aplicação do questionário a escola experimental obteve melhora significativa nos resultados dos jogos utilizados para avaliação dos escolares.

Due to inadequate dietary practices in schoolaged children, it should be adopted educational strategies that emphasize the benefits of adopting a balanced diet. The school is considered privileged space for development of diverse knowledge, including programs for food and nutritional education. This study evaluated the effect of educational activities on learning about food and healthy eating, with students enrolled in primary schools in Duque de Caxias/RJ. Three schools were selected, with a sample of 171 students, divided into a control group (n = 77) and experimental (n = 94). The students’ evaluation on both groups, were consisted in two applications of four questionnaires, in game format, validated at the Research Laboratory Development and Foods for Special Education (DAFEE). Students at the experimental group participated the intervention, with educational activities at school, consisting of culinary workshops and educational recreational and educational games, between two nutritional knowledge evaluations. For the results’ statistical analyzes, were applied the Wilcoxon tests (p-value ≤ 0.05) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (p-value

Nutrição escolar consciente: estudo de caso sobre o uso de oficinas de culinária no ensino fundamental / Conscious school nutrition: a case study on the use of culinary workshops in Elementar School

Devido à inadequação das práticas alimentares de crianças em idade escolar, devem ser adotadas estratégias educativas que enfatizem os benefícios da adoção de uma dieta equilibrada. A escola é considerada espaço privilegiado para desenvolvimento de diversos saberes, incluindo programas voltados para a educação alimentar e nutricional. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de atividades educativas no aprendizado a respeito de alimentos e alimentação saudável sobre alunos matriculados no ensino fundamental de escolas municipais de Duque de Caxias/RJ. Foram selecionadas três escolas, com amostra de 171 alunos, divididas em grupo controle (n = 77) e experimental (n = 94). A avaliação dos alunos de ambos os grupos consistiu em duas aplicações de quatro questionários, em formato de jogos, validados em pesquisa do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Alimentos para fins Especiais e Educacionais (LabDAFEE). Os alunos do grupo experimental participaram da intervenção, com atividades educativas na escola, que consistiram de oficinas culinárias e jogos lúdico-didáticos, no intervalo das duas avaliações do conhecimento de nutrição. Para as análises estatísticas dos resultados aplicaram-se os Testes de Wilcoxon (p-valor ≤ 0,05) e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (p-valor < 0,05). As atividades educativas foram consideradas eficientes, pois na segunda aplicação do questionário a escola experimental obteve melhora significativa nos resultados dos jogos utilizados para avaliação dos escolares.

Due to inadequate dietary practices in schoolaged children, it should be adopted educational strategies that emphasize the benefits of adopting a balanced diet. The school is considered privileged space for development of diverse knowledge, including programs for food and nutritional education. This study evaluated the effect of educational activities on learning about food and healthy eating, with students enrolled in primary schools in Duque de Caxias/RJ. Three schools were selected, with a sample of 171 students, divided into a control group (n = 77) and experimental (n = 94). The students' evaluation on both groups, were consisted in two applications of four questionnaires, in game format, validated at the Research Laboratory Development and Foods for Special Education (DAFEE). Students at the experimental group participated the intervention, with educational activities at school, consisting of culinary workshops and educational recreational and educational games, between two nutritional knowledge evaluations. For the results' statistical analyzes, were applied the Wilcoxon tests (p-value ≤ 0.05) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (p-value <0.05). The educational activities were efficient because the second application questionnaire on the experimental school had a significant improvement at the games results used to evaluate the school.