Psychometric properties of the German versions of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale for Children (PAID-C) with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents (P-PAID-C).

Children with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their parent-caregivers often experience diabetes distress due to the daily demands of diabetes management. Regular screening for diabetes distress is needed to prevent the deterioration of metabolic control and the development of mental health disorders. The aim of this analysis was to examine the psychometric properties of the German versions of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale for Children (PAID-C) and for caregiver burden in Parents (P-PAID-C). Data were collected from 136 children aged 7-12 years (46.7% females) and 304 parents (Mage = 42.9 (SD 6.1) years; 78% mothers) by using linguistically translated questionnaires in a multicenter study. Confirmatory factor analysis and correlational analyses were conducted. Results confirmed the two-factor model for the PAID-C and the four-factor model for the P-PAID-C with a slight modification. Cronbach's αs for children and parents were 0.88 and 0.92, respectively. The PAID-C and P-PAID-C scores had small positive associations with HbA1c (rs = .220 and .139, respectively, all p < .05) and strong inverse association with the KIDSCREEN-10 index (r = -.643 and -.520, respectively, all p < .001). P-PAID-C scores increased with increasing depressive symptoms measured in nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire among parents (rs = .534, p < .001). The scores produced by the German PAID-C and P-PAID-C were reliable and valid in measuring diabetes burdens. These German versions of PAID can be utilized to assess diabetes-specific distress and to design interventions for children and their parents experiencing high levels of diabetes distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychometric properties of the German teen and parent versions of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID).

The negative impact of psychosocial burden in connection with the treatment of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) indicates the need for regular screening of diabetes distress in adolescents with T1D and their parents. Psychometric properties of the German versions of Problem Areas in Diabetes scale-Teen (PAID-T) and Parent (P-PAID-T) are examined in order to provide a clinical screening tool. Linguistically translated questionnaires were used in a multicenter study with 459 families. Confirmatory factor analysis, validity, and reliability were examined. Teens (42.8% female) had a mean age of 14.7 years. Most parent-caregivers were mothers (74.4%) and were born in Germany (83.1%). Results corroborate the three-factor model for the PAID-T with acceptable model fit, and convergent and discriminant validity was observed. The four-factor model for parents was also supported but had inadequate discriminant validity in this study. Teen and parent scores showed excellent Cronbach's α = 0.91 and 0.93, respectively. The PAID-T and P-PAID-T scores were positively correlated with HbA1c (rs = .343 and .252, respectively, p < .001) and negatively correlated with treatment satisfaction (Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire) and KIDSCREEN-10 index (teens: rs = -.545 and -.575; parents: rs = -.563 and -.489, respectively, all p < .001). The P-PAID-T correlated positively with depressive symptoms measured in Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (rs = .537, p < .001). The German versions of PAID-T and P-PAID-T produced scores that demonstrated good reliability and validity. Like the original English versions, the German versions are useful to detect diabetes-specific distress in families and to tailor interventions for affected teenagers and their parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Lipoatrophy in children, adolescents and adults with insulin pump treatment: Is there a beneficial effect of insulin glulisine?

AIM: To investigate whether zinc-free insulin is an effective treatment option for lipoatrophy. METHODS: Controlled, randomized, open-label parallel study in young people with type 1 diabetes, pump treatment and lipoatrophy at injection sites. Participants underwent dermatological examination and evaluation of affected areas using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After randomization, half of themswitched to insulin glulisine (intervention group) for 6 months. The control group continued their treatment with zinc-containing insulin and switched to insulin glulisine 6 months later. Both groups were followed-up until month 12. Primary endpoint was the increase of the relative thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer of the most atrophic site at 6 months as documented by MRI. RESULTS: Fourteen participants were included into the study. While relative thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue was comparable between intervention (-60% [-98.8 - -17.6], n = 7) and control group (-50% [-72.7 - -1.0], P = .511; median (range), n = 7)at baseline, it improved in the intervention (-14.3% [-85.7-83.3] vs -31.3% (-66.7-0), P = .031), but not in the control group (P = .125) after 6 months. At 12 months, relative fat thickness (P = .003), number (P = .015) and size of most atrophic sites (P = .001) were improved in the intervention group. Number (P = .018) and size of most atrophic sites (P = .008) were also reduced in the control group between 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Although the present pilot study is based on a small sample, the data give first hint that the use of the zinc-free insulin glulisine may be beneficial in people with diabetes, pump and lipoatrophy.