The moderating role of depressive symptoms in the association between heart rate variability and cognitive performance in cardiac patients.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is strongly associated with cognitive impairment, which is a core feature of depression, highly prevalent in patients with CHD. Interestingly, patients with CHD and individuals with depression display reduced heart rate variability (HRV), which proxies a complex network integrating autonomic and attentional systems. This study investigated the moderating role of depressive symptoms in the relation between reduced HRV and cognitive performance in patients with CHD. METHOD: The sample included 274 patients with CHD (mean [standard deviation] age = 62 [9.5] years; 13 % women) admitted to cardiac rehabilitation units. Visual attention and task switching were assessed through the Trail Making Test (TMT). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Resting electrocardiographic recordings were collected to compute HRV indices. RESULTS: Patients with more severe depressive symptoms displayed an inverse association between HRV and cognitive performance (TMT-A: b = -0.08, p = .022; TMTB: b = -0.07, p = .042), whereas patients with milder depressive symptoms showed no significant association (TMT-A: b = -0.00, p = .90; TMTB: b = -0.02, p = .44). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms may strengthen the relation between reduced HRV and poorer cognitive performance in cardiac patients. The presence of depressive symptoms may signal the dysfunction of a network subserving autonomic and cognitive function.

The impact of COVID-19-related quarantine on psychological outcomes in patients after cardiac intervention: a multicenter longitudinal study.

Mandatory quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic had substantial negative consequences on psychological health in the general population. Depression, anxiety, and insomnia were reported to increase the morbidity and mortality risk in cardiac patients after cardiac interventions. Nonetheless, a gap in the evidence appeared regarding the effects of COVID-19-related quarantine on psychological outcomes in patients after cardiac interventions. The present study aimed to longitudinally investigate the effects of quarantine on depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms in a group of patients who underwent cardiac intervention. Seventy-three patients admitted for cardiac rehabilitation completed a psychological assessment before and a reassessment after the quarantine and were included in the quarantine group. The control group included 76 patients who completed both evaluations before the quarantine. Depressive (Beck Depression Inventory-II; BDI-II), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory-II; BAI), and insomnia (Sleep Condition Indicator; SCI) symptoms were evaluated in both groups at one (assessment) and eight (reassessment) months after cardiac intervention. The statistical analyses revealed that at reassessment, the quarantine group showed higher global depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms than the control group and increased cognitive symptoms of depression. A higher presence of clinically relevant depressed patients was seen in the quarantine group. The present results showed that the COVID-19-related mandatory quarantine negatively affected psychological outcomes in patients after cardiac intervention, increasing the probability for these patients to be depressed. This, in turn, could influence patients' health in a critical period for morbidity and mortality risk. This underlines the priority of integrating and improving targeted mental health support as the pandemic continues, especially for cardiac patients.

The Influence of Emotion Regulation on the Association Between Depression and Heart Rate Variability in Cardiac Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Poor vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is a mechanism linking depression to coronary heart disease (CHD). Reduced vmHRV is also considered an index of emotion dysregulation-the frequent use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, one of the most important being expressive suppression-which is a key component of depression. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the moderating role of expressive suppression in the relation between depression and vmHRV in patients with CHD. METHODS: The sample included 235 patients with CHD (mean [standard deviation] age = 61.6 [9.8] years; 12% women) admitted to cardiac rehabilitation after a cardiac intervention. The Beck Depression Inventory-II was administered to assess depressive symptoms. Emotion regulation strategies based on either expressive suppression or cognitive reappraisal were assessed through the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Resting electrocardiographic recordings were collected for 5 minutes to compute HRV indices. RESULTS: Expressive suppression moderated the relation between depressive symptoms and vmHRV ( b = -0.03, p = .012). Patients with lower expressive suppression scores showed no association between depressive symptoms and vmHRV ( b = -0.00, p = .94), whereas those with higher expressive suppression scores showed a significant negative association between depressive symptoms and vmHRV ( b = -0.05, p = .015). CONCLUSIONS: The use of expressive suppression is likely to potentiate the relation between depressive symptoms and poor vmHRV, which could increase the cardiac risk in these patients. Targeting emotion regulation skills in cardiac rehabilitation programs may be useful for reducing the impact of depression in cardiac patients.

Depression anticipates patients at risk of poor exercise stress test performance after percutaneous coronary angioplasty: A short-term longitudinal study.

AIMS: The exercise stress test is commonly used to assess physical capacity and recovery in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Despite depressive symptoms have been consistently associated with adverse outcomes in CAD patients, they are rarely considered as risk factors of poor exercise test. The present study investigated the influence of depressive symptoms, along with anxiety, sleep problems and perceived health on exercise test in PTCA patients. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-five patients who underwent PTCA completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Sleep Condition Index and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey and, after 20 days, underwent exercise stress test. RESULTS: Higher BDI-II scores significantly predicted lower maximal workload measured in metabolic equivalents (METs; ß = -0.13; p = .030), shorter total exercise duration (ß = -5.23; p = .034) and the inability to reach maximum heart rate during exercise test (OR = 1.07; p = .032), even after controlling for relevant sociodemographic and biomedical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms specifically predicted worse exercise stress test performance in patients after PTCA, controlling for common risk factors. Focusing on the assessment of depressive symptoms, in addition to sociodemographic and biomedical risk factors, is essential to anticipate patients at risk of poor physical capacity after PTCA.

The risk of cardiovascular events during leisure time activities at altitude.

Annually, more than 100 million tourists are attracted by the mountainous areas around the world. On the one hand, leisure time activities at altitude may well contribute to the well-established beneficial effects of exercise; on the other hand, these activities are also associated with a relatively high risk of death. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most frequent cause of nontraumatic death in males older than 34 years at altitude during leisure time activities such as downhill skiing and hiking. Whereas prior myocardial infarction is the most important risk factor for SCD, particularly relevant in downhill skiers, the unusual physical activity during the first days at altitude and the prolonged abstinence from food and fluid intake during exercise at altitude are the most important triggers. Unaccustomed physical activity seems more likely to trigger SCD than altitude per se. The detection of subjects at risk, evidence-based therapy, and advice on adequate behavior during the altitude sojourn will help to prevent SCD and to increase the health benefits generated by mountaineering activities.

Cardiovascular risk during physical activity in the mountains.

OBJECTIVE: Several previous studies evaluated the cardiovascular risk associated with exercise, but only a few papers considered this risk during physical activity in the mountains. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiovascular risk in a population practising physical activity in the mountains. METHODS: We used an observational study design. We estimated the population by integrating the data of presences in the accommodation establishments with data from telephone and on-field interviews. As survey sources of cardiovascular events we used the reports of the Mountain Rescue teams and of the emergency physicians and pathologists operating in the hospitals of the considered mountain area. RESULTS: We estimated that the duration of exposure to risk for the study population was, averagely per year, 12 449 877 person-days. During the study period, we recorded 117 cardiovascular events, namely 38 sudden cardiac deaths, 13 acute coronary syndromes, and five strokes. The remaining 61 events were non-traumatic events with a probable cardiovascular origin. We calculated one cardiovascular event per 319 000 person-days of physical activity in the mountains, one sudden cardiac death per 980 000 and one acute coronary syndrome per 2 895 000 person-days. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of cardiovascular events in the population practising physical activity in the mountains is very low and essentially limited to men over the age of 40, particularly if they do not practise regularly physical activity. For these subjects the risk seems to be associated with physical activity, but not with altitude and other typical aspects of mountains, such as low temperature and difficulties of terrain.

Interventional approach to reduce thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation ineligible for oral anticoagulation.

The annual incidence of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation averages 5% per year and increases with age, left ventricular dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes or prior stroke. Since in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation 91% of left atrial thrombi are located in the left atrial appendage, in patients ineligible for oral anticoagulation it was suggested the percutaneous closure of left atrial appendage as a therapeutic option to reduce embolic risk. In this article we report our initial experience with this procedure, which was uneventful and efficacious at short-term follow-up. In conclusion, the interventional approach in patients with atrial fibrillation ineligible for oral anticoagulation seems feasible and promising, and deserves further investigation.

Metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in type 1 diabetes at extreme altitude.

PURPOSE: The American Diabetes Association states that physical activity can be performed by individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Nevertheless, extreme altitude mountaineering represents a demanding challenge. We present the metabolic and cardiovascular parameters found in individuals with Type 1 diabetes during the ascent to Cho Oyu located at a height of 8201 m. METHODS: Six individuals with Type 1 diabetes and 10 matched controls participated in the expedition. Both groups were evaluated before and after 4 h of trekking for vital indices, blood gases, acute mountain sickness, and metabolic control at 0, 3700, and 5800 m. RESULTS: No difference between the groups was observed in acute mountain sickness scores. There was a progressive elevation in basal heart rates in both groups at increasing altitude while no changes were observed in mean blood pressures. After the 3 h of trekking, a significant increase in heart rate was observed in the controls at 0 m whereas a significant decrease in blood pressure was observed at higher altitude only in controls. HbA1c levels were worse after the expedition in both groups. A progressive increase in insulin requirement was observed in subjects with Type 1 diabetes (38 +/- 6 U x d(-1) at 0 m to 51 +/- 6 at 4200 m, P < 0.001). At an altitude of 5800 m, there was a significant increase in blood lactate concentration, independently of the activity level in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: At extreme altitude, highly motivated trekkers with Type 1 diabetes but free from long-term complications present metabolic and cardiovascular parameters comparable with those of control subjects despite a worsening in metabolic control. This type of physical activity must be accompanied by careful glucose monitoring.