RESUMEN
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a valuable imaging technique, allowing non-invasive, depth-resolved, motion-contrast, high-resolution images of both retinal and choroidal vascular networks. The imaging capabilities of OCT-A have enhanced our understanding of the retinal and choroidal alterations that occur in inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that may be complicated by several vascular conditions requiring a prompt diagnosis. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize all clinical applications of OCT-A in the diagnosis and management of IRDs, highlighting significant vascular findings on retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, choroideremia, Best disease and other less common forms of retinal dystrophies. All advantages and limitations of this novel imaging modality will be also discussed.
RESUMEN
Yellow subthreshold micropulse laser (YSML) is a retinal laser capable of inducing a biologic response without causing thermal damage to the targeted tissue. The 577-nm YSML is delivered to the retina abiding by different protocols in which wavelength, power, duration, spot size and number of spots can be properly set to achieve the most effective and safe treatment response in various chorioretinal disorders. The ultrashort trains of power modulate the activation of the retinal pigment epithelium cells and intraretinal cells, such as Müller cells, causing no visible retinal scars. Subthreshold energy delivered by YSML stimulates the production of the heat-shock proteins, highly conserved molecules that protect cells against any sort of stress by blocking apoptotic and inflammatory pathways that cause cell damage. YSML treatment allows resorption of the subretinal fluid in central serous chorioretinopathy and intraretinal fluid in various conditions including diabetic macular edema, postoperative cystoid macular edema and other miscellaneous conditions. YSML also seems to modulate the development and progression of reticular pseudodrusen in dry age-related macular degeneration. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize the safety and efficacy of YSML treatment in retinal diseases.
RESUMEN
The aims of this study were to assess the incidence rate and risk factors for sialorrhea in the long-term follow-up in a cohort of 132 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease [88 with deep brain stimulation (DBS) and 44 on medical treatment]. The incidence rate of sialorrhea did not differ between the two groups; male sex, Hoehn and Yahr stage and dysphagia resulted risk factors for sialorrhea. These findings indicate that DBS does not increase the risk of developing sialorrhea.
