Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy using the novel Hugo™ RAS system: Feasibility, setting and perioperative outcomes of the first off-clamp series.

INTRODUCTION: Hugo Robot-Assisted Surgery (RAS) System has been conceived with enhanced modularity but its role for nephron-sparing surgery setting still remains poorly explored. We aimed to describe our experience in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) with a three-arms setting for the first off-clamp series using the new Hugo RAS System. METHODS: Patients were placed on an extended flank position at the margin of the surgical bed with a slightly flexion (45°). The first 11 mm robotic trocar (camera port) was placed along the pararectal line 14 ± 2 cm far from the umbilicus. The pneumoperitoneum was then induced through the AirSeal system (SurgiQuest, Milford, Connecticut, USA©). Two more 8 mm operative robotic ports were placed under direct vision, either 8 ± 1 cm far from optic's port. Two 12 mm laparoscopic ports for bed-assistant were placed between robotic ports. Monopolar curved shears, fenestrated grasper, and large needle driver were used in a three-instruments configuration. RESULTS: Off-clamp RAPN was successfully performed in seven patients with cT1 renal masses using a trans-peritoneal route. Median port placement and docking time was 6 min (IQR, 4-8 min). Hemostasis was achieved through renorraphy using a single transfix stitch with sliding clips technique. There was no need for additional ports placement. No intraoperative complications occurred, no clashing of robotic instruments or between the robotic arms was observed. No technical failures of the system occurred. Median console time was 83 min (IQR, 68-115 min). Median estimated blood loss were 200 ml (IQR, 50-400 ml). All patients were discharged between post-operative day 2 and 3, without the need of hospital readmission. No complications were recorded within the first 30 post-operative days. CONCLUSIONS: We performed the first series of off-clamp RAPN using the novel HUGO RAS System. This novel robotic platform showed an easy-friendly docking system, providing excellent perioperative outcomes with a simple three-arms configuration.

Metabolic side effects induced by olanzapine treatment are neutralized by CB1 receptor antagonist compounds co-administration in female rats.

Weight gain is an important side effect of most atypical antipsychotic drugs such as olanzapine. Moreover, although many animal models with metabolic side effects have been well defined, the interaction with other pathways has to be considered. The endocannabinoid system and the CB1 receptor (CB1R) are among the most promising central and peripheral targets involved in weight and energy balance. In this study we developed a rat model based 15-days treatment with olanzapine that shows weight gain and an alteration of the blood parameters involved in the regulation of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Consequently, we analysed whether, and by which mechanism, a co-treatment with the novel CB1R neutral antagonist NESS06SM, could attenuate the adverse metabolic effects of olanzapine compared to the reference CB1R inverse agonist rimonabant. Our results showed alterations of the cannabinoid markers in the nucleus accumbens and of orexigenic/anorexigenic markers in the hypothalamus of female rats treated with olanzapine. These molecular modifications could explain the excessive food intake and the resulting weight gain. Moreover, we confirmed that a co-treatment with CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist compounds decreased food intake and weight increment and restored all blood parameters, without altering the positive effects of olanzapine on behaviour. Furthermore, rimonabant and NESS06SM restored the metabolic enzymes in the liver and fat tissue altered by olanzapine. Therefore, CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist compounds could be good candidate agents for the treatment of weight gain induced by olanzapine.

A comparison of continuous subcutaneous paliperidone infusion and repeated subcutaneous injection of risperidone free-base in rats.

It is proposed that to achieve a therapeutic effect in schizophrenia patients, dopamine D(2)-receptor occupancy by antipsychotics within the striatum must exceed 60-65%. However, at high levels of D(2)-receptor occupancy, the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) is increased. Following oral dosing of antipsychotics, peaks and troughs in plasma drug concentrations may be mirrored by fluctuations in D(2)-receptor occupancy. Paliperidone, a novel antipsychotic available as extended-release tablets (paliperidone ER), is the major active metabolite of risperidone and exhibits a plasma pharmacokinetic profile with reduced peak-trough fluctuations and consistent D(2)-receptor occupancy compared with conventional oral antipsychotic formulations. Using formulations that resemble those in clinical practice, this study provides a preclinical evaluation of the pharmacological properties of paliperidone ER and risperidone immediate-release formulation in terms of consistent antipsychotic efficacy over time and extrapyramidal symptom liability. Significant fluctuations in inhibition of d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion were observed for repeated subcutaneous (SC) risperidone injections, whereas stable inhibitory efficacy was demonstrated during continuous SC paliperidone infusion. Similarly, significant fluctuations in latency on-bar were observed with repeated SC risperidone injections, whereas significantly lower latency on-bar was demonstrated following continuous SC paliperidone infusion. These results in an animal model suggest that although risperidone and paliperidone demonstrate similar pharmacologic effects, continuous administration of paliperidone achieves more stable antipsychotic efficacy with reduced motor impairment, akin to the effects observed with paliperidone ER in clinical studies.

[Management of uncomplicated arterial hypertension in pregnancy]. / Management clinico-terapeutico dell'ipertensione arteriosa non complicatanella donna in gravidanza.

In the management of uncomplicated arterial hypertension in pregnancy, blood pressure (BP) values of pregnant women should be treated in order to reduce risks of both maternal and fetal complications. To reduce these risks, it is necessary to monitor BP, some hematochemical parameters and albuminuria, to try to prevent more serious clinical complications. Moreover, repeated measurements of BP, as well as frequent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) over 24 h are necessary. In the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy, if there are no high risks, it is possible to try a non pharmacological antihypertensive therapy consisting of a suitable diet, reduction of weight, abolition of some lifestyles (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and heavy physical exercises). If these measures are not sufficient or the risk is high, a pharmacological therapy with neither toxic nor teratogenic drugs for the fetus will be administered in order to normalize BP without reducing perfusion of the uterus/placenta. Only in case of severe hypertension, a more aggressive pharmacological treatment should be carried out and, if necessary, hospitalization. The drugs suggested in these cases are those which have already been recognised as presenting low side effects. Antihypertensive drugs used in pregnancy can be classified as: suitable (methyldopa, clonidine, long acting calcioantagonists); cautiously used (alpha-blockers, beta-betablockers); contraindicated (ACE-inhibitors, sartans, short acting calcioantagonists). Hyper-tensive crises should be treated with an injection therapy (clonidine, labetalol), with hospital admission if necessary, or if preeclampsia or eclampsia may occur.

[Clinical approach in hypertensive elderly patients]. / Considerazioni sull'approccio clinico di pazienti anziani ipertesi.

Hypertension in the elderly represents a cardiovascular risk factor which increases due to ageing and to the raise of blood pressure (BP) values. The occurrence of hypertension depends on an interaction between genes and environment. An available antihypertensive therapy causes a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular events. An antihypertensive therapy in the elderly must take into account: in these subjects BP might be spontaneously lower over 30 mmHg in 24 hours; people normally have a postprandial BP reduction; sudden raises or falls of pressure cause cerebral hypoperfusion; some adverse vents of hypertensive drugs worsen their quality of life, not reducing myocardial hypertrophy; possible electrolytic troubles might worsen a congestive heart failure; drastic diets cause a raise in the incidence of colorectal tumours; a high heart rate increases the risk of sudden death; a chronic NSAID intake might cause or aggravate a hypertensive state; a reduction of natrium chlorure and lipides in the diet might cause a BP fall. In short, the BP reduction should be gradual in the hypertensive elderly in order to avoid the occurrence of cardiovascular events, diets should be balanced, rich in fibres and vitamins to avoid colorectal tumours. Besides, NSAID must be used by these patients for a short time and all therapeutic interventions should improve their quality of life.

Iloprost, stable analogue of the prostacyclin, is able to improve the tissue resistance to ischaemia.

On 10 patients, suffering from peripheral arterial disease, with critical limb ischaemia, the CO2 production during ischaemia has been evaluated at 1st and at 28th day of treatment with iloprost. The study demonstrated that the drug is able to improve the tissue resistance to ischaemia, with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of the CO2 production. The authors underline that this study is one of the first confirmations, in vivo and on the man, of the previous experimental findings, made in isolated arterial tissue.