Evaluation of selected risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes as a background for the prevention program in occupational healthcare.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular and metabolic disorders constitute major health problems in the working populations in Europe. The aim of this project was to evaluate the health condition of workers employed in a Polish research and medical institution, and then to establish the necessary preventive actions by creating a modern model of occupational healthcare integrated with civilization disease (CivD) prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Overall, 100 workers voluntarily participated in a health program for CivD prevention during mandatory prophylactic examinations. Data from these examinations was collected in a system of electronic documentation to enable the analysis of the workers' health condition and risk factors of CivDs. RESULTS: Women accounted for 72% of the employees who voluntarily participated in the prevention program, and 80% of the subjects had university education. As regards the health condition, 27% of the patients had elevated systolic, and 23% diastolic, blood pressure, and 21% had an abnormal fasting glucose level. Stressful job was an important factor correlated with an excessive body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, as well as total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Smoking, sedentary work and a lack of physical activity were significant factors for abdominal obesity. Generally, 94% of the program participants required some further interventions in lifestyle, diagnostics or treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Civilization disease prevention should focus on increasing physical activity both in leisure time and at the workplace as far as practicable. There is a need for implementing projects leading to occupational stress reduction and smoking cessation. Men as well as workers with vocational and elementary education need to be recruited for prevention programs dedicated to employees. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(3):403-13.

A head-to-head comparison of wall motion score index, force, strain, and ejection fraction for the prediction of SYNTAX and Gensini coronary scores by dobutamine stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Predicting the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) may be possible during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) with various indices of left ventricular function. AIMS: We assessed the relative value of ejection fraction (EF), force, global longitudinal strain (GLS), and wall motion score index (WMSI) in predicting SYNTAX and Gensini scores in patients with known or suspected CAD. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 223 patients (120 men; mean [SD] age, 62 [9] years) and assessed the following indices: 1) EF (with triplane imaging); 2) force, calculated as the ratio of systolic blood pressure to left ventricular end­systolic volume; 3) GLS; 4) WMSI. All patients underwent coronary angiography within 12 weeks with SYNTAX and Gensini scores evaluation. RESULTS: The correlation of SYNTAX and Gensini scores was highest with peak WMSI (SYNTAX, rho = 0.591; Gensini, rho = 0.612; P <0.001), intermediate with peak force (SYNTAX, rho = -0.346; Gensini, rho = -0.377; P <0.001) and GLS (SYNTAX, rho = -0.205; P = 0.002 and Gensini rho = -0.216; P = 0.001), and the weakest for EF (SYNTAX, rho = -0.149; P = 0.03 and Gensini, rho = -0.191; P = 0.006). The similar hierarchy of variables was detected for changes during DSE. In the subgroup after myocardial infarction (n = 66 [27%]), GLS outperformed the force. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CAD at DSE peak, theWMSI and force were better predictors of the coronary SYNTAX and Gensini scores and CAD severity than GLS or EF. However, in patients after myocardial infarction, the GLS correlation with coronary scores improved and got closer to the visual assessment.

Resistant hypertension: Renal denervation or pharmacovigilance? Insights from a renal denervation screening program.

BACKGROUND: With emerging new therapeutic concepts including renal denervation (RDN), there is a renewed interest in resistant hypertension (ResH). Among patients suspected of having ResH, a definitive diagnosis needs to be established. OBJECTIVES: This study presents observations from a standardized single-center screening program for RDN candidates, including medical therapy modification and reassessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients referred to our center for RDN underwent a standardized screening protocol. Candidates were recruited from among patients receiving no less than 3 antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics with office blood pressure (BP) >140/90 mm Hg. The assessment included 2 measurements of BP and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). If needed, pharmacotherapy was intensified and the diagnosis of ResH was reconfirmed after 6 weeks. If ResH was persistent, patients were hospitalized with repeated ABPM on day 4. Further, renal CT-angio was performed and a multidisciplinary team discussed the patients' suitability for RDN. RESULTS: A total of 87 patients with a ResH diagnosis were referred for RDN. Mean office BP was 159/92 (±7.0/6.5) mm Hg and mean ABPM was 154/90 (±9.0/4.8) mm Hg. The initial medication included angiotensin convertase inhibitors (ACE-I, 78%), angiotensin receptor blockers (12%), ß-blockers (85%), calcium channel blockers (36%), and diuretics (93%). During the 18 months of the RDN program, 5 patients underwent RDN and 2 further had ineligible renal anatomy. A new diagnosis of secondary hypertension was made in 21 patients. However, in 59 patients, BP control was achieved after optimization of medical therapy, with a mean ABPM of 124/74 mm Hg. The final treatment included ACE-I (100%), ß-blockers (92%), indapamide (94%), amlodipine (72%), and spironolactone (61%). Medication in most of these patients (88%) included single-pill triple combination (52.5%) or double combination (35.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with elevated BP screened for RDN require a rigorous diagnostic workup. Up to 2/3 of patients can be managed with strict pharmacotherapy compliance and pharmaceutical intensification, including single-pill combinations and improved drug compliance. Hasty use of RDN may be a result of poor drug optimization and/or compliance. It does remain a viable treatment option in thoroughly vetted ResH patients.

Is it possible to improve compliance in hypertension and reduce therapeutic inertia of physicians by mandatory periodic examinations of workers?

BACKGROUND: Due to high prevalence, insufficient recognition, and ineffective treatment, hypertension (HT) still remains a major medical and socio-economic problem. There is a real necessity to develop effective prophylaxis for cardiovascular disorders (CVD), based on strategies that support compliance during long-term therapy. The Polish scheme of occupational health services with mandatory periodical employee check-ups creates a unique opportunity for effective HT prophylaxis. As a result, visiting a doctor is required not only due to health ailments but also by law, which is especially important for those feeling well. It enables an improvement in tertiary prevention, including actions taken not only by the doctors of the occupa-tional health services, but also by the physicians in charge of treating the patients. AIM: Evaluation of the usefulness of mandatory health check-ups of employees concerning frequency of diagnosis and im-provement of treatment outcomes of HT. METHODS: The study group comprised 1010 Polish workers referred by their employers for mandatory medical examinations. All of the study participants filled in a questionnaire focused on self-assessment of their health, current blood pressure (BP) mea-surements, and in cases where HT had been previously detected - compliance with medical recommendations. Then in the doctor's office BP measurements were taken twice. Workers who fulfilled a criterion indicating a need for intervention were educated on optimal diet, physical activity, and risk factors for CVD. They also received medical instructions for three-step action. The first recommendation: measure BP three times a day for one week and record the results. The second: visit a gen-eral practitioner (GP) for a professional assessment of those results. The third: re-visit the occupational health physician within three months. The criterion for intervention was prior HT and a mean of two BP measurements ≥ 180/110 mmHg - in each case, or ≥ 140/90 mmHg - in the case of occupational exposure to risk factors for CVD. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 41.7 years (similar in both genders). A previous diagnosis of HT was declared by 20.1% of patients. 11% of patients involved in the intervention did not comply with medical advice. The current HT therapy of all of the subjects with HT (100% of those with abnormal BP, who visited their GP) was modified. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic medical check-ups of workers gives improved compliance and medical surveillance of HT in patients with an uncontrolled clinical course of this disease. Obligations and periodic examinations encourage both patients and physicians to improve compliance and reduce the risk of therapeutic inertia.

Conscious sedation for transcatheter implantation of atrial septal occluders with two- and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography guidance - a feasibility and safety study.

BACKGROUND: General anaesthesia may have negative impact on patient mortality and morbidity, as well as overall procedure costs, in atrial septal occluder (ASO) implantation. AIM: We sought to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of conscious sedation for transcatheter implantation of ASOs. METHODS: A total of 122 patients referred for transcatheter implantation of ASO were included. Mean patient age was 51 ± 15 years, and 43 (35%) patients were male. The initial dose of midazolam was 2 mg and fentanyl dose was 25 µg. Additional doses of midazolam and fentanyl were administered, if necessary. Patient responsiveness was assessed every 10 min, and the sedatives doses were titrated in order not to exceed grade 3 sedation in the Ramsey scale. RESULTS: Atrial septal occluders were successfully implanted in the majority of patients (98.4%). In two (1.6%) cases the proce-dure failed because of too small patent foramen ovale (PFO) diameter (n = 1, 0.8%) or device instability (n = 1, 0.8%). The mean duration of procedure was 47.6 ± 28.4 min and was similar for ASD and PFO closure (p = 0.522). The overall mean dose of midazolam was 4.7 ± 2.2 mg (63.9 ± 32.5 µg/kg) and fentanyl was 30.0 ± 11.9 µg (0.43 ± 0.17 µg/kg). Median entrance dose of radiation at the patient plane was 25 (interquartile range: 16-57) mGy, and did not differ between ASD and PFO procedures (p = 0.614). The majority of patients were free of complications (91.0%). The following early complications were observed: transient ischaemic attack (n = 2, 1.6%), supraventricular arrhythmias (n = 4, 3.3%), left atrial thrombus formation (n = 1, 0.8%), symptomatic bradycardia (n = 1, 0.8%), and femoral venous bleeding (n = 5, 4.1%). After mean follow-up of 386 days residual shunt was observed in eight (6.6%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Conscious sedation for transcatheter implantation of ASO is a feasible, safe, and efficient technique, allowing successful PFO and ASD closure in the majority of patients.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the case of 72-year-old teacher after work-related psychological stress. Evolution of left ventricular longitudinal strain - Delayed but complete recovery in automated function imaging (AFI).

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is related to a transient systolic dysfunction of left ventricle (LV), accompanied by clinical and electrocardiographic symptoms of myocardial ischemia in the absence of hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is usually provoked by a psychologically or/and physically stressful event which may be related to occupational activities. Although visually assessed evolution of LV function is well documented, the data concerning strain changes is sparse and various patterns of deformation abnormalities are suggested. We have described a 72-year-old woman with chest pain related to a lecture given at the meeting of the Senior University, fulfilling all the Mayo Clinic criteria of the TC. The longitudinal strain analysis with automated function imaging (AFI) documented severe impairment and stepwise recovery of regional and global LV contractility. The case described confirms that accurate diagnosis, treatment and documenting of functional improvement in takotsubo cardiomyopathy may enable the return to occupational activities even for elderly persons. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(4):681-683.

Variability of longitudinal strain in left ventricular segments supplied by non-stenosed coronary artery: insights from speckle tracking analysis of dobutamine stress echocardiograms in patients with high coronary risk profile.

INTRODUCTION: Although global deformation parameters have been increasingly used for myocardial function analysis, there are sparse data concerning segmental deformation of the left ventricle (LV). Moreover, some studies suggest heterogeneity of strain among LV segments, which may be especially significant during stress echocardiography. We assessed quantitatively regional LV function in the setting of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), to examine differences of longitudinal strain between basal, mid and apical LV segments and to compare variability of regional deformation between rest and the peak stage of DSE. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Among 250 patients examined by DSE applied for diagnosis of ischemia, a subset of 111 patients without significant coronary stenoses in angiography was selected (68 females, mean age: 60 ±10 years). Systolic longitudinal strain (SLS) in individual LV segments at baseline and the peak stage of DSE was analyzed with speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS: Inhomogeneity of SLS among the LV segments (p < 0.001) was observed at baseline and the peak stage. Dispersion indices were higher at the peak stage of DSE than at baseline (p < 0.001), and the lowest heterogeneity was observed among mid segments. The analysis of changes in SLS during DSE showed SLS reduction in basal and mid-ventricular segments and an increase in apical segments. CONCLUSIONS: Significant heterogeneity of strain and the opposite direction of the longitudinal strain changes during DSE between apical and basal LV segments were observed. This variability among non-ischemic LV segments ought to be considered in quantification of LV function during DSE.

Outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients after previous coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Patients after previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) often require repeat percutaneous revascularisation due to poor patency rates of saphenous vein grafts (SVG) and higher risk of re-CABG. Few data are available to evaluate different percutaneous revascularisation strategies in patients after previous CABG. AIM: To evaluate outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients after previous CABG, including the effect of treatment on the quality of life and symptoms, and secondly to assess the relation between angiographic factors and treatment outcomes METHODS: This was a prospective observational study which included 78 patients after previous CABG. Following coronary angiography, the patients were assigned to one of three groups: group A (n = 20), PCI of a SVG (PCI SVG); group B (n = 29), PCI of a native coronary artery (PCI NA); group C (n = 29), control group that received medical treatment (MT) only. Duration of follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS: Compared to MT patients, patients treated with PCI had significantly higher Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class (2.75 vs. 2.41, p = 0.03) and more frequently had coronary angiography performed due to unstable angina (57% vs. 31%, p = 0.04). Patients in the PCI SVG group had significantly older SVG conduits compared to the PCI NA group (13.4 years vs. 8.2 years, p = 0.005). At 12 months of follow-up, we found a significant improvement in the EQ-5D index of the quality of life, and a significant reduction in CCS class in the PCI SVG group (0.66 vs. 0.7, p = 0.0003, and 2.75 vs. 1.9, p < 0.001, respectively) and in the PCI NA group (0.65 vs. 0.72, p < 0.001, and 2.75 vs. 2.17, p < 0.001, respectively), but no improvement in the MT group. Treatment outcomes did not differ significantly between the three groups (combined endpoint rate 20% vs. 13% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.37). In multivariate analysis, SVG age > 11 years was identified as a significant predictor of poor outcomes in patients treated with PCI after previous CABG. CONCLUSIONS: PCI in patients after previous CABG does not improve prognosis but significantly improves the quality of life and reduces symptom severity.

Ultrasound evaluation of forearm arteries in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention via radial artery access: results of one-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: A proven advantage of radial over femoral arterial access has led to an increase in the number of interventions performed via radial artery access in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Both assessment of the pulse volume and the Allen's test are subjective and subject to investigator bias. An ultrasound examination of the forearm arteries provides important information about the anatomy of the forearm vessels, and indirectly also about the efficiency of collateral blood supply to the hand. It also enables determination of the relevant vessel diameter before the planned intervention, and may be used to assess local complications. AIM: To assess the morphology of forearm blood vessels and measure the diameter of both radial and ulnar arteries at the cannulation site using ultrasound imaging. We also aimed to identify potential vascular anomalies and local complications associated with radial artery puncture. METHODS: The study included 109 patients with cardiologic indications for coronary angiography or coronary angioplasty. An ultrasound evaluation of forearm arteries was performed prior to the intervention, and the vascular anatomy was later verified by angiography during the procedure. Ultrasound measurements of the vessel diameter were also performed and local complications of the cannulation were assessed. Measurements were performed immediately after the procedure and at 30 days and 12 months. RESULTS: Fifty-nine right and 50 left forearm arteries were evaluated. Women were 29% of the study population. The mean patient age was 59.2 ± 7.9 years. The mean diameter of the right radial artery was 2.17 ± 0.54 mm, and the mean diameter of the left radial artery was 2.25 ± 0.43 mm. The measurements revealed gender-related differences in forearm artery diameter (p = 0.003). Vascular anomalies of the radial artery were identified by ultrasound examination in 10% of subjects. A significant dilatation of the cannulated blood vessel was observed which lasted up to 12 months. An occlusion of the cannulated artery was demonstrated in 6.4% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound imaging is a reliable method to evaluate the diameter of forearm arteries and track their course in patients undergoing invasive cardiovascular procedures via radial artery access. The diameter of the radial artery by ultrasound evaluation is larger compared to that of the ulnar artery. The diameter of forearm arteries in women is smaller compared to men. A dilatation of the radial artery which may last up to 12 months develops following its percutaneous cannulation. Ultrasound imaging allows detection and monitoring of local complications such as radial artery occlusion. An unfavourable ratio of blood vessel diameter to the size of the used introducer sheath is a predictor of radial artery occlusion. Ultrasound imaging enables reliable evaluation of vascular anomalies involving the radial artery, especially within the distal forearm.

In-hospital daily insulin dose predicts long-term adverse outcome in patients with diabetes with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with successful primary percutaneous angioplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Early initiation of reperfusion therapy including primary percutaneous coronary revascularization (PPCI) has been recognized as a crucial factor determining clinical outcomes in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. In unstable patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) the clear benefit from PPCI was proven. We aim to evaluate the prognostic value of factors describing glycometabolic state on admission in patients with T2D undergoing PPCI in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective analysis of clinical and laboratory variables (mean daily short acting exogenous insulin dose (DID), admission blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), microalbuminuria) was performed in 112 consecutive patients with T2D with STEMI who underwent PPCI. Women comprised 58% of the group. RESULTS: Insulin dosing was targeted to obtain a mean daily glucose level < 7.8 mmol/l. During 12-month follow-up 33 (29.5%) major adverse cardiac events (major adverse cardiac events (MACE) consisting of death, reinfarction, and repeated target vessel revascularization) were reported. Microalbuminuria was present in 68 (60.5%) patients. The mean HbA1c level was 7.9%. In the multivariate logistic regression model only DID > 44 IU remained an independent risk factor for MACE (p = 0.02, OR = 5.2). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with diabetes with STEMI treated with PPCI, simple measurement of DID during hospitalization can add valuable prognostic information about the future risk of MACE.

Feasibility and correlation of standard 2D speckle tracking echocardiography and automated function imaging derived parameters of left ventricular function during dobutamine stress test.

Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a method of quantitative assessment of myocardial function complementary to ejection fraction and visual evaluation. Standard STE analysis, demands manual tracing of the myocardium whereas automated function imaging (AFI) offers more convenient (based on selection of three points) assessment of longitudinal strain. Nevertheless, feasibility and correlation between both methods were not thoroughly examined, especially during tachycardia at peak stage of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). We performed DSE in 238 patients (pts) with recording of apical views during baseline (0) and peak (1) DSE and analyzed them by STE and AFI. According to angiography, 127/238 pts had significant (≥70%) lesions in coronary arteries. We assessed correlations between STE and AFI derived peak systolic longitudinal strain values for global and regional parameters, feasibility, time of analysis and interobserver agreement. Global systolic longitudinal strain measured during baseline and peak stage of DSE by AFI showed very good correlation with standard STE parameters, with correlation coefficients r = 0.90 and r = 0.86 respectively (p < 0.0001). For regional parameters correlation coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.85 for baseline and from 0.70 to 0.79 for peak DSE. Both methods provided good and similar feasibility with only 1% segments excluded from analysis at peak stage of DSE with shorter time and lower coefficient of variance offered by AFI. Global and regional longitudinal strain achieved by faster and less operator-dependent AFI method correlate well with standard more time-consuming STE analysis during baseline and peak stage of DSE.

Ascending aortic dilatation as a late complication after implantation of a mechanical aortic valve performed 37 years earlier.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is the third most common cardiovascular disease. Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the only effective method of treatment in most AS patients. In some patients, AS leads to poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta - most commonly, this occurs in patients with concurrent aortic regurgitation or bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and in patients after aortic valve replacement. Cardiac surgeons face the dilemma whether to perform concurrent replacement of the dilated ascending aorta in patients qualified for AVR, as it is associated with an increased risk of perioperative complications and mortality. We report a case of a patient with an ascending aortic aneurysm, who had been implanted with an aortic mechanical valve (Lillehei-Kaster 16 ECC) 37 years earlier.

Impact of intracoronary bone marrow cell therapy on left ventricular function in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a collaborative meta-analysis.

AIMS: The objective of the present analysis was to systematically examine the effect of intracoronary bone marrow cell (BMC) therapy on left ventricular (LV) function after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in various subgroups of patients by performing a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified all randomized controlled trials comparing intracoronary BMC infusion as treatment for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We contacted the principal investigator for each participating trial to provide summary data with regard to different pre-specified subgroups [age, diabetes mellitus, time from symptoms to percutaneous coronary intervention, infarct-related artery, LV end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), LV ejection fraction (EF), infarct size, presence of microvascular obstruction, timing of cell infusion, and injected cell number] and three different endpoints [change in LVEF, LVEDVI, and LV end-systolic volume index (ESVI)]. Data from 16 studies were combined including 1641 patients (984 cell therapy, 657 controls). The absolute improvement in LVEF was greater among BMC-treated patients compared with controls: [2.55% increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83-3.26, P < 0.001]. Cell therapy significantly reduced LVEDVI and LVESVI (-3.17 mL/m², 95% CI: -4.86 to -1.47, P < 0.001; -2.60 mL/m², 95% CI -3.84 to -1.35, P < 0.001, respectively). Treatment benefit in terms of LVEF improvement was more pronounced in younger patients (age <55, 3.38%, 95% CI: 2.36-4.39) compared with older patients (age ≥ 55 years, 1.77%, 95% CI: 0.80-2.74, P = 0.03). This heterogeneity in treatment effect was also observed with respect to the reduction in LVEDVI and LVESVI. Moreover, patients with baseline LVEF <40% derived more benefit from intracoronary BMC therapy. LVEF improvement was 5.30%, 95% CI: 4.27-6.33 in patients with LVEF <40% compared with 1.45%, 95% CI: 0.60 to 2.31 in LVEF ≥ 40%, P < 0.001. No clear interaction was observed between other subgroups and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Intracoronary BMC infusion is associated with improvement of LV function and remodelling in patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Younger patients and patients with a more severely depressed LVEF at baseline derived most benefit from this adjunctive therapy.

Characteristics, management and five-year outcomes of patients with high risk, stable multivessel coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Multivessel coronary artery disease (MCAD) is a common manifestation of advanced coronary atherosclerosis. AIM: To determine the clinical characteristics and long term follow up prognostic factors in patients with high risk, stable MCAD from a single institution. METHODS: We included in the final analysis 270 patients with stable MCAD. Patients were followed for the occurrence of death, stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). We defined a cumulative major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) asa composite of death, stroke, MI and urgent revascularisation. Median follow up was 5 years (4-5.5 years). 176 (65%) patients were treated surgically (coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG), 19 (7%) patients were treated percutaneously, while 75 (28%) patients were treated medically; this meant that 94 (35%) patients were treated non-surgically. RESULTS: Predictors of MACCE in the study group of patients revealed by univariate logistic regression analysis were: diabetes mellitus (p = 0.04), kidney failure (p = 0.05), total cholesterol (p = 0.05), LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.02), chest pain symptoms in CCS III class (p = 0.05), heart rate (p = 0,02), NT-proBNP (p = 0.01), left ventricular diastolic (p = 0.003) and systolic diameter (p = 0.003), left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.001), Gensini score (p = 0.05) and CABG treatment strategy (p = 0.001). In Cox logistic regression analysis, non CABG treatment strategy (b = 0.06), heart rate (b = 0.02), and LDL cholesterol level (b = 0.006) were independent predictors of MACCE (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that patients with advanced MCAD who are qualified for complete surgical revascularisation benefitted more with regard to several primary end points at five-year follow-up than those who were not qualified for surgery and who were treated with medical therapy supplemented in selected cases with incomplete percutaneous revascularisation.

Radiological evaluation of treatment with SpineCor brace in children with idiopathic spinal scoliosis.

INTRODUCTION. This paper reports on a radiological evaluation of the outcomes of treatment with the SpineCor brace in children with idiopathic spinal scoliosis vs. a control group who had only received 24 months of rehabilitation. The compliance of the SpineCor-treated patients with medical instructions was also assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A prospective evaluation encompassed a group of forty (40) children, treated with a SpineCor brace for idiopathic scoliosis. A control group included forty (40) children who were followed up. The mean age of the children was 12.0 years and sixty-six (66) of the patients were girls. The study group and the control group were comparable in terms of demographic data and radiological parameters of scoliosis. The mean scoliosis angle was 25.3˚ and 26.1˚ in the thoracic and lumbar spine, respectively. RESULTS. In the (SpineCor-treated) study group, stabilisation or improvement of the scoliosis was obtained in 31 (78%) patients, while progression was noted in 9 (22%). In the control group, stabilisation was found in 21 (53%) patients and progression in 19 (47%), while none of the children met improvement criteria. In the brace-treated group, a smaller change in the thoracic curvature angle was observed (R=0.34, p=0.0001) than in the control group, while no such difference was identified at the lumbar spine level (R=0.15, p=0.18). Out of the 40 treated children, 38 used the brace regularly. Four of the children were active in sports above recreation level. CONCLUSIONS. The treatment of idiopathic spinal scoliosis in children by means of the SpineCor dynamic brace solution significantly more frequently led to stabilisation or correction of scoliosis as measured by Cobb's angle. A high compliance of the children and their parents was also observed.

Clinical assessment of the efficacy of SpineCor brace in the correction of postural deformities in the course of idiopathic scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to perform a clinical, comparative assessment of the degree of postural deformities before and after the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in patients treated with SpineCor brace compared to the control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 90 children with idiopathic scoliosis (including 74 girls) at the average age of 12.2 was subject to prospective observation. Average pre-treatment Cobb angle was 24.9° in the thoracic spine and 25.8° in the lumbar spine. The group actively treated with the SpineCor brace consisted of 45 children, while the control group consisted of the remaining 45 children with the natural course of the disease. RESULTS: Both groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, gender, height, body weight, Risser sign of skeletal maturity and baseline clinical and radiological parameters of scoliosis. Significant reduction of rib hump was observed upon 2-year SpineCor brace treatment (P=0.04) compared to the group treated by physiotherapy only (P=0.91). Similarly, improvement in lumbar prominence was observed in the actively treated group (P=0.009), with a trend towards worse results in the control group (P=0.07) In the group treated with the SpineCor brace, significant reduction in pectoral and hamstring muscle contractures as well as reduction in shoulder asymmetry and reduction in anterior and posterior vertical deviation were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment using the SpineCor dynamic brace leads to a clinical improvement in posture, particularly to reduction in rib hump, lumbar prominence and muscular contractures.