Associations between Diet and Changes in Pain Levels among Young Women with Premenstrual Syndrome-A Preliminary Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PMS (premenstrual syndrome)-related pain among young women following a particular type of diet during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was compared to the period before the pandemic. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether the increase in the intensification of pain was correlated to their age, body weight, height and BMI, and whether there are differences in PMS-related pain between women who differ in their diet. A total of 181 young female Caucasian patients who met the criteria for PMS were involved in the study. Patients were divided according to the kind of diet they had followed during the last 12 months before the first medical evaluation. The rise in pain score was evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale before and during the pandemic. Women following a non-vegetarian ("basic") diet had a significantly higher body weight in comparison to those on a vegetarian diet. Furthermore, a significant difference was noted between the level of intensification of pain before and during the pandemic in women applying a basic diet, a vegetarian and an elimination diet. Before the pandemic, women from all groups felt weaker pain than during the pandemic. No significant difference in the intensification of pain during the pandemic was shown between women with various diets, nor was there a correlation between intensification of pain and the girl's age, BMI, their body weight and also height for any of the diets applied.

HPV Vaccination among Polish Adolescents-Results from POLKA 18 Study.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer and genital warts and constitutes one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Cervical cancer is the only reproductive cancer that has a primary prevention programme through the introduction of HPV vaccinations. Even though the majority of European countries have nationally funded HPV vaccination programmes, in Poland these are exclusively local and scarcely funded. Moreover, the majority of local programmes are directed to females only. Meanwhile, Poland has one of the highest cervical cancer incidence rates among high income countries. The aim of this study was to measure HPV vaccination levels among final-year students in Poland and to establish the association between vaccination status and gender, region and level of sexual education received. This study is a part of the POLKA 18 Study, which used original self-reported paper-based questionnaires distributed in schools in six Polish regions. The study was conducted between April and December 2019. The obtained data were analysed in STATA 17. In total, 2701 fully completed questionnaires were collected. Over half of the respondents (58.2%) did not know their HPV vaccination status. Only 16.0% of the respondents replied that they have been vaccinated against HPV (18.2% of females and 14.5% of males). There was no direct association between vaccination status and access to 'family life education' classes. The vaccination level significantly differed among the different regions of Poland (p < 0.0001), with the Slaskie and Wielkopolskie regions achieving the highest rates. At least a quarter of adolescents after their sexual debut have not been vaccinated against HPV. Regions with immunization programmes introduced to their provincial capitals had higher vaccination rates. Our findings indicate the need for the introduction of state-funded vaccination programmes at the national level for the vaccination rate to increase, which will have the potential to decrease cervical cancer incidence in the country.

The Role of Visceral Therapy in the Sexual Health of Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review.

Patients with endometriosis had limited possibilities for contemporary diagnosis and treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Surgeries that may have eliminated pain or restored fertility were postponed. Endometriosis may affect the vagina, peritoneum, bladder, or other organs outside the pelvis and impact women's sexual health, especially during pandemics. Holistic care of patients is crucial to improving their lives and sexual health. A scoping review was conducted to analyze the relevant literature in light of our experience in gynecology and physiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Possible Interdisciplinar Standard for the Care of Pregnant Women Living with HIV-Polish Experience.

HIV data for 2020 show a decline in the number and rate of new HIV cases diagnosed in the EU during the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed the functioning of healthcare facilities in Poland and worldwide, also impacting the detection of HIV infection. Early diagnosis of HIV and implementation of antiretroviral treatment limit HIV transmission. A woman with HIV diagnosed during pregnancy should be under the care of a specialist in infectious diseases experienced in antiretroviral treatment. In this way, she will be properly protected during the delivery, and relevant medications can be implemented for the newborn baby. Taking these aspects into account, the medical team should consist of: A specialist in infectious diseases, an obstetrician, a neonatologist and pediatrician, a midwife, and a dermato-venereologist. Every effort should be made to increase the scope and quality of monitoring of the spread of the epidemic in Poland, with special emphasis on diagnostics based on specific tests among populations particularly exposed to HIV infections cooperating with non-governmental organizations.

The Longitudinal Analysis on the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Healthcare Workers in Poland-Before and after BNT126b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination.

One of the groups most vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is healthcare workers (HCWs) who have direct contact with suspected and confirmed coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) conduct a longitudinal analysis of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs working in two healthcare units (HCUs) in Poland and (ii) identify anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody (Ab) response factors following infection and anti-COVID-19 vaccination. The overall seroprevalence increased from 0% at baseline in September 2020 to 37.8% in December 2020. It reached 100% in February 2021 after BNT126b2 (Pfizer New York, NY, USA/BioNTech Mainz, Germany) full vaccination and declined to 94.3% in September 2021. We observed significant differences in seroprevalence between the tested high- and low-risk infection HCUs, with the highest seropositivity among the midwives and nurses at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Ward, who usually have contact with non-infectious patients and may not have the proper training, practice and personal protective equipment to deal with pandemic infections, such as SARS-CoV-2. We also found that anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels after coronavirus infection were correlated with disease outcomes. The lowest Ab levels were found among HCWs with asymptomatic coronavirus infections, and the highest were found among HCWs with severe COVID-19. Similarly, antibody response after vaccination depended on previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and its course: the highest anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels were found in vaccinated HCWs after severe COVID-19. Finally, we observed an approximately 90-95% decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels within seven months after vaccination. Our findings show that HCWs have the highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and due to antibody depletion, extra protective measures should be undertaken. In addition, in the context of the emergence of new pathogens with pandemic potential, our results highlight the necessity for better infectious disease training and regular updates for the low infection risk HCUs, where the HCWs have only occasional contact with infectious patients.

Markers of Oxidative Stress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology-A Systematic Literature Review.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in many diseases, including reproductive and pregnancy disorders, from subfertility to maternal vascular disease or preterm labour. There is, however, discrepancy within the standardized markers of oxidative stress in obstetrics and gynaecology in clinical studies. This review aims to present the scope of markers used between 2012 and 2022 to describe oxidative stress with regard to reproduction, pregnancy, and pregnancy-related issues. Despite the abundance of evidence, there is no consensus on the set of standardised markers of oxidative stress which poses a challenge to achieve universal consensus in order to appropriately triangulate the results.

Visceral Therapy and Physical Activity for Selected Dysfunctions, with Particular Emphasis on Locomotive Organ Pain in Pregnant Women-Importance of Reducing Oxidative Stress.

Movement is a physiological phenomenon and a fundamental aspect of the living human body in a global context (e.g., musculoskeletal system function) and local one (e.g., visceral system function). The local activity of the body is expressed in the rhythm of pulsations, peristalsis and vibrations. Visceral therapy supports movement, articulation and tissue rhythm. The use of visceral treatment for pain is complementary and is relevant for pregnant women. Maintaining the mobility and motility of internal organs by means of visceral techniques can regulate anatomical relations and physiological processes within the urogenital diaphragm. The role of physical activity is also important. A scoping review was conducted to analyze the relevant literature on pain in pregnant women, the role of visceral therapy in pregnant women and oxidative stress. Eligible articles presented aspects of the occurrence of pain in locomotive organs in pregnant women, the use of visceral therapy in pain management, and the reduction of oxidative stress. The use of visceral therapy and physical activity in the treatment of pain is complementary and also important for pregnant women, and so may have an effect on reducing oxidative stress in pregnant women.

The role of visceral therapy, Kegel's muscle, core stability and diet in pelvic support disorders and urinary incontinence - including sexological aspects and the role of physiotherapy and osteopathy.

Proper diet and physical activity are a form of prevention of female genital prolapse disorders. The causal substrate of pelvic floor dysfunction is multifactorial. Fifty percent of women over the age of 50 have pelvic organ prolapse, often accompanied by urinary incontinence. It is a complicated social and medical (urogynecological and sexological) problem. The authors conducted a literature review on the role of visceral therapy, Kegel and core stability exercises and diet in pelvic support disorders and urinary incontinence. The eligible articles provided insights into sexological factors, as well as the role of osteopathy and physiotherapy. These results provide new insights into the relevance of clinical practice. In addition to standard treatment methods used in gynaecology, sexology, physiotherapy and osteopathy (e.g., visceral therapy), Kegel muscle and core stability exercises are becoming increasingly important. The aim of visceral therapy is to restore the mobility of the organs while reducing increased tension and improving blood and lymph circulation. This has the effect of reducing pain sensations, thereby influencing the function of the uterus and ovaries.

The problem of vaginismus with congenital malformation of the genital tract.

The persistent or recurrent difficulties of the woman to allow vaginal entry of a penis, a finger, and/or any object, despite the woman's expressed wish to do so" is vaginismus. Early traumatic sexual experiences (e.g. sexual abuse), religious orthodoxy, low self-esteem and body image, negative attitudes about sexuality, lack of knowledge about sex and fear responses are some of the traditional etiological correlates of vaginismus. Vaginismus is largely a diagnosis of exclusion. An interview is crucial in differentiating the causes of this disease and it should involve the following key questions: -whether the contraction of the vaginal muscles was recorded from the first sexual contact and still remains a need for sexual satisfaction is achieved without relations vaginal or -symptom occurs for some time and what circumstances it bound or -contraction of the muscles is independent of the will, reflex and is at the very idea of sexual intercourse, and -that the contraction of the vaginal muscles occurs when you try to enter the member into the vagina which is very painful. The physical, gynecological and sexuological examinations exclude local causes of the disease. The mainstay of treatment in the majority of cases is psychosexual support. The cause of organic vaginismus is congenital malformation of the genital tract. It results from abnormal development of genital paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the urogenital sinus, which are structures involved in the process of oviduct, uterus, and vagina organogenesis. This has strong implications in the practices of gynecology and sexuology in general, not only in adolescent gynecology and sexuology. Vaginismus with congenital malformation is an important problem in these fields.

Overweight, obesity and female sexuality in perimenopause: a preliminary report.

INTRODUCTION: The research was conducted among patients of the Department of Perinatology and Gynaecology of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences. Its aim was to investigate the influence of overweight and obesity on female sexuality during the perimenopausal period. Preliminary results of the research are presented in the thesis, which was as a matter of fact intended as a preliminary report. The examination of sexual functions of the patients was performed with the use of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) form. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-one women during the perimenopausal period filled out the survey, with the average age of these women being 51 years. Forty-two of the examined women had an appropriate body mass index (BMI), i.e. between 18.5 and 25, while for 19 of the women, the BMI was above normal. For statistical analysis and in order to assess the differences between the two above-mentioned groups of patients, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was applied. A statistically significant value was assumed at p < 0.05. The results of the conducted research indicated no such difference between the women with differing BMI for the specific domains of the FSFI test. RESULTS: The results obtained show that research in the area needs to be continued. CONCLUSIONS: All the hitherto existing scientific studies also seem to indicate that the influence of overweight and obesity on female sexuality during the perimenopause has not yet been unambiguously proven. Beyond any doubt, however, sexual disorders appear in women at this time of life and the factors which determine them can vary greatly. Given the character of the situation, women ought to be supported both by a team of specialists representing different branches of medicine as well as by their relatives. The whole situation also calls for more research of the important subject matter.

[Influence of smoking on pregnancy]. / Wplyw palenia tytoniu na przebieg i rozwój ciazy.

UNLABELLED: Smoking is a significant factor which affects not only reproduction and the process of pregnancy but also the offspring. Endangering for tobacco smoke and nicotine either passive or active has an important influence for shortening the time of pregnancy, the weight of the newborn and the Placenta. The occurrence of complications connected with smoking is probably correlated with the amount of cigarettes smoked per day. TARGET: The target of the paper was to analyse the influence of passive and active smoking on the course of pregnancy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study involved a group of 113 women who gave birth in Gynaecological and Obstetrics Clinical Hospital of the Karol's Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences in Poznan during the period from January to June 2011. Based on data gained from documentation and mothers three groups were separated: 22 women who were active smokers, 32 passive smokers and 59 women from control group who have never been smoking. There were analyzed selected obstetric data and term of pregnancy, condition and weight of newborn, blood pH and alkaline balance from umbilical vessels. RESULTS: in research there were no correlation between groups and/ or results of researches of blood Ph, alkaline balance from umbilical vessels and the assessment of the newborn in Apgar score at 1, 3, 5 minute. In fact passive smoking women were younger (the average 27,84) than actively smoking woman (30,23) and non-smokers (30,25) (p=0,03). The most of small as for their gestational age infants were in the group of active smoking women (14%). Non-smokers more often did have a miscarriage (84%) in the past than other groups (active smokers 60%, passive 33%) (p=0,04). CONCLUSION: smoking women usually come from countryside or small towns, they were not marriage and they had preterm delivery. In this group there was found the biggest percent of too small newborns for their gestational age - 14%.

[Degree of labor pain depending on way of analgesia]. / Stopien odczuwania bólu porodowego w zaleznosci od stosowanych metod jego lagodzenia.

The aim of the present paper was to discuss how different pain management techniques influence the experiences of pain during labor. The techniques are described and the influence of each one is considered in relation to the pain relief and the progress of labor. The paper consists of a theoretical and research parts. Concluding the studies, the analysis is presented based on which it is shown that non-pharmacological methods have a very positive effect on the degree to which women experience the labor pain. What is more, those methods have a very welcome effect on the labor's progress. This is because being active and using different facilities serves the betterment of effectiveness of the effacement and dilation of cervix. Pharmacological methods as well decrease the experience of pain. They are even more effective in easing the pain, however, their influence of the labor progress is lesser sometimes even leading to the labor slowdown. The research was conducted among 100 random women after their labor in natural ways.

[Overactive bladder--diagnosis et treatment]. / Pecherz nadreaktywny--diagnostyka i leczenie.

Normal undisturbed voiding is a complex mechanism controlled by central nervous system, peripheral autonomic somatic, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. The process of urination is depended on complex coordinated action of bladder and urethra, regulated by action of several neurotransmitters. This interdependent process may lead to various pathologies. One of it is over activity of detrusor muscle which etiology is multifactorial, diagnosis remains a challenge and therapy may be difficult. Multifactorial etiology of overactive bladder with urgency symptoms and urinary frequency with or without urinary incontinence may lead to difficult therapeutic situations. Combination of lifestyle, changes, pharmacological treatment and physiotherapy are all not fully satisfying. Epidemiological data are not completely clear and environmental influences seem to be important. The clinical problems of overactive bladder due to their substantial impact on women's health need further analysis which should improve prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy.