What Is the Most Reliable Method of Measuring Glenoid Bone Loss in Anterior Glenohumeral Instability? A Cadaveric Study Comparing Different Measurement Techniques for Glenoid Bone Loss.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative quantification of bone loss has a significant effect on surgical decision making and patient outcomes. Various measurement techniques for calculating glenoid bone loss have been proposed in the literature. To date, no studies have directly compared measurement techniques to determine which technique, if any, is the most reliable. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: To identify the most consistent and accurate techniques for measuring glenoid bone loss in anterior glenohumeral instability. Our hypothesis was that linear measurement techniques would have lower consistency and accuracy than surface area and statistical shape model-based measurement techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: In 6 fresh-frozen human shoulders, 3 incremental bone defects were sequentially created resulting in a total of 18 glenoid bone defect samples. Analysis was conducted using 2D and 3D computed tomography (CT) en face images. A total of 6 observers (3 experienced and 3 with less experience) measured the bone defect of all samples with Horos imaging software using 5 common methods. The methods included 2 linear techniques (Shaha, Griffith), 2 surface techniques (Barchilon, PICO), and 1 statistical shape model formula (Giles). Intraclass correlation (ICC) using a consistency model was used to determine consistency between observers for each of the measurement methods. Paired t tests were used to calculate the accuracy of each measurement technique relative to physical measurement. RESULTS: For the more experienced observers, all methods indicated good consistency (ICC > 0.75; range, 0.75-0.88), except the Shaha method, which indicated moderate consistency (0.65 < ICC < 0.75; range, 0.65-0.74). Estimated consistency among the experienced observers was better for 2D than 3D images, although the differences were not significant (intervals contained 0). For less experienced observers, the Giles method in 2D had the highest estimated consistency (ICC, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.76-0.95), although Giles, Barchilon, Griffith, and PICO methods were not statistically different. Among less experienced observers, the 2D images using Barchilon and Giles methods had significantly higher consistency than the 3D images. Regarding accuracy, most of the methods statistically overestimated the actual physical measurements by a small amount (mean within 5%). The smallest bias was observed for the 2D Barchilon measurements, and the largest differences were observed for Giles and Griffith methods for both observer types. CONCLUSION: Glenoid bone loss calculation presents variability depending on the measurement technique, with different consistencies and accuracies. We recommend use of the Barchilon method by surgeons who frequently measure glenoid bone loss, because this method presents the best combined consistency and accuracy. However, for surgeons who measure glenoid bone loss occasionally, the most consistent method is the Giles method, although an adjustment for the overestimation bias may be required. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The Barchilon method for measuring bone loss has the best combined consistency and accuracy for surgeons who frequently measure bone loss.

Challenges During Implementation of a Patient-Facing Mobile App for Surgical Rehabilitation: Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Translating research into practice, especially the implementation of digital health technologies in routine care, is increasingly important. Yet, there are few studies examining the challenges of implementing patient-facing digital technologies in health care settings. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report challenges experienced when implementing mobile apps for patients to support their postsurgical rehabilitation in an orthopedic setting. METHODS: A mobile app was tailored to the needs of patients undergoing rotator cuff repair. A 30-min usability session and a 12-week feasibility study were conducted with patients to evaluate the app in routine care. Implementation records (observation reports, issues log, and email correspondence) explored factors that hindered or facilitated patient acceptance. Interviews with clinicians explored factors that influenced app integration in routine care. RESULTS: Participant completion was low (47%, 9/19). Factors that affected patient acceptance included digital literacy, health status, information technology (IT) infrastructure at home, privacy concerns, time limitations, the role of a caregiver, inconsistencies in instruction received from clinicians and the app, and app advice not reflective of patient progress over time. Factors that negatively influenced app integration in routine care included competing demands among clinicians, IT infrastructure in health care settings, identifying the right time to introduce the app to patients, user interface complexity for older patients, lack of coordination among multidisciplinary clinicians, and technical issues with app installation. CONCLUSIONS: Three insights were identified for mobile app implementation in routine care: (1) apps for patients need to reflect their journey over time and in particular, postoperative apps ought to be introduced as part of preoperative care with opportunities for patients to learn and adopt the app during their postoperative journey; (2) strategies to address digital literacy issues among patients and clinicians are essential; and (3) impact of the app on patient outcomes and clinician workflow needs to be communicated, monitored, and reviewed. Lastly, digital health interventions should supplement but not replace patient interaction with clinicians.

Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for the treatment of Proximal humeral fractures in the Elderly (ReShAPE trial) : study protocol for a multicentre combined randomised controlled and observational trial.

BACKGROUND: Proximal humeral fractures are common in older patients. The majority are minimally displaced and are associated with good outcomes after nonoperative treatment. Poorer outcomes are associated with displaced, multipart fractures. There is no clear benefit from surgical fracture fixation compared to nonoperative treatment. Replacement of the fractured humeral head with a hemiarthroplasty is another treatment option, but has not been shown to be clearly superior to nonoperative treatment or internal fixation. Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has been used to treat these fractures, particularly in the older population with several case series demonstrating good outcomes. No comparative trial has been performed to test the effectiveness of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty against nonoperative treatment. METHODS/DESIGN: ReShAPE (Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for the treatment of Proximal humeral fractures in the Elderly) is a multicenter combined randomized and observational study. The primary objective is to compare pain and function 12 months post fracture using the American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) score in patients aged 70 years or older with three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures treated by either reverse shoulder arthroplasty or nonoperative treatment. Secondary outcome measures will include the DASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score, the EQ-5D (EuroQol Health Survey), the EQ-VAS, pain, radiological parameters and complications. DISCUSSION: The study will assess the effectiveness of reverse shoulder arthroplasty for complex proximal humeral fractures and thereby guide treatment of a common injury in the older population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: World Health Organization Universal Trial Number (WHO UTN): U1111-1180-5452 . Registered on 10 March 2016. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): 12616000345482 . Registered on 16 March 2016.

Arthroscopic posterior bone block augmentation in posterior shoulder instability.

BACKGROUND: Posterior instability is a relatively rare and challenging condition to treat. Soft-tissue procedures do not always provide satisfactory results. We present the results after arthroscopic posterior bone block augmentation with an iliac crest bone graft and a minimum of 12 months' follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2008 and 2009, we performed 19 arthroscopic posterior bone blocks on 18 patients with posterior instability (bilaterally in 1 patient). The mean age was 29.85 years at the time of surgery. The mean follow-up was 20.5 months. All patients had a painful, unstable shoulder. Preoperative etiology included trauma, glenoid dysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and arthrosis with posterior glenoid erosion. RESULTS: The Rowe score improved from 18.4 points to 82.1 points, and the Walch-Duplay score improved from 37.4 points to 82.9 points, both statistically significant (P < .01). Radiologic bone healing was achieved in all cases. Nine cases had an excellent result with return to the previous level of sports, six were satisfied, and three had a persistently painful shoulder. Subsequent removal of screws improved symptoms in two of these patients, and in one patient, a cause for the pain and persistent instability was not found. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic posterior bone block augmentation presents a reliable technique for the treatment of symptomatic posterior instability with varying origin. Although this is a technically demanding procedure, in our experience, the potential benefits and minimally invasive nature outweigh the risks and benefits of more invasive procedures.

Missed posterior deep, inferior subcompartment syndrome in a patient with an ankle fracture: a case report.

Deep posterior compartment syndrome is an extremely rare complication of ankle fracture and the few reported cases in the literature show that it is usually diagnosed late. Anterior and deep posterior compartment syndromes have been described with variable manifestations according to the compartment affected. We present a case of deep posterior compartment syndrome isolated to the disputed distal "subcompartment" of the leg, which had a very subtle and late presentation and was missed. The diagnosis of compartment syndrome was confirmed on MRI scan. Subsequently the patient developed a flexor hallucis longus muscle contracture that was managed nonoperatively.

Correcting rotational deformity following femoral nailing.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of rotational malalignment after femoral nailing has been reported to be at least 20%. If the deformity is recognised early, it can be corrected by changing the distal locking screw and rotating the bone prior to fracture union. It is common practice to use the same distal locking screw of the nail if this surgery is performed, however, there is a risk of the new drill hole "cutting out" into the old screw hole. The degree of rotational deformity that needs to be corrected to use the same distal locking hole without cut out of the screw has not been defined. METHOD: Ten femora, five from cadavera and five synthetic ("Synbone"), were stabilised in a vice and then fitted with one distal transverse screw. The screw was then removed and a second distal transverse screw was inserted at the same level after variable amounts of rotation. The bone bridge between the drill holes was then measured and any cut out was noted. RESULTS: Both of the femora cut out when rotated 10 degrees, and one when rotated 15 degrees. The size of the bone bridge between drill holes in femora rotated by 20 degrees was 3 mm. This bone bridge was increased to 4mm when the femora were rotated by 25 degrees, and 8 and 9 mm when rotated by 30 degrees. CONCLUSION: The amount of rotational deformity that needs to be corrected in order to use the same distal locking hole in a femoral nail is significant. In our study, this equates to a correction of at least 25 degrees, but this is not a definitive value in practice. Particular attention must be paid to the location and size of the distal locking screw when correcting malrotation after femoral nailing, to ensure an adequate bone bridge between the two holes.