Motivos para o uso das máscaras no brasil durante a pandemia da covid-19

Objetivo: Analisar os motivos relacionados ao uso de máscaras entre a população brasileira durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Material e Método: Estudo transversal realizado entre abril e maio de 2020 e 2021, através de um formulário online composto por informações sociodemográficas e a Versão Brasileira da Reason of Using Face Mask Scale. Para caracterização sociodemográfica dos participantes, utilizou-se análise estatística descritiva com medidas de frequência absoluta, relativa e de dispersão. Para testar a normalidade dos dados utilizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para comparação da pontuação foram adotados testes de hipóteses Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Todos os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 25.132 indivíduos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino 18.453 (73,4%), solteiros 13.960 (55,5%), com idade média de 33 anos (DP= 12,7). A média da pontuação geral dos motivos atribuídos ao uso de máscaras dos participantes foi de 32,2 (DP= 3,8; mínimo= 13 e máximo= 46), sendo os principais motivos a suscetibilidade percebidas, severidade percebidas, benefícios percebidos, dicas para ação e barreiras percebidas. Conclusões: A pontuação geral para as razões para o uso do equipamento foi maior em 2021 quando comparada em 2020, sendo maior entre as mulheres, os jovens e indivíduos com renda superior a 7 salários mínimos.

Objective: To analyze the reasons related to the use of masks among the Brazilian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional study carried out in Brazil during April and May 2020 and 2021, using an online form consisting of sociodemographic information and the Brazilian version of the Reason of Using Face Mask Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sociodemographic data of the participants, using absolute and relative frequency, as well as dispersion measures. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the data. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis hypothesis tests were used to compare outcomes. All ethical aspects were considered. Results: A total of 25,132 individuals participated in the study, the majority of whom were female 18,453 (73.4%), single 13,960 (55.5%), with a mean age of 33 years (SD=12.7). The average overall score of the reasons given by participants for using masks was 32.2 (SD=3.8; minimum=13 and maximum=46). The main reasons were susceptibility perceived, severity perceived, benefits perceived, advice to take action and perceived barriers. Conclusions: The overall score for reasons for using equipment was higher in 2021 than in 2020, and was higher among women, young people, and individuals with incomes above 7 minimum wages.

Objetivo: Analizar los motivos relacionados al uso de máscaras entre la población brasileña durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y Método: Estudio transversal cuantitativo realizado en Brasil durante abril y mayo de 2020 y 2021; se llevó a cabo con un formulario en línea compuesto por informaciones sociodemográficas y la Versión Brasileña de Reason of Using Face Mask Scale. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para caracterizar los datos sociodemográficos de los participantes, utilizando medidas de frecuencia absoluta y relativa y de dispersión. Se utilizó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para comprobar la normalidad de los datos. Para comparar puntuaciones se adoptaron las pruebas de hipótesis de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. Se cubrieron todos los aspectos éticos. Resultados: Un total de 25,132 personas participaron de la investigación, siendo la mayoría mujeres 18.453 (73,4%), solteras 13.960 (55,5%), con una edad media de 33 años (DE= 12,7). La puntuación global media de los motivos atribuidos al uso de mascarillas por los participantes fue de 32,2 (DP= 3,8; mínimo= 13 y máximo= 46). Las principales razones fueron la susceptibilidad percibida, la severidad percibida, los beneficios percibidos, los consejos para la acción y las barreras percibidas. Conclusiones: La puntuación general de las razones para la utilización del equipamiento fue más alta en 2021 en comparación con 2020, siendo mayor entre las mujeres, los jóvenes y las personas con ingresos superiores a 7 salarios mínimos.

Spatial analysis of the AIDS mortality rate among young people in a province of the Brazilian Amazon: An ecological study.

Worldwide, policies to combat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have led to a small decrease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) mortality rate among young people. For greater policy efficacy, it is necessary to determine the influence of social determinants of health (SDHs) in each territory. The objective of this study was to spatially analyse the AIDS mortality rate among young people in a province of the Brazilian Amazon and the spatial variability of the rate promoted by SDHs. All reports of AIDS deaths between 2007 and 2018 among young people living in the state of Pará were included in the study. The mortality rate was analysed using spatial distribution and autocorrelation, spatial scanning, and geographically weighted regression (GWR). During the study period, there were 1,372 deaths from AIDS among young people with a territorial expansion. The spatial autocorrelation showed two high-high clusters in the period from 2007 to 2010, one formed by municipalities in south-eastern Pará and one in the metropolitan region of Belém, with only the latter remaining between 2011 and 2018. This region showed a higher spatial risk for AIDS mortality and was the only cluster with spatiotemporal risk in the 2013-2018 period. Spatial variability was promoted by the i) the youth homicide rate, ii) the elementary school dropout rate and iii) the number of families registered in the Unified Registry for Social Programs (CadÚnico). This study provides support for the implementation of effective focal policies to combat HIV and reduce the mortality rate among young people in Pará.

Spatial variability of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission in a province in the Brazilian Rainforest: An ecological study.

The mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a serious public health problem in the Brazilian Rainforest. This study aimed to spatially analyze this type of infection between 2007 and 2018 in Pará, which is the second-largest Brazilian state in the Brazilian Rainforest and also has the highest MTCT of HIV in Brazil. We analyzed the incidence rates of HIV (including the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by MTCT as the main route of infection in children younger than 13 years old and whose mothers live in Pará. We employed spatial autocorrelation, spatial scanning, and geographic-weighted spatial regression techniques. In the period of this study, 389 new HIV/AIDS were noted, with territorial expansion of the incidence rates in the municipalities in northern and southern Pará having the highest rates. São Francisco do Pará had high spatial risk and high-spatiotemporal risk clusters comprising municipalities in western and south-western Pará between 2013 and 2016. The spatial variability of HIV/AIDS incidence rates was found to be common in the number of men and women with formal jobs; unemployed ≥18 years old people; elementary school pupils; and families enrolled in the "Single Registry for Social Programs". The social equity approach in Pará guarantee pregnant women access to preventive, diagnostic and treatment health services and their children should be supported to eliminate the MTCT of HIV in Pará.

Factors associated with the use of personal protective equipment among Brazilian physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to analyze the factors associated with use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) among Brazilian physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2020 with 1298 Brazilian physicians. The respondent driven sampling technique was used by sharing the survey through social media. RESULTS: Factors associated with the use of PPE while caring for COVID-19 patients were: being female (AOR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.24-1.98; p ≤ 0.001); working in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.06-3.75; p ≤ 0.001); training (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.25-2.09; p ≤ 0.001); access to sufficient PPE (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.27-3.90; p = 0.0050), and PPE of good quality (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.16-2.92; p = 0.009). The following factors were associated with the use of recommended PPE during procedures that generate aerosols in the context of COVID-19: working in the ICU (ORA=2.73; 95% CI: 2.06-3.62; p < 0.01); working in a field hospital (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.06-1.79; p = 0.018;) training (AOR = 1.72 95% CI: 1.32-2.24; p < 0.01); access to sufficient PPE (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.91-2.92; p < 0.01), PPE of good quality (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.28-3.35; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with the use of necessary PPE with COVID-19 patients and for procedures that generate aerosols were identified. Educational interventions for professionals and managers must be implemented to direct them towards protecting themselves and others.

HIV epidemic in a province of the Brazilian Amazon region: Temporal trend analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although considerable progress has been made over the last decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) mortality rates have remarkably increased in the Brazilian Amazon region. Here, we employed temporal analysis to determine the impact of public policies on the HIV epidemic in the state of Pará, Brazil, which has the second highest HIV incidence rate in the Amazon region. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is an ecological study conducted in the state of Pará, employing secondary data of HIV/AIDS cases notified to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, 2007-2018. The following epidemiological variables were collected: year of notification, municipality of residence, age, sex, education, exposure category, and HIV/AIDS diagnostic criteria. The study population was composed of 21,504 HIV/AIDS cases. The HIV/AIDS incidence rates were analyzed employing the temporal trend analysis (TTA) followed by the chi-square test and residue analysis to determine the association between the epidemiological variables and time series periods. RESULTS: A total of 50% of the notifications were composed of AIDS cases. TTA identified two periods in HIV/AIDS incidence, with stabilization of cases in the first period (G1, 2007-2012) and an upward trend in the second period (G2, 2012-2018). The most prevalent epidemiological characteristics in G2 (versus G1) were as follows: young people, brown skin color, higher schooling, and homosexuals. CONCLUSIONS: Public policy to control HIV infection in the Brazilian Amazon region has been partially effective. HIV screening tests and treatment should be made widely available to eradicate HIV infection in the Amazon region by 2030.

Distribution of calbindin-28kD and parvalbumin in V1 in normal adult Cebus apella monkeys and in monkeys with retinal lesions.

Several proteins have their normal patterns of distributions altered by monocular visual deprivation. We studied the distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-28kD (Cb) and parvalbumin (Pv) in V1 in normal adult Cebus apella monkeys and in monkeys with monocular retinal lesions. In normal monkeys, the interblobs regions in layers 2/3 and the layer 4B are intensely labeled for Cb, while Pv reaction showed a complementary labeling pattern with a stronger staining in layers 4A, 4C and in the blob regions in layers 2/3. In monkeys with monocular retinal lesion, the laminar distribution of these proteins was differentially affected, although both reactions resulted in stronger labeling in non-deprived ocular dominance columns. While Cb reaction resulted in stronger labeling in layers 1 through 5, Pv labeling was heavier in layers 2/3, 4A and 4C. There was a clear reduction in the intensity of neuropil staining for both Pv and Cb in deprived ocular dominance columns with little or no reduction in number of labeled cells. This reduction could thus be attributed to activity-dependent changes at synapses level.