Aerobic Training for Healthy Men and Women: Determining Intensities by Different Equations.

The aim of this study is to develop equations for aerobic exercise prescription for the intensities of 50, 60, 70 and 80% in healthy subjects of both sexes. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling drawn from a database of 228 healthy subjects who were randomized into the regression group (GR: 197 subjects (male = 143 and female = 54)) and cross-validation group (CVG: 31 individuals [men = 20 and women = 11]). Kohavi's assumptions were followed in relation to cross-validation and bootstrap for precision estimation and model selection. The GR was used to build the estimation equations from the multiple linear regression. The CVG was determined to analyze the validity in the estimation equations. The equations to determine the intensities were constructed by means of multiple regression, the independent variables were determined by the stepwise method, observing the significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The reliability level of Cronbach's alpha of the multiple linear regression equations was moderate for the intensity of 50% (0.51); for the intensities of 60, 70 and 80%, it corresponded to 0.50, 0.53 and 0.57, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results show that it is possible to apply the equations in the determination of aerobic exercise intensities for healthy individuals. However, the need for further studies in other populations to prove the reliability of the proposed equations is evident.

Prediction of maximum oxygen uptake through incremental exercise testing using ventilometry: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is the main tool assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. However, cardiopulmonary exercise testing devices are expensive and often cannot be used. OBJECTIVE: The present study sought to develop cardiopulmonary exercise testing equations for estimating maximum oxygen uptake from ergometric testing combined with ventilometry. METHODS: 181 volunteers of both sexes were submitted to cardiopulmonary exercise testing on treadmill using an incremental protocol. Volunteers were randomized into two groups: regression group: composed of 68 women with age 24.7±6.0 years and 54 men aged 21.5±3.9 years; and a cross-validation group composed of 29 women with mean age of 23.8±4.7 years and 30 men with a mean age of 23.1±4.4 years. The estimating equations were developed using multiple stepwise linear regressions; comparison of means was done using a t test and reliability assessed by Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: 8 independent variables exhibited a significant result for estimating VO2max: minute ventilation (E) at second ventilatory threshold (VT-II): (E _VT-II); heart rate at VT-II (HR_VT-II); body mass (BM); body mass index (BMI); fat percentage (F%); age; sex; velocity at VT-II (Vel_VT-II); test time of VT-II (T_VT-II) and final test velocity (Velfinal). Two equations presented more accurate results; for active subjects: Equation2 = 33.08 + 2.41*(Velfinal) - 0.32*(F%) + 0.40*(VE_VT-II) - 0.26*(BM) - 0.09*(HR_VT-II); for sedentary subjects: Equation3 for = 54.65 + 1.37*(T_VT-II) + 8.24*(sex) - 1.26*(BMI) + 0.37*(VE_VT-II) - 0.12*(HR_VT-II). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the use of parameters collected during maximal ergometric test combined with ventilometry, improved the accuracy of equations for estimating maximum oxygen uptake.

Efectos de la actividad física en la morfología de mujeres / Effects of physical activity on women's morphology

Objetivo Analizar el efecto de 12 semanas de actividad física en la morfología de las mujeres inscritas en el programa de salud familiar de la ciudad de Patos, Paraíba - Brasil. Durante estas semanas se aplicaron diferentes programas de actividad física. Métodos Investigación cuasi experimental, en la cual fueron analizadas 28 mujeres, voluntarias, con edades entre 42 y 56 años, divididas en los grupos: G1 (n=15, actividades lúdicas) y G2 (n=13, actividad de danza). Para el análisis de datos se empleó la prueba t student para muestras independientes con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados La comparación de las variables de la composición corporal no mostró diferencia entre los grupos. Sin embargo, cuando se comparan los momentos pre y post, se observa que los dos programas de actividad física distintos producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos indican que los programas de actividad física aplicados producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Por otro lado, se considera que podría ser buena la comparación de un programa de ejercicio físico y de actividades físicas lúdicas y sus efectos en la morfología de mujeres.(AU)

Objective To analyze the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity on the morphology of the women enrolled in the Family Health Program in the city of Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. During these weeks, different physical activity programs were applied. Methods A quasi-experimental study, in which 28 women were analyzed. All were volunteers, aged between 42 and 56 years and divided into groups: G1 (n=15, recreational activities) and G2 (n=13, dance activities). For data analysis, the Student t-test for independent samples was used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The comparison of body composition variables showed no difference between the two groups. However, when the pre- and post-exercise moments are compared, it is seen that the two different physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. Conclusion The results indicate that the applied physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. On the other hand, we consider that the comparison between a physical exercise program and recreational physical activity program and their effects on the morphology of women could be good.(AU)

[Effects of physical activity on women's morphology]. / Efectos de la actividad física en la morfología de mujeres.

Objective To analyze the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity on the morphology of the women enrolled in the Family Health Program in the city of Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. During these weeks, different physical activity programs were applied. Methods A quasi-experimental study, in which 28 women were analyzed. All were volunteers, aged between 42 and 56 years and divided into groups: G1 (n=15, recreational activities) and G2 (n=13, dance activities). For data analysis, the Student t-test for independent samples was used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The comparison of body composition variables showed no difference between the two groups. However, when the pre- and post-exercise moments are compared, it is seen that the two different physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. Conclusion The results indicate that the applied physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. On the other hand, we consider that the comparison between a physical exercise program and recreational physical activity program and their effects on the morphology of women could be good.

[Mathematical model for epidemiologic survey of the cardiorespiratory fitness without effort test]. / Modelo Matemático para Levantamento Epidemiológico da Aptidão Física Cardiorrespiratória sem Teste de Esforço.

OBJECTIVE: Develop models to estimate the cardiopulmonary fitness without the effort test accomplishment, focusing an epidemiologic survey in young Brazilians. For that purpose, 243 volunteers were evaluated: 137 men (25 ,4 +/-6,39 years old) and 106 women (23,68+/-5,23 years old). METHOD: The volunteers were randomized into two groups (Group 1 : control - with 81 men and 58 women; and Group 2 : cross-validation - with 56 men and 48 women), submitted to cardiopulmonary effort tests with direct gas analysis. The models were developed through multiple regression , applying the stepwise method, followed by the ANOVA One-Way analysis as Tukey's Post Hoc test to compare the averages. RESULTS: The average of the maximum oxygen consumption in Group 1 was 48 ,45 +/-11,91 ml/kg.min -1 and in Group 2 was 46,54+/-9,89 ml/kg.min -1 . The multiple regression lines had described two models to estimate the maximum oxygen consumption with the following average values: model 1 =48 ,46 +/-11,41 and model 2=46,83+/-11.11 ml/kg.min -1 . No important difference was observed for the effort value. The average results of the maximum oxygen consumption estimated for Group 2 model 1=48 ,14 +/-10,74 ml/kg.min -1 and model 2 =46,59+/-10,36 ml/kg.min -1 were not significantly different from the values observed in the effort test. CONCLUSION: the models for estimating the maximum oxygen consumption demonstrated good applicability in the epidemiologic survey for young Brazilians.

Modelo matemático para levantamento epidemiológico da aptidão física cardiorrespiratória sem teste de esforço / Modelo matemático para el estudio epidemiológico de la capacidad cardiorespiratoria sin prueba de esfuerzo / Mathematical model for epidemiologic survey of the cardiorespiratory fitness without effort test

Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver modelos de estimativa da aptidão cardiopulmonar sem a realização de teste de esforço, visando ao levantamento epidemiológico em jovens brasileiros. Para tanto, foram avaliados 243 voluntários, sendo 137 homens (25,40±6,39 anos) e 106 mulheres (23,68±5,23 anos). Método Os voluntários foram randomizados em dois grupos (Grupo 1, controle com 81 homens e 58 mulheres) e (Grupo 2, de validação cruzada com 56 homens e 48 mulheres), submetidos a testes de esforço cardiopulmonar com análise direta de gases. Os modelos foram desenvolvidos através de regressão linear múltipla, aplicando-se método stepwise, seguida pela análise One-Way ANOVA, com Post Hoc de Tukey para comparação das médias. Resultados A média do consumo máximo de oxigênio de esforço do Grupo1 foi 48,45±11,91 ml/kg.min-1 e para o Grupo2 46,54±9,89 ml/kg.min-1. As retas de regressão múltipla descreveram dois modelos de estimativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio, com valores médios de (modelo1=48,46±11,41 e modelo2=46,83±11,11) ml/kg.min-1, não sendo observada diferença significativa para o valor de esforço. Os resultados médios do consumo máximo de oxigênio estimado para o Grupo2, modelo1=48,14±10,74 ml/kg.min-1 e modelo2=46,59±10,36 ml/kg.min-1, não apresentaram alterações expressivas dos valores obtidos no teste de esforço. Conclusão Os modelos para a estimativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio demonstraram uma boa aplicabilidade no levantamento epidemiológico para jovens brasileiros.

Objective Develop models to estimate the cardiopulmonary fitness without the effort test accomplishment, focusing an epidemiologic survey in young Brazilians. For that purpose, 243 volunteers were evaluated: 137 men (25 ,4 ±6,39 years old) and 106 women (23,68±5,23 years old). Method The volunteers were randomized into two groups (Group 1 : control - with 81 men and 58 women; and Group 2 : cross-validation - with 56 men and 48 women), submitted to cardiopulmonary effort tests with direct gas analysis. The models were developed through multiple regression , applying the stepwise method, followed by the ANOVA One-Way analysis as Tukey's Post Hoc test to compare the averages. Results The average of the maximum oxygen consumption in Group 1 was 48 ,45 ±11,91 ml/kg.min -1 and in Group 2 was 46,54±9,89 ml/kg.min -1 . The multiple regression lines had described two models to estimate the maximum oxygen consumption with the following average values: model 1 =48 ,46 ±11,41 and model2=46,83±11.11 ml/kg.min -1 . No important difference was observed for the effort value. The average results of the maximum oxygen consumption estimated for Group2 model1=48 ,14 ±10,74 ml/kg.min -1 and model 2 =46,59±10,36 ml/kg.min -1 were not significantly different from the values observed in the effort test. Conclusion the models for estimating the maximum oxygen consumption demonstrated good applicability in the epidemiologic survey for young Brazilians.

Objetivo Desarrollar modelos para prevenir la capacidad cardiopulmonar sin la realización del teste de esfuerzo viendo el levantamiento epidemiológico en jóvenes brasileros. Para esto, fueron evaluados 243 voluntarios 137 hombres (25,40±6,39 años) y 106 mujeres (23,68±5,23 años). Material y Método Los voluntarios fueron colocados en dos grupos (Grupo 1 de control con 81 hombres y 58 mujeres) y (Grupo 2 de evaluación cruzada con 56 hombres y 48 mujeres), sometidos a testes de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar con análisis directa de gases. Los modelos fueron desarrollados a través de regresión múltipla aplicándose método stepwise , seguido por análisis ANOVA One-Way con Post Hoc de Tukey para comparación de las medias. Resultados : La media del consumo máximo de oxigeno y esfuerzo del Grupo 1 fue de 48,45±11,91 ml/kg.min -1 y para el Grupo 2 : 46,54±9,89 ml/kg.min -1 . Las rectas de regresión múltiple describieron dos modelos de prevención del consumo máximo de oxigeno con valores medios en el modelo 1 =48,46±11,41 y en el mode-lo 2 =46,83±11,11 ml/kg.min -1 , sin diferencia significativa para el valor de esfuerzo. Los resultados medios del consumo máximo de oxigeno estimado para el Grupo 2 modelo 1 =48,14±10,74 ml/kg.min -1 y modelo 2 =46,59±10,36 ml/kg.min -1 no fueron significativamente diferentes de los valores obtenidos en la prueba de esfuerzo. Conclusión Los modelos para la prevención del consumo máximo de oxigeno demostraron una buena aplicación en el estudio epidemiológico en jóvenes brasileros.