Fracture risk prediction in postmenopausal women from GO Study: the comparison between FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms.

In the longitudinal, retrospective study, the ability of the FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms to predict osteoporotic fractures was compared in a group of 457 women. Using the rigid threshold of 10% showed a significant discrepancy in sensitivity and specificity of all tools. New thresholds for high risk of fractures were established for each calculator separately: 6.3% for FRAX major fracture, 20.0% for Garvan any fracture, and 18.0% for POL-RISK any fracture. Such thresholds allow for improving the diagnostic accuracy of all three calculators. INTRODUCTION: The aim of the longitudinal, retrospective study was to compare three tools designed to assess fracture risk: FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK in their prediction of fracture incidence. MATERIAL: The study group consisted of 457 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 64.21 ± 5.94 years from the Gliwice Osteoporosis (GO) Study. Comprehensive data on clinical factors related to fractures were collected for all participants. Bone densitometry was performed at the proximal femur using the Prodigy device (GE, USA). Fracture risk was established using the FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms. Data on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures were collected over the last 10 years. RESULTS: During the period of observation 72, osteoporotic fractures occurred in 63 subjects. For a preliminary comparison of the predictive value of analyzed diagnostic tools, the fracture risk threshold of 10% was used. For FRAX, the fracture probability exceeding 10% was observed only in 11 subjects who experienced fractures; thus, the fracture was properly predicted only in 22.9% of women. For Garvan, the respective value was 90.5%, and for POL-RISK, it was 98.4%. That gave a very low true positive value for FRAX and a very high false positive value for Garvan and POL-RISK. Based on ROC curves, new thresholds for high risk of fractures were established for each calculator separately: 6.3% for FRAX major fracture, 20.0% for Garvan any fracture, and 18.0% for POL-RISK any fracture. Such thresholds improve the diagnostic accuracy of all compared fracture prediction tools. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that different fracture risk assessment tools, although having similar clinical purposes, require different cut-off thresholds for making therapeutic decisions. Better identification of patients requiring therapy based on such an approach may help reduce the number of new fractures.

Optimal fracture prediction thresholds for therapy onset, established from FRAX and Garvan algorithms: a longitudinal observation of the population representative female cohort from the RAC-OST-POL Study.

The study shows that the use of unified cutoff thresholds to identify high fracture risks by two popular calculators-FRAX and Garvan-leads to a significant discrepancy between the prediction of fractures and their actual prevalence over the period of 10 years. On the basis of the ROC analyses, a proposal of differentiated thresholds is presented. They were established at 6% for FRAX major fracture risk, 1.4% for FRAX hip fracture risk, 14.4% for Garvan any fracture risk, and 8.8% for Garvan hip fracture risk. PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to verify how much were the tools, designed to predict fracture risks, precise vs. the actual fracture incidence values over a prospective observation. METHODS: The study group consisted of a population-based postmenopausal sample from the RAC-OST-POL Study. At baseline, there were 978 subjects at the mean age of 66.4 ± 7.8 years and, after a 10-year follow-up, 640 women remained at the mean age of 75.0 ± 6.95 years. At baseline, the fracture risk was established by the FRAX and Garvan tools. RESULTS: During the observation period, 190 osteoporotic fractures were identified in 129 subjects. When high-risk fracture cutoff thresholds (of 10% for major/any and 3% for hip fractures) were employed, only 19.59% of major fractures and 50% of hip fractures were identified in the high-risk group. For the Garvan tool, the percentage of correctly predicted fractures for any and hip fractures was 86.05% and 71.43%, respectively. Nevertheless, the fracture prediction by the Garvan tool was associated with the qualification of numerous subjects to the high-risk group, who subsequently did not experience a fracture in the 10-year follow-up period (false-positive prediction). Based on the ROC analyses, new high-risk thresholds were proposed individually for each calculator, improving the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of these tools. They were established at 6% for FRAX major fracture risk, 1.4% for FRAX hip fracture risk, 14.4% for Garvan any fracture risk, and 8.8% for Garvan hip fracture risk. CONCLUSIONS: The current prospective study enabled to establish new, optimal thresholds for therapy initiation. Such a modified approach may enable a more accurate identification of treatment requiring patients and, in consequence, reduce the number of new fractures.

Height loss in postmenopausal women-do we need more for fracture risk assessment? Results from the GO Study.

Human body height loss of 3-4 cm or more may be considered a simple indicator of increasing fracture risk, where the information is very similar to the results from fracture risk assessments by available online calculators, all of them based on a multiple variable approaches. INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between body height loss (HL) and fracture risk in postmenopausal women from the Gliwice Osteoporosis (GO) Study. METHODS: The study sample included 1735 postmenopausal women, aged over 55 years and recruited at the Osteoporotic Outpatient Clinic. The mean age of the study participants was 68.15 ± 8.16 years. Fracture risk was established, using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) (10-year probability of major and hip fractures), the Garvan calculator (any and hip fractures, 5 and 10 years) and the Polish (POL-RISK) algorithm, available at www. fracture - risk .pl (any fractures, 5 years). Bone densitometry at the femoral neck was performed, using a Prodigy device (Lunar, GE, USA). Body heights were measured before bone densitometry, using a wall stadiometer and compared with the maximum body heights, measured in early adulthood and reported by the study participants themselves. RESULTS: In 199 women, the body heights, measured during the study, did not change in comparison to their corresponding values in early adulthood, while being decreased in the other 1536 women. The mean height loss (HL) in the whole study group was 3.95 ± 3.24 cm. That HL correlated significantly with the calculated fracture risk (the r range from 0.13 to 0.39, p < 0.0001). In general, regarding the patients with fracture risk close to the recommended therapeutic thresholds, HL was around 3-4 cm, except of the values from the FRAX calculator for major fractures, where the commonly used therapeutic threshold (20%) was related to HL of approximately 6.5 cm. In subjects with HL between 3.5 and 4 cm (n = 208), the FRAX value for major fractures was 6.83 ± 3.74. CONCLUSIONS: Body height measurements, carried out to establish HL, provide an important information for clinical practice, where HL of 3-4 cm or more may be considered a simple indicator of increasing fracture risk.

The incidence of arm, forearm, and hip osteoporotic fractures during early stage of COVID-19 pandemic.

The study analyzes whether the COVID-19 pandemic affects the incidence of arm, forearm, and hip fractures. Additionally, the change in the overall cost of those fractures treatment was estimated. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of arm, forearm, and hip fractures and the cost of fracture management are decreased. INTRODUCTION: Purposes of the study were to analyze if COVID-19 pandemic influences the incidence of arm, forearm, and hip osteoporotic fractures and to estimate the changes in costs of their management. METHODS: Data on arm, forearm, and hip fracture incidence were collected for inhabitants aged over 50 years in the district of Tarnowskie Góry and the city of Piekary Slaskie, South Poland, in the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic (77 days, from March 16th to May 31st 2020). These results were compared with the number of fractures noted in years 2015-2019 in the same period of the year. The ratio of analyzed fractures per 100,000 inhabitants was calculated. RESULTS: The recorded numbers of fractures of arm, forearm, and hip were 13, 43, and 29, respectively. The respective mean number for fractures reported in corresponding period in 2015-2019 years was 23.6, 52, and 33. The year fracture incidence calculated per 100,000 inhabitants decreased by 45.8%, 18.4%, and 13.4%, respectively. The estimated numbers of avoided fractures extrapolated for the whole country for arm, forearm, and hip were 1722, 1548, and 947, respectively. The total number of avoided fractures was 4217. The expected nationwide cost reduction for the arm, forearm, and hip fracture management was estimated at € 568,260, € 332,820, and € 1,628,840, respectively. The total cost reduction was € 2,529,920 over the period of observation. CONCLUSION: During COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease of arm, forearm, and hip fracture incidence was observed which may result in decrease of total costs for Polish healthcare system.

Karate Training Improves Skeletal Status Assessed by Quantitative Ultrasound in Girls and Premenopausal Women.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of regular karate training on the skeletal status evaluated by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in females. METHODS: A group of 132 karate training girls and women at mean age 19.57 (standard deviation [SD] 7.64) yr (range 7.3-45.3 yr) and 322 age-, sex- and body size-matched controls were enrolled into the study. Mean training duration in the karate group was 7.52 (SD 5.05) yr and mean training frequency was 2.97 (SD 1.21) per wk. The QUS measurements were performed at hand proximal phalanges, using a DBM Sonic 1200 (IGEA, Carpi, Italy) sonographic device, which measures amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS [m/s]). RESULTS: The results of Ad-SoS obtained in karatekas were generally higher than in controls with significant difference for prepubertal girls (1966.2 [SD 46.2] vs 1942.7 [SD 38.4]; p < 0.05) and for adult women (2124.4 [SD 48.0] vs 2105.3 [SD 54.0]; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regular karate training is a factor that is positively associated with results of the QUS measurements at hand phalanges in exercising females and its impact is most strongly pronounced in prepuberty and adulthood.

Skeletal status assessment by quantitative ultrasound and bone densitometry in children with different renal conditions.

Two methods of skeletal status assessment-quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and densitometry (DXA)-were applied and compared in a group of children with different renal disorders. Skeletal assessments in children with different renal conditions should rather not be based on a single diagnostic tool. Lumbar spine DXA is very effective to reveal disturbances secondary to glucocorticoids, whereas total body DXA and QUS are both better in identification of disturbances related to decreased GFR. INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the skeletal status in children in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or treated with glucocorticoids, using either densitometry (DXA) or quantitative ultrasound (QUS) methods. METHODS: Seventy-six subjects (27 girls/49 boys) at the mean age of 11.8 ± 4.0 years were enrolled to the reported study. They were divided into three subgroups: with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but treated with glucocorticoids (GCs, n = 38), with decreased GFR (CKD 2-5, n = 26) and with normal GFR and without any bone-toxic treatment (CKD 1, n = 12). DXA scans were carried out at lumbar spine (LS) and at total body (TB), and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging was done at hand phalanges. QUS results were compared to those obtained from 310 healthy matched controls. RESULTS: The average Z-score for LS-BMD and TB-BMD was below zero in all the study subgroups. Neither were there any significant differences in the mean Z-score for LS among the subgroups. The mean Z-score for TB was significantly the lowest in the CKD 2-5 subgroup. The percentage of subjects with TB Z-score ≤ - 2.0 was the highest in the CKD 2-5 subgroup (69.2%), whereas the percentage of subjects with LS Z-score ≤ - 2.0 was the highest in the GC subgroup (23.7%). QUS results in CKD 2-5 were significantly lower than those in the controls, whereas the results, obtained in GC and CKD 1 subgroups, were similar to those in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal status assessment in children and adolescents with different renal conditions should not be based on single diagnostic approach. DXA scanning, performed at lumbar spine, is potentially more appropriate to reveal disturbances secondary to long-term GC therapy, whereas TB-DXA is highly effective in the identification of skeletal disturbances related to decreased kidney function. QUS at hand phalanges seems to be a useful diagnostic means in CKD with diminished GFR but insufficient to detect GC-related disturbances.

Scientific output quality of 40 globally top-ranked medical researchers in the field of osteoporosis.

The study presents the research output of 40 globally top-ranked authors, publishing in the field of osteoporosis. Their h-index is compared with the Scientific Quality Index (SQI), a novel indicator. Using SQI, 92.5% of the authors changed their initial positions in the general ranking. SQI partially depends on bibliometric measures different from those influencing h-index and may be considered as an assessment tool, reflecting more objective, qualitative, rather than quantitative, features of individual scientific output. PURPOSE: The study approaches the research output of 40 globally top-ranked authors in the field of osteoporosis. METHODS: The assessed authors were identified in the Scopus database, using the key word "osteoporosis" and the h-index data, collected during the last decade (2008-2017). The data, concerning the scientific output, expressed by the h-index, were compared with a novel indicator of scientific quality-called the Scientific Quality Index (SQI). SQI is calculated according to the following formula: Parameter No. 1 + Parameter No. 2, where: Parameter No. 1 (the percent of papers cited ≥ 10 times) the number of papers cited ≥ 10 times (excluding self-citations and citations of all co-authors) is divided by the number of all the published papers (including the papers with no citation) × 100%, Parameter No. 2 (the mean number of citations per paper) the total number of citations (excluding self-citations and citations of all co-authors) divided by the number of all published papers (including papers with no citation). RESULTS: The following research output values were obtained: the citation index, 2483.6 ± 1348.7; the total number of papers, 75.1 ± 23.2; the total number of cited papers, 69.3 ± 22.0; the number of papers cited, at least, 10 times, 45.4 ± 17.2; the percent of papers cited, at least, 10 times, 59.9 ± 10.0; and the mean citations per paper, 32.8 ± 15.0. The mean value of Hirsch index was 24.2 ± 6.2 and SQI 92.7 ± 22.3. Using SQI, only three authors did not change their initial ranking position, established according to the h-index; 18 authors noted a decrease, while other 19 improved their initial ranking position. The h-index correlated with SQI; r = 0.72; p < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: Qualitative features of scientific output, reflected by SQI, have changed the classification of 92.5% of authors. SQI may be considered as an assessment tool which is more strongly determined by qualitative than quantitative features of individual scientific output.

The Relationship of Knowledge of Osteoporosis and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women in Silesia Osteo Active Study.

The Silesia Osteo Active Study was designed to assess osteoporosis-related knowledge and its relationships with skeletal status in an epidemiological population-based program. Participants were chosen randomly from postmenopausal women over 55 yr. The study group consisted of 388 patients (mean age 65 ± 7). All participants fulfilled medical and socioeconomic questionnaires and test concerning osteoporosis-related knowledge. They underwent proximal femur and lumbar spine densitometry. The mean level of osteoporosis knowledge was 7.3 ± 2.0 for 10 questions. Osteoporosis knowledge seems to have no influence on densitometry results in the population; nevertheless it improves femoral neck (FN) density in those without prior personal experience of osteoporosis (r = 0.15; p < 0.05). Higher knowledge of osteoporosis was connected with osteoporosis in family, hormone replacement therapy or smoking history, and higher educational degree. The level of knowledge was significantly better in younger than in older participants (7.4 vs 6.7; p < 0.01). Osteoporosis (T-score < -2.5) was established in 6.4%, 2%, and 33% for FN, total hip, and spine, respectively. As a conclusion, current study revealed a positive influence of the knowledge of osteoporosis on FN density in postmenopausal women without prior personal experience of the disease.

Risk Factors for Fractures Identified in the Algorithm Developed in 5-Year Follow-Up of Postmenopausal Women From RAC-OST-POL Study.

The aim of the study was to establish factors with an impact on fracture risk and to develop an algorithm to predict osteoporotic fracture. A total of 978 postmenopausal women from the epidemiological, population-based RAC-OST-POL study with a mean age of 65.7 ± 7.3 years were enrolled. At baseline, bone mineral density at hip and clinical risk factors for fracture were collected. Afterward, each person was asked annually on fracture incidence in the 5-year follow-up. Finally, data for complete 5-year observation were gathered for the group of 802 patients. During the follow-up, 92 osteoporotic fractures occurred in 78 women. The most common fracture site was the forearm (n = 45). The following baseline factors were found as significant for fracture incidence: femoral neck bone mineral density, prior fractures, steroid use, falls within previous 12 months, and height. Fracture risk was predicted by the following formula: Riskoffractureincidence=11+e-(-9.899+1.077∗STEROIDS+0.681∗PRIORFALLS+0.611∗PRIORFRACTURES-0.483∗FNTscore+0.042∗HEIGHT). In our current longitudinal study, an algorithm predicting fracture occurrence over a period of 5 years was developed. It may find application in daily medical practice.

Alpine skiing is associated with higher femoral neck bone mineral density.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of elite-level alpine skiing on athletes' skeleton. METHODS: Thirteen professional alpine skiers (9 males and 4 females with mean age of 22.6 years) and their age- and height matched control subjects were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, forearm) and quantitative ultrasound (hand). RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, age, weight and height, between-group differences were 15% (p=0.012) for the lumbar spine, 14% (p=0.022) for the femoral neck, 10% (p=0.051) for the total hip, and 11% (p=0.001) for the total body favoring the alpine skiers. However, after controlling for total body lean mass (~muscle mass), the group-differences lost their statistical significance, the borderline 10% difference (p=0.051) in femoral neck BMD excluded. CONCLUSION: Factors contributing to the alpine skiers' higher BMD may not only include the greater muscle mass (~stronger muscles) of these athletes but also a large number of impacts and possibly other high-frequency features in external loading generated by the high-speed skiing performance.

Body Size, Bone Mineral Density, and Body Composition in Obese Women After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study.

Changes in body weight, waist and hip circumferences, body composition, and skeletal status in women after bariatric surgery were evaluated. Thirty-six women [mean age 41.2 ± (SD) 9.5 years, weight 115.7±18.0 kg, and BMI 42.1±5.3 kg/m(2)] underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and total body, and body composition were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.Weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences decreased significantly. Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) increased by 2.5±3.5%, and fat, lean body mass, total mass and fat-% decreased significantly by 38.9±12.0%, 15.4±5.9%, 26.5±8.1%, and 17.6±8.9%, respectively. Slight decreases in total body (0.6±2.2%) and spine (1.2±7.1%) BMD were not significant, whereas total hip and femoral neck BMD decreased significantly by 5.3±8.2%, and 6.2±7.0% (p<0.001). Change (Δ) in TBBMC correlated only with Δ in weight (r=0.38, p<0.05) whereas Δ in all other body composition parameters correlated significantly with Δ in body weight and circumferences (r=0.46-0.98). The Δ in BMD (except total body BMD) correlated significantly with Δ in body composition parameters (r=0.34-0.59). Baseline fat and lean content besides changes in body fat and lean mass accounted for bone changes. In conclusion, bone loss after bariatric surgery is related to post-operative changes in body composition, as well as to weight loss and decrease in waist and hip circumferences.

High fracture probability predicts fractures in a 4-year follow-up in women from the RAC-OST-POL study.

UNLABELLED: In 770 postmenopausal women, the fracture incidence during a 4-year follow-up was analyzed in relation to the fracture probability (FRAX risk assessment tool) and risk (Garvan risk calculator) predicted at baseline. Incident fractures occurred in 62 subjects with a higher prevalence in high-risk subgroups. Prior fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, femoral neck T-score and falls increased independent of fracture incidence. INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of fractures during a 4-year follow-up in relation to the baseline fracture probability and risk. METHODS: Enrolled in the study were 770 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 65.7 ± 7.3 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the proximal femur, clinical data, and fracture probability using the FRAX tool and risk using the Garvan calculator were determined. Each subject was asked yearly by phone call about the incidence of fracture during the follow-up period. RESULTS: Of the 770 women, 62 had a fracture during follow-up, and 46 had a major fracture. At baseline, BMD was significantly lower, and fracture probability and fracture risk were significantly higher in women who had a fracture. Among women with a major fracture, the percentage with a high baseline fracture probability (>10 %) was significantly higher than among those without a fracture (p < 0.01). Fracture incidence during follow-up was significantly higher among women with a high baseline fracture probability (12.7 % vs. 5.2 %) and a high fracture risk (9.2 vs. 5.3 %) so that the "fracture-free survival" curves were significantly different (p < 0.05). The number of clinical risk factors noted at baseline was significantly associated with fracture incidence (chi-squared = 20.82, p < 0.01). Prior fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, and femoral neck T-score were identified as significant risk factors for major fractures (for any fractures, the influence of falls was also significant). CONCLUSIONS: During follow-up, fracture incidence was predicted by baseline fracture probability (FRAX risk assessment tool) and risk (Garvan risk calculator). A number of clinical risk factors and a prior fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, femoral neck T-score, and falls were independently associated with an increased incidence of fractures. [Corrected]

Functional status and prevalence of falls and fractures in population-based sample of postmenopausal women from the RAC-OST-POL Study.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of osteoporotic fractures and falls, and functional status may be related with each other. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess functional status and prevalence of falls and fractures in Polish postmenopausal women in a representative, randomly selected population sample from RAC-OST-POL Study. DESIGN: Population-based epidemiological study. SETTING: Raciborz city and district, Poland. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 618 postmenopausal women aged ≥ 55 years (mean age 66.3 ± 7.8 years). MEASUREMENTS: Data concerning falls, fractures etc. were collected using on a questionnaire. Functional assessment was carried out using Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) Lawton's test and 'Stand up & go' (SUG) test. Skeletal status was assessed using DXA at the hip and with phalangeal quantitative ultrasound (QUS). RESULTS: Fifty-six per cent of studied women have got a reduced mobility estimated using SUG test (time > 10 s). Functional independence level estimated using IADL test is reduced among 14% of women (≤ 23 points). Twenty-eight per cent of women sustained osteoporotic fracture and 34% of women have got a positive fall history in the last year. The number of falls or fractures correlates significantly with results of IADL and SUG tests. Functional status of women who fell or sustained fracture was significantly decreased in comparison with women without falls or fractures. The significant factors increasing the risk of fall are: presence of depression, presence of chronic disease and a reduced functional independence. The significant factors increasing the risk of fractures are: history of fall, age, T-score value for trochanter bone mineral density. CONCLUSION: Results of the study indicate that functional status plays an important role as a factor increasing the risk of falls and fractures in postmenopausal women.

Ten-year fracture risk in the assessment of osteoporosis management efficacy in postmenopausal women: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the reported longitudinal, retrospective pilot study was to establish changes in 10-year fracture risk in postmenopausal women with respect to applied fracture management. METHODS: A group of 191 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 68.76± 6.72 years was divided into subgroups. The subgroups were made up of untreated patients (n = 41), patients treated with vitamin D plus calcium (n = 46), and patients treated with bisphosphonates, vitamin D and calcium (n = 104). Repeated densitometric measurements and clinical data were taken into consideration (both baseline and follow-up). Ten-year fracture risk was established, using FRAX(TM) and Garvan nomograms. The mean follow-up period was 2.01±1.87 years. RESULTS: Generally, the mean fracture probability increased in the studied women over the observation period. Patients on bisphosphonate therapy demonstrated the smallest increase in fracture probability. The probability rate for either any fractures or hip fractures decreased when the T-score increased. A diminished number of falls non-significantly decreased the probability for hip fractures and any fractures. CONCLUSION: Ten-year fracture risk increased irrespective of applied management, while a decreased risk was observed only in women with improved bone status.

Bone status in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to investigate the potential negative impact of type 1 diabetes on bone status of adolescents. Bone status in adolescents with type 1 diabetes was assessed by means of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and the influence of metabolic control and other disease-related and growth variables was analysed. METHODS: Group I consisted of 99 pubertal (Tanner > or = 2) adolescents (49 female), aged 14.3 +/- 2.5 years, diabetes duration 4.6 +/- 2.3 years. Controls (group II) were 297 children, matched by sex and age, from a healthy population. The influence of glycated haemoglobin (current: HbA(1c)D; last year's mean: HbA(1c)Y; whole duration mean: HbA(1c)T), diabetes duration, percentage of life with disease and daily insulin requirement (DIR) on amplitude dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS) at distal phalanges was studied. RESULTS: In comparison to the control group, adolescents with type 1 diabetes presented significantly higher BMI SDS (0.82 [95% CI 0.54, 1.10] vs -0.06 [95% CI -0.16, 0.04] p < 0.001) and lower Ad-SoS SDS (-0.34 [95% CI -0.57, -0.11] vs -0.03 [95% CI -0.15, 0.08], p < 0.05). No correlation between Ad-SoS SDS and sex, DIR or diabetes duration was observed. The lower Ad-SoS SDS reflects reduced bone status, and the reduction was significantly more marked in those patients whose HbA(1c)T was higher than 7.0% when compared with those whose HbA(1c)T was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Bone status of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus assessed with QUS differs from that of healthy peers and is dependent on long-term metabolic control.

Ten-year probability of osteoporotic fracture in 2012 Polish women assessed by FRAX and nomogram by Nguyen et al.-Conformity between methods and their clinical utility.

PURPOSE: The aim of the cross-sectional study was to establish the degree of conformity between 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture, assessed by FRAX, and using the nomograms, as proposed by Nguyen at al. METHODS: Postmenopausal Polish women (2012) were examined in their mean age of 68.5+/-7.9 years (age range 55-90 years). Fracture probability by FRAX was based on age, BMI, prior fracture, hip fracture in parents, steroid use, rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol use, secondary osteoporosis and T-score for femoral neck BMD. Fracture probability by Nguyen's nomograms was based on age, the number of prior fractures, the number of falls and T-score for femoral neck BMD. RESULTS: The mean conformity rate was 79.1% for any fracture risk (for threshold 20%) and 79.5% for hip fracture (threshold 3%). Any and hip fracture risks were significantly higher for both methods in women with fracture history in comparison to those without fracture and increased with ageing. The influence of prior fracture and ageing was more evident in Nguyen's nomograms. ROC analyses of any fracture risk in FRAX and Nguyen's methods demonstrated the area under curve (AUC) at 0.833 and 0.879, respectively. Similar analyses for hip fracture demonstrated AUCs for FRAX and Nguyen's technique at 0.726 and 0.850, respectively. The AUCs for Nguyen's nomograms were significantly larger than the AUCs for FRAX (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The mean conformity for any fracture risk is 79.1% and 79.5% for hip fracture. Nguyen's nomograms seem to be more efficient in fracture risk assessment, especially for hip fractures, due to a higher accuracy of the method. The information on the number of falls during the last year and multiple fractures ought to be incorporated into the method of fracture risk prediction. MINI-ABSTRACT: The degree of conformity was assessed in a group of 2012 women between 10-year FRAX prognosis of fracture and Nguyen et al.'s nomograms. The mean conformity for any fracture risk is 79.1% and 79.5% for hip fracture. Nguyen's nomograms seem to be more efficient in fracture risk assessment due to higher accuracy.

Spine bone mineral density in subjects after renal transplantation compared with end-stage renal failure and healthy subjects.

The aim of the study was to assess spine bone mineral density in 160 dialyzed subjects with end-stage renal failure, 81 patients after renal transplantation, and 148 controls. Spine bone mineral density [g/cm (2)] was measured by Lunar DPX-L (USA). Data analyses were performed using Statistica for Windows. In gender subgroups Z-score were significantly lower after transplantation than in controls (p<0.001), but not in subjects on dialysis. The mean value of Z-score in subjects after transplantation was significantly lower than in dialyzed patients. Z-score both in transplanted and dialyzed males were significantly lower than in females. Duration of dialysis, time since transplantation, and cumulative dose of steroids did not associate with values of spine bone mineral density (except for the negative association with dialysis duration time in males). In patients after transplantation, multiple stepwise regression analysis of spine bone mineral density and age, body size, parathormone, duration of dialysis, time after transplantation, and cumulative dose of steroids after transplantation have shown negative role of steroids use and positive role of parathormone and bone mass in males. Spine bone mineral density in dialyzed subjects was not decreased as compared with controls while the aggravation in skeletal status was observed after renal transplantation.