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OBJECTIVE: To review recent technological advancement in imaging, surgical visualization, robotics technology, and the use of artificial intelligence in surgical vitreoretinal (VR) diseases. BACKGROUND: Technological advancements in imaging enhance both preoperative and intraoperative management of surgical VR diseases. Widefield imaging in fundal photography and OCT can improve assessment of peripheral retinal disorders such as retinal detachments, degeneration, and tumors. OCT angiography provides a rapid and noninvasive imaging of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Surgical visualization has also improved with intraoperative OCT providing a detailed real-time assessment of retinal layers to guide surgical decisions. Heads-up display and head-mounted display utilize 3-dimensional technology to provide surgeons with enhanced visual guidance and improved ergonomics during surgery. Intraocular robotics technology allows for greater surgical precision and is shown to be useful in retinal vein cannulation and subretinal drug delivery. In addition, deep learning techniques leverage on diverse data including widefield retinal photography and OCT for better predictive accuracy in classification, segmentation, and prognostication of many surgical VR diseases. CONCLUSION: This review article summarized the latest updates in these areas and highlights the importance of continuous innovation and improvement in technology within the field. These advancements have the potential to reshape management of surgical VR diseases in the very near future and to ultimately improve patient care. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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ABSTRACT: Penetrating keratoplasty used to be the only surgical technique for the treatment of end-stage corneal endothelial diseases. Improvements in surgical techniques over the past decade have now firmly established endothelial keratoplasty as a safe and effective modality for the treatment of corneal endothelial diseases. However, there is a worldwide shortage of corneal tissue, with more than 50% of the world having no access to cadaveric tissue. Cell injection therapy and tissue-engineered endothelial keratoplasty may potentially offer comparable results as endothelial keratoplasty while maximizing the use of cadaveric donor corneal tissue. Descemet stripping only, Descemet membrane transplantation, and selective endothelial removal are novel therapeutic modalities that take this a step further by relying on endogenous corneal endothelial cell regeneration, instead of allogenic corneal endothelial cell transfer. Gene therapy modalities, including antisense oligonucleotides and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-based gene editing, offer the holy grail of potentially suppressing the phenotypic expression of genetically determined corneal endothelial diseases at the asymptomatic stage. We now stand at the crossroads of exciting developments in medical technologies that will likely revolutionize the way we treat corneal endothelial diseases over the next 2 decades.
