Surface waves and crustal structure on Mars.

We detected surface waves from two meteorite impacts on Mars. By measuring group velocity dispersion along the impact-lander path, we obtained a direct constraint on crustal structure away from the InSight lander. The crust north of the equatorial dichotomy had a shear wave velocity of approximately 3.2 kilometers per second in the 5- to 30-kilometer depth range, with little depth variation. This implies a higher crustal density than inferred beneath the lander, suggesting either compositional differences or reduced porosity in the volcanic areas traversed by the surface waves. The lower velocities and the crustal layering observed beneath the landing site down to a 10-kilometer depth are not a global feature. Structural variations revealed by surface waves hold implications for models of the formation and thickness of the martian crust.

Advanced molecular approaches in male infertility diagnosis†.

In the recent years a special attention has been given to a major health concern namely to male infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, taken into account the statistics that highlight that sperm counts have dropped by 50-60% in recent decades. According to the WHO, infertility affects approximately 9% of couples globally, and the male factor is believed to be present in roughly 50% of cases, with exclusive responsibility in 30%. The aim of this article is to present an evidence-based approach for diagnosing male infertility that includes finding new solutions for diagnosis and critical outcomes, retrieving up-to-date studies and existing guidelines. The diverse factors that induce male infertility generated in a vast amount of data that needed to be analyzed by a clinician before a decision could be made for each individual. Modern medicine faces numerous obstacles as a result of the massive amount of data generated by the molecular biology discipline. To address complex clinical problems, vast data must be collected, analyzed, and used, which can be very challenging. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to create a decision support system can help predict the diagnosis and guide treatment for infertile men, based on analysis of different data as environmental and lifestyle, clinical (sperm count, morphology, hormone testing, karyotype, etc.), and "omics" bigdata. Ultimately, the development of AI algorithms will assist clinicians in formulating diagnosis, making treatment decisions, and predicting outcomes for assisted reproduction techniques.

Earth-like Habitable Environments in the Subsurface of Mars.

In Earth's deep continental subsurface, where groundwaters are often isolated for >106 to 109 years, energy released by radionuclides within rock produces oxidants and reductants that drive metabolisms of non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Similar processes could support past and present life in the martian subsurface. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are common in Earth's deep subsurface, often using hydrogen derived directly from radiolysis of pore water and sulfate derived from oxidation of rock-matrix-hosted sulfides by radiolytically derived oxidants. Radiolysis thus produces redox energy to support a deep biosphere in groundwaters isolated from surface substrate input for millions to billions of years on Earth. Here, we demonstrate that radiolysis by itself could produce sufficient redox energy to sustain a habitable environment in the subsurface of present-day Mars, one in which Earth-like microorganisms could survive wherever groundwater exists. We show that the source localities for many martian meteorites are capable of producing sufficient redox nutrients to sustain up to millions of sulfate-reducing microbial cells per kilogram rock via radiolysis alone, comparable to cell densities observed in many regions of Earth's deep subsurface. Additionally, we calculate variability in supportable sulfate-reducing cell densities between the martian meteorite source regions. Our results demonstrate that martian subsurface groundwaters, where present, would largely be habitable for sulfate-reducing bacteria from a redox energy perspective via radiolysis alone. We present evidence for crustal regions that could support especially high cell densities, including zones with high sulfide concentrations, which could be targeted by future subsurface exploration missions.

PLANET TOPERS: Planets, Tracing the Transfer, Origin, Preservation, and Evolution of their ReservoirS.

The Interuniversity Attraction Pole (IAP) 'PLANET TOPERS' (Planets: Tracing the Transfer, Origin, Preservation, and Evolution of their Reservoirs) addresses the fundamental understanding of the thermal and compositional evolution of the different reservoirs of planetary bodies (core, mantle, crust, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and space) considering interactions and feedback mechanisms. Here we present the first results after 2 years of project work.

Improved outcome of children transplanted for high-risk leukemia by using a new strategy of cyclosporine-based GVHD prophylaxis.

There is currently a major concern regarding the optimal immunosuppression therapy to be administered after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to reduce both the toxicity of GvHD and the rate of relapse. We report the outcome of high-risk leukemia children transplanted with a new way of managing cyclosporine (CsA)-based GvHD prophylaxis. A total of 110 HSCT in 109 ALL or AML children who received CsA without mycophenolate or methotrexate in matched related as well as in matched or mismatched unrelated stem cell transplantation were included. CsA dosage regimens were individualized to obtain specific trough blood concentrations values. The incidences of grade I-II and III-IV acute GvHD were 69.1% and 1.8%, respectively, and 8.4% for chronic GvHD. GvHD was neither more frequent nor severe in unrelated than in related HSCT. GvHD occurred in 87% of patients with a mean CsA trough concentration ⩽120 ng/mL versus 43% with concentration >120 ng/mL (P<0.0001). Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival were 78% and 83.6%, respectively. DFS was 76.9% for ALL and 80.4% for AML patients. There was no difference in DFS between matched siblings and matched unrelated or mismatched unrelated HSCT. DFS in patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) ⩾10(-3) and in those with MRD <10(-3) before SCT was comparable. Our results indicate that a GvHD prophylaxis regimen based on CsA without mycophenolate or methotrexate is safe and effective whatever the donor compatibility is. These results suggest that GvL effect may be enhanced by this strategy of GvHD prophylaxis.

Esophagectomy in esophageal cancer - is there an optimal approach?

INTRODUCTION: Esophageal cancer is a public health problem,with increasing incidence and postoperative morbidity over the past recent years. Although a number of new surgical techniques, including minimally invasive surgery, have been developed, mortality and morbidity have remained elevated.The element that seems to influence the early postoperative morbidity and mortality is the method of approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: retrospective observational study which is carried out in the period 2003-2012 including esophageal neoplasm patients operated in the First Surgical Clinic -Hospital "Sf. Spiridon", Iasi. 140 patients were included, of which only 33 have received surgery with curative aim. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: we consider 2 techniques in our study:transhiatal (TH) technique (without opening the chest)followed by esophagoplasty with cervical anastomosis and transthoracic esophagectomy (TT) with intrathoracic or cervical anastomosis. RESULTS: We performed 57.58 % (n = 19) of interventions by TT versus 42.42% (n = 14) by TH. The overall rate of postoperative morbidity rate was 78.8% (n = 26). Overall early postoperative mortality rate was 15.5% (n = 5) caused by pleuropulmonary sepsis (2 cases), lung emboli (1 case) and sepsis caused by anastomotic leak (2 cases). CONCLUSION: TT and TH esophagectomy have precise indications in esophageal surgery for malignancies, the mortality and morbidity rate being strongly influenced by the surgical approach.

Methodological aspects of minimal residual disease assessment by flow cytometry in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A French multicenter study.

Background: Minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment provides a powerful prognostic factor for therapeutic stratification in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) has the potential for a rapid and sensitive identification of high risk patients. Our group has previously published that MRD levels analyzed by clone specific Ig/TcR-QPCR and MFC were concordant at a sensitivity of 10-4 . Here we report the MFC methodological aspects from this multi-center experience. Methods: MRD was assessed by MFC in 1030 follow-up samples from 265 pediatric and adult patients with de novo ALL treated in the FRALLE, EORTC or GRALL clinical trials. MRD assessment as applied by the eight participating MFC laboratories is described in detail regarding cell preparation, leukemia-associated immunophenotype (LAIP) markers and data analysis. Samples were obtained from bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). Immunostaining was performed after erythrocyte lysis or Ficoll enrichment. Results: This study confirms the applicability of MFC-based MRD assessment in 97% of patients with ALL at the 10-4 cut-off. MRD values after Ficoll enrichment and erythrocyte lysis were found comparable. Higher MRD values were obtained in BM than in PB, especially for B-lineage ALL. Conclusions: Measurement of MRD by MFC at the 10-4 cut-off is applicable within a few hours for almost all patients and using a comparable analytical strategy allows for multicenter collaborative studies. The method can be introduced in a strategy aimed at defining the risk of failure of patients with childhood or adult ALL. © 2014 Clinical Cytometry Society.

Wavelet-based decomposition of high resolution surface plasmon microscopy V(Z) curves at visible and near infrared wavelengths.

Surface plasmon resonance is conventionally conducted in the visible range and, during the past decades, it has proved its efficiency in probing molecular scale interactions. Here we elaborate on the first implementation of a high resolution surface plasmon microscope that operates at near infrared (IR) wavelength for the specific purpose of living matter imaging. We analyze the characteristic angular and spatial frequencies of plasmon resonance in visible and near IR lights and how these combined quantities contribute to the V(Z) response of a scanning surface plasmon microscope (SSPM). Using a space-frequency wavelet decomposition, we show that the V(Z) response of the SSPM for red (632.8 nm) and near IR (1550 nm) lights includes the frequential response of plasmon resonance together with additional parasitic frequencies induced by the objective pupil. Because the objective lens pupil profile is often unknown, this space-frequency decomposition turns out to be very useful to decipher the characteristic frequencies of the experimental V(Z) curves. Comparing the visible and near IR light responses of the SSPM, we show that our objective lens, primarily designed for visible light microscopy, is still operating very efficiently in near IR light. Actually, despite their loss in resolution, the SSPM images obtained with near IR light remain contrasted for a wider range of defocus values from negative to positive Z values. We illustrate our theoretical modeling with a preliminary experimental application to blood cell imaging.

Flow cytometry and IG/TCR quantitative PCR for minimal residual disease quantitation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a French multicenter prospective study on behalf of the FRALLE, EORTC and GRAALL.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) quantification is widely used for therapeutic stratification in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A robust, reproducible, sensitivity of at least 0.01% has been achieved for IG/TCR clonal rearrangements using allele-specific quantitative PCR (IG/TCR-QPCR) within the EuroMRD consortium. Whether multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) can reach such inter-center performance in ALL MRD monitoring remains unclear. In a multicenter study, MRD was measured prospectively on 598 follow-up bone marrow samples from 102 high-risk children and 136 adult ALL patients, using IG/TCR-QPCR and 4/5 color MFC. At diagnosis, all 238 patients (100%) had at least one suitable MRD marker with 0.01% sensitivity, including 205/238 samples (86%) by using IG/TCR-QPCR and 223/238 samples (94%) by using MFC. QPCR and MFC were evaluable in 495/598 (83%) samples. Qualitative results (<0.01% or ≥0.01%) concurred in 96% of samples and overall positivity (including <0.01% and nonquantifiable positivity) was concurrent in 84%. MRD values ≥0.01% correlated highly (r(2)=0.87) and 69% clustered within half-a-log(10). QPCR and MFC can therefore be comparable if properly standardized, and are highly complementary. MFC strategies will benefit from a concerted approach, as does molecular MRD monitoring, and will contribute significantly to the achievement of 100% MRD informativity in adult and pediatric ALL.

Genetic polymorphisms associated with outcome in multiple myeloma patients receiving high-dose melphalan.

High-dose melphalan (HDM) is an essential component in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Few data are available regarding genetic polymorphisms associated with patient outcome or toxicity in this setting. To identify such polymorphisms, we performed a retrospective analysis, genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the arrayed primer extension (APEX) technology in 169 patients having received HDM for MM. We analyzed 209 SNPs in 95 genes involved in drug metabolism, DNA repair, cell cycle and apoptosis. SNPs in ABCB1, CYP3A4 and TP53BP2 were associated with response to VAD induction therapy (P<0.01). SNPs in ALDH2, GSTT2 and BRCA1 were associated with response to HDM (P<0.01). Polymorphisms in CYP1A1, RAD51 and PARP were associated with disease progression whereas polymorphisms in ALDH2 and CYP1A1 were correlated with OS. Polymorphisms in BRCA1, CDKN1A and XRCC1 were associated with the occurrence of severe mucositis after HDM. These results suggest that SNPs of genes involved in drug metabolism or DNA repair could be used to distinguish MM patient subgroups with different toxicity/efficacy profiles.

Is the human papillomavirus DNA present in penile warts?

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established to be a sexually transmitted disease, with a potential risk of intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer, function of the genotype involved. Scraped cells from lesions of 27 men establishing various types of penile warts were investigated by PCR for HPV DNA detection. Twenty patients (76.9%) were found to have an HPV infection. By RFLP genotyping of only 13 samples, 4 HPV16. 2 HPV6 and 7 HPV ND infections were determined. Comments about these cases, in correlation with other factors are presented. The findings in this study confirmed the HPV involvement in penile warts.

Esophageal manometric abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.

The gastrointestinal tract, and especially the esophagus, is frequently involved in neurological diseases; however, objective studies of gut motor function are few. We carried out an esophageal manometric study in 18 patients with various stages of Parkinson's disease (4 stage I, 4 stage II, 7 stage III, and 3 stage IV) to evaluate the function of the viscus in this disease. Clinical assessment showed that 61% complained of esophageal symptoms such as dysphagia, acid regurgitation, pyrosis, and noncardiac chest pain. Manometric abnormalities were documented also in 61% patients, and were represented by repetitive contractions, simultaneous contractions, reduced LES pressure, and high-amplitude contractions. However, only 33.3% of patients had both symptoms and manometric abnormalities. We conclude that esophageal motor abnormalities are frequent in Parkinson's disease, and may appear at an early stage of the disease.

UV-A and PUV-A action on Sendai virus HN glycoprotein.

The UV-A and PUV-A treatments were applied on the Sendai virus and the changes of the biological properties of HN surface glycoprotein were monitorized. Under the UV-A action the HA and NA activities are inhibited in a dose-correlated way. When the irradiation was done in the presence of a photoreagent (8-MOP) the HA activity remained unchanged, but the enzymic activity was affected. The possible mechanisms of these inhibition processes are discussed.

Human papillomavirus and human cytomegalovirus DNAs presence in patients suspected of condylomatosis or papillomatosis.

17 samples of total cell DNA isolated from cervical smears from women suspected of condyloma or papilloma were analysed by PCR with appropriate primers, in order to establish the presence of viral DNAs (HPV and/or HCMV). HPV DNA was found in seven cases, and so was for HCMV DNA. Only in three cases a coinfection was present. The RFLP allowed to specify the involvement of HPV6 in 3 cases suspected of condyloma and in one suspected of papilloma; the other three HPV positive samples had another genotype, which we could not determine by the methods used.

Transformation of Escherichia coli cells by pH 2.3 plasmid DNA treated with psoralens plus near-UV light.

The effect of two psoralens, 8-methoxypsoralen (8MOP) and angelicin (ANG), plus near-UV (PUVA) on the transformation capacity of pH 2.3 plasmid DNA on Escherichia coli was studied. Under identical experimental conditions the 8MOP linking to plasmid DNA drastically decreased its transformation capacity compared with the ANG linking. In the case of 8MOP, the decrease depends on the UV dose, as well as on the molar ratios of psoralen and DNA nucleotides. When the effect of short-wavelength UV (UVB) was tested, the higher the molar ratios, the more the combined effects of PUVA and UVB were negative.

Cellular effects induced by some synthetic prostaglandins obtained at ICCF-Bucharest.

Four prostaglandin compounds synthetized at ICCF [chloprostenol triacetate (a), the isopropylic ester of the chloprostenol analogue (b), a PGA2 sulprostone analogue (c) and a PGE2 analogue (d)] were tested with respect to the cytotoxic effect, by successive studies on chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and on human cells (HeLa). It was established that (b) and (d) display a high cytotoxicity, while (a) and (c) were relatively well tolerated by the cell layer. The spectrofluorometric determinations showed that these drugs did not induce modifications at the cell membrane level. The treatment with 4 micrograms/ml PGs (a) and (c) of HeLa cells inoculated with Sendai virus produced a significant decrease of TCID50/ml 24 hrs after drug introduction into the culture medium, from 10(6.5) to 10(4.5) and to 10(3.25), respectively.

Oesophageal motility in adult coeliac disease.

Coeliac sprue is a relatively frequent disease with protean clinical manifestations. Recent studies suggest that gastrointestinal motor abnormalities may explain some symptoms complained of by such patients. We investigated whether coeliac patients have oesophageal motor abnormalities from both a clinical and a physiological point of view. Thirty-six consecutive adult sprue subjects (14 during the florid phase and 22 on gluten-free diet) were studied. A clinical questionnaire on gastrointestinal symptoms (with emphasis on those of oesophageal origin) was administered. Moreover, 18 patients (13 on free and five on gluten-free diet) gave their consent for oesophageal manometry and eight subjects for pH-metry also. Oesophageal clinical symptoms were compared with those of 144 age- and sex-matched controls from a general population sample, and manometry with that of 34 healthy volunteers. Of coeliac patients 50% complained of dysphagia (P < 0.001 vs. controls) and 14% noncardiac chest pain (P = NS vs. controls). Manometric examination showed motor abnormalities in 67% of the subjects examined, consisting of nutcracker oesophagus, hypotonic lower oesophageal sphincter associated with simultaneous contractions, and frequent repetitive (> 3 peaks) contractions. These abnormalities were equally distributed among free and gluten-free diet patients. pH-metry showed only one pathological reflux out of eight subjects studied. We conclude that patients with coeliac sprue may display abnormal oesophageal motility. This confirms previous studies suggesting that gastrointestinal motor abnormalities should probably be added to the clinical spectrum of the disease.

[Unconventional culture of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV)]. / Culture non conventionnelle du virus de l'hépatite humaine B (VHB).

The investigation of the key stages of the HBV vital cycle was realised recently through an unconventional cultivation technique, using transfection with an adequate DNA, cloned in plasmids. Transfections was achieved in cell lines, differentiated or not. The results showed that expression of some of the HBV genes is under the control of hepatospecific factors.

[The electrophoresis of biotinylated nucleic acids]. / Electrophorèse des acides nucléiques biotinylés.

A simple and rapid method was worked out to evaluate the biotinylation level of the pBR322 and pSVK1H genetic cloning vectors, using gel electrophoresis. Avidin was used to slow down the migration of biotinylated DNA: the DNA migration speed diminished as the biotinylation level rose, due to DNA complexation. The highest level of biotinylation is characterized by the formation of a biotinylated nucleic acid-avidin complex with no electrophoretical mobility.