RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of statin treatment to reduce coronary events and mortality has been hardly examined considering goals of LDL-C. We aimed to analyse such association in secondary cardiovascular prevention. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of electronic health records from the SIDIAP database, Catalonia-Spain. Recruitment period was from 2006 to 2017 and study period finished at the end of 2018. We included 54,175 people aged ≥35 years in cardiovascular secondary prevention starting statin treatment. We analysed the association of achieved LDL-C goals after statin initiation with coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Mean age was 69 years and 20,146 (37.2%) were women. Coronary heart disease occurred in 5687 (10.5%) participants, and 10,676 (19.7%) persons passed away. Median follow-up lasted 5.7 years (interquartile range, 3.4-8.1). The coronary heart disease HRs (95% CI) for the LDL-C goals of 70-100, <70-55 and <55 mg/dL were .86 (.81-.92), .83 (.76-.9) and .8 (.72-.88), respectively. They were .89 (.83-.96) in the group with 30%-40% reduction and .86 (.8-.93) in the groups with 40%-50% and ≥50% reduction. We observed no association with mortality. We observed no relevant differences by sex or age. CONCLUSIONS: This population-level retrospective analysis of real-world data observed that treatment with statins is effective to achieve certain LDL-C goals and CHD reduction. The lack of significant difference between LDL-C goals needs confirmation in additional studies with real-world data. The LDL-C target should consider the magnitude of the decrease in coronary events.
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LDL-Colesterol , Enfermedad Coronaria , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas , Prevención Secundaria , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , LDL-Colesterol/efectos de los fármacos , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedad Coronaria/prevención & control , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , España/epidemiología , Causas de Muerte , ObjetivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular health has been associated with dementia onset, but little is known about the variation of such association by sex and age considering dementia subtypes. We assessed the role of sex and age in the association between cardiovascular risk and the onset of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia in people aged 50-74 years. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study covering 922.973 Catalans who attended the primary care services of the Catalan Health Institute (Spain). Data were obtained from the System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP database). Exposure was the cardiovascular risk (CVR) at baseline categorized into four levels of Framingham-REGICOR score (FRS): low (FRS < 5%), low-intermediate (5% ≤ FRS < 7.5%), high-intermediate (7.5% ≤ FRS < 10%), high (FRS ≥ 10%), and one group with previous vascular disease. Cases of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease were identified using validated algorithms, and cases of vascular dementia were identified by diagnostic codes. We fitted stratified Cox models using age parametrized as b-Spline. RESULTS: A total of 51,454 incident cases of all-cause dementia were recorded over a mean follow-up of 12.7 years. The hazard ratios in the low-intermediate and high FRS groups were 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.15) and 1.55 (1.50-1.60) for all-cause dementia; 1.07 (1.03-1.11) and 1.17 (1.11-1.24) for Alzheimer's disease; and 1.34 (1.21-1.50) and 1.90 (1.67-2.16) for vascular dementia. These associations were stronger in women and in midlife compared to later life in all dementia types. Women with a high Framingham-REGICOR score presented a similar risk of developing dementia - of any type - to women who had previous vascular disease, and at age 50-55, they showed three times higher risk of developing dementia risk compared to the lowest Framingham-REGICOR group. CONCLUSIONS: We found a doseâresponse association between the Framingham-REGICOR score and the onset of all dementia types. Poor cardiovascular health in midlife increased the onset of all dementia types later in life, especially in women.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Demencia Vascular , Pueblo Europeo , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Demencia Vascular/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Masculino , AncianoRESUMEN
AIM: The concept of risk age may help overcome an excessive weight of age in cardiovascular risk functions. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of risk age with arterial stiffness by comparing people with increased risk age and individuals with the same chronological and risk age. In order to materialize this aim, we categorized individuals based on cardiovascular risk and compared groups with increased risk factors (other than age) and groups with normal levels. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional population-level study carried out in Girona province within the context of the REGICOR study (Girona Heart Registry). In this study, individuals aged 35-90 years who had a brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement and with no previous cardiovascular disease or peripheral arterial disease were included. Cardiovascular risk was estimated with the FRESCO (in 35-79 year-olds), SCORE2 (in 35-69 year-olds), and SCORE2-OP (in 70-90 year-olds) functions and categorized to calculate and compare (in each category) the median chronological age in the group with increased risk factors and the reference. Arterial stiffness was assessed with the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). The analyses were carried out separately by sex. RESULTS: In this study, 2499 individuals were included, with a mean age of 59.7 and 46.9% of men. Men presented worse health condition, including a higher mean cardiovascular disease risk score. Both men and women with increased levels of risk factors showed worse health condition than the respective men and women with optimal levels. In each risk category, the groups with higher risk age than chronological age (increased risk factors) were similar in baPWV values to the groups with the same chronological and risk ages (reference), who were consistently older. CONCLUSIONS: In categories with the same cardiovascular risk, the arterial stiffness of participants with a higher risk factor burden (increased risk age) matched that of older participants with the rest of the risk factors at optimal levels (same chronological and risk age). These results support the guidelines on the utilization of risk age to explain heightened cardiovascular risk, particularly among individuals in middle age.
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Índice Tobillo Braquial , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Rigidez Vascular/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Transversales , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Factores de Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Objetivo: determinar el impacto del confinamiento domiciliario por la pandemia de COVID-19 sobre el control de la hemoglobina glicosilada (Hb1Ac) y el riesgo cardiovascular de personas diabéticas residentes en una zona rural de Cataluña, así como su autopercepción del control de la enfermedad.Método: estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo con personas diagnosticadas de DM2 usuarias de los servicios de Atención Primaria del Institut Català de la Salut, en el área rural del Ripollés (Cataluña, España). Se recogieron datos de la historia clínica sobre: Hb1Ac, riesgo cardiovascular (según la ecuación Framingham-REGICOR), edad, sexo, tabaquismo, tensión arterial, peso, índice de masa corporal y variables bioquímicas; tanto antes como después del confinamiento y se compararon. Además, se les administró un cuestionario ad hoc sobre salud autopercibida.Resultados: participaron N= 233 personas con una edad media de 69,8 (DE: 10) años, mayoritariamente hombres (56,2%) y no fumadores (90,3%). El 46,3% tenía un buen control de Hb1Ac preconfinamiento que aumentó al 48,1% (p= 0,555). No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre el promedio de HbA1c antes (7,26; DE: 1,17) y después (7,28; DE:1,23) del confinamiento. La mayoría de los participantes tenía un riesgo cardiovascular medio (51,4%) o alto (25,7%) y aumentó 0,11 puntos posconfinamiento (p= 0,307). El 18% de los encuestados (N= 42) percibió un empeoramiento del control de la DM2 tras el confinamiento, principalmente debido al sedentarismo (42,8%) y a cambios en la dieta (21,4%).Conclusiones: el confinamiento no generó impacto en los niveles de Hb1Ac en el riesgo cardiovascular, ni en la autopercepción del manejo de la DM2 de los pacientes con diabetes de un área rural.(AU)
Objective: to determine the impact of home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the control of glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) and cardiovascular risk in diabetic persons living in a rural area of Catalonia, as well as their self-perception of disease controlMethod: a descriptive longitudinal retrospective study with persons diagnosed with T2D and users of the Primary Care services of the Institut Català de la Salut, in the rural area of Ripollés (Catalonia, Spain). Data were collected from clinical records about: Hb1Ac, cardiovascular risk (according to the Framingham-REGICOR equation), age, gender, smoking, blood pressure, weight, body mass index and biochemical variables, both before and after lockdown; and they were compared. Besides, an ad hoc questionnaire on self-perceived health was administered.Results: the study included N= 233 persons with a mean age of 69.8 (SD: 10) years, mostly male (56.2%) and non-smoking (90.3%). Of these, 46.3% had good control of their Hb1Ac before the confinement, which increased to 48.1% (p= 0.555). No significant differences were detected between the average HbA1c before (7.26; SD: 1.17) and after the confinement (7.28; SD:1.23). The majority of participants had medium (51.4%) or high cardiovascular risk (25.7%), and this increased by 0.11 points post-confinement (p= 0.307). There was a perception of worsening in their T2D after the confinement by 18% of participants (N= 42), mainly due to sedentarism (42.8%) and changes in their diet (21.4%).Conclusions: lockdown did not generate any impact on Hb1Ac levels in cardiovascular risk, or in the self-perception of T2D management of patients with diabetes in a rural area.(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Pandemias , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Aislamiento Social , Medio Rural , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enfermería , España , Enfermería , Atención Primaria de Salud , Estudios Retrospectivos , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Longitudinales , Enfermería Rural , Hemoglobina GlucadaRESUMEN
Objective: The representativeness of participants is crucial to ensure external validity of clinical trials. We focused on the randomized clinical trials which assessed COVID-19 vaccines to assess the reporting of age, sex, gender identity, race, ethnicity, obesity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status in the results (description of the participants' characteristics, loss of follow-up, stratification of efficacy and safety results). Methods: We searched the following databases for randomized clinical trials published before 1st February 2022: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Excerpta Medica. We included peer-reviewed articles written in English or Spanish. Four researchers used the Rayyan platform to filter citations, first reading the title and abstract, and then accessing the full text. Articles were excluded if both reviewers agreed, or if a third reviewer decided to discard them. Results: Sixty three articles were included, which assessed 20 different vaccines, mainly in phase 2 or 3. When describing the participants' characteristics, all the studies reported sex or gender, 73.0% race, ethnicity, 68.9% age groups, and 22.2% obesity. Only one article described the age of participants lost to follow-up. Efficacy results were stratified by age in 61.9%, sex or gender in 26.9%, race and/or, ethnicity in 9.5%, and obesity in 4.8% of the articles. Safety results were stratified by age in 41.0%, and by sex or gender in 7.9% of the analysis. Reporting of gender identity, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status of participants was rare. Parity was reached in 49.2% of the studies, and sex-specific outcomes were mentioned in 22.9% of the analysis, most of the latter were related to females' health. Conclusions: Axes of social inequity other than age and sex were hardly reported in randomized clinical trials that assessed COVID-19 vaccines. This undermines their representativeness and external validity and sustains health inequities.
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COVID-19 , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Diversidad, Equidad e Inclusión , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Etnicidad , Identidad de GéneroRESUMEN
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease that has a prevalence of approximately 1/250 inhabitants and is the most frequent cause of early coronary heart disease (CHD). We included 1.343.973 women and 1.210.671 men with at least one LDL-c measurement from the Catalan primary care database. We identified 14.699 subjects with Familial hypercholesterolemia-Phenotype (FH-P) based on LDL-c cut-off points by age (7.033 and 919 women, and 5.088 and 1659 men in primary and secondary prevention, respectively). Lipid lower therapy (LLT), medication possession ratio (MPR) as an indicator of adherence, and number of patients that reached their goal on lipid levels were compared by sex. In primary and secondary prevention, 69% and 54% of women (P = 0.001) and 64% and 51% of men (P = 0.001) were on low-to-moderate-potency LLT. Adherence to LLT was reduced in women older than 55 years, especially in secondary prevention (P = 0.03), where the percentage of women and men with LDL-c > 1.81 mmol/L were 99.9% and 98.9%, respectively (P = 0.001). Women with FH-P are less often treated with high-intensity LLT, less adherent to LLT, and have a lower probability of meeting their LDL-c goals than men, especially in secondary prevention.
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Enfermedad Coronaria , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II , Femenino , Humanos , LDL-Colesterol/genética , Enfermedad Coronaria/epidemiología , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/epidemiología , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/complicaciones , Fenotipo , MasculinoRESUMEN
There is an ongoing debate on the implementation of the COVID-19 passport throughout Europe. We sought to build and test a feasible prevention strategy to ensure low SARS-CoV transmission risk in public events. We conducted a non-randomised controlled study. The intervention group obtained a confidential digital certificate of very low capacity for transmitting SARS-CoV-2 and attended socio-cultural events in Girona (Spain) between 1 April and 21 May 2021. The primary care services and a network of pharmacies cooperated in providing the certification. A group of non-attendees was randomly selected from pseudonymised health records as controls. We estimated the incidences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and recorded the challenges in the process. Follow-up was complete for 1351 participants, who were matched with 4050 controls. Mean age of the study population was 31.1 years, and 53% of participants were women. Incidence rates of SARS-CoV infection at 14 days in the group of attendees and non-attendees were 15.9 and 17.7 per 100,000 person-days, respectively; the difference between incidences was - 1.8 (95% CI - 22.8, 19.3). Implementation problems were minor, and 89.2% of respondents to a survey were satisfied with the process. The incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection was not different in the intervention and control groups. These results are in favour of establishing a COVID-19 certificate to attend public events, and connote feasibility of implementation at a population level.
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COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/transmisión , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , España/epidemiología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Objetivo: Describir la financiación pública a proyectos de investigación sobre salud LGTBIQ+ en España. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo observacional de alcance descriptivo. Se revisaron los proyectos concedidos en la convocatoria pública de Proyectos de Investigación en Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III entre 2013 y 2019. Se consultó el portal del Fondo de Investigación en Salud para identificar los proyectos de salud financiados que incluían, total o parcialmente, al colectivo LGTBIQ+ . Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de los proyectos LGTBIQ+ sobre el total de los proyectos financiados, así como los porcentajes por año de concesión, tema, población específica LGTBIQ+ y financiación recibida. Resultados: Solo el 0,4% (n=16) de los 4404 proyectos financiados y el 0,3% del presupuesto otorgado en la convocatoria incluyeron total o parcialmente al colectivo LGTBIQ+ . Los proyectos LGTBIQ+ se centraban mayoritariamente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (n=14) y en el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (n=11). El número de proyectos LGTBIQ+ financiados disminuyó entre 2013 (n=6) y 2019 (n=0). Conclusiones: En España, los proyectos de investigación sobre salud LGTBIQ+ financiados con fondos públicos son escasos. Los pocos estudios financiados se centran en hombres y en el VIH, por lo que no se genera suficiente conocimiento sobre otros temas o poblaciones específicas. Es necesario fomentar la investigación en salud de las personas LGTBIQ+ para mitigar las inequidades en salud, ofrecer servicios de salud inclusivos y mejorar la salud de tres millones de personas LGTBIQ+ residentes en España. (AU)
Objective: To describe the public funding of research on LGTBIQ+ health in Spain. Method: We conducted an observational and descriptive study. We sought research projects dealing with LGTBIQ+ health funded by the research projects grant from the Instituto Carlos III from 2013 to 2019. We consulted the webpage and the FIS portal and we identified projects that included LGTB community, totally or partially. We estimated the absolute and relative frequencies of LGTBIQ+ projects in relation to total funded projects; and we described the LGTBIQ+ funded projects by year of funding, topics, LGTBIQ+ subpopulation, or funding. Results: Only 0,4% (n=16) of 4404 funded projects included -totally or partially- LGTBIQ+ community, which represents only 0,3% of the funding. LGTBIQ+ projects mainly focused on men who have sex with men (n=14) and the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) (n=11). The number of funded LGTBIQ+ projects decreased from 2013 (n=6) to 2019 (n=0). Conclusions: Research projects on LGTBIQ+ health are scarce in Spain. Current funding for research on LGTBIQ+ health is insufficient to care for population other than HIV and men within LGTBIQ+ . There is a compelling necessity to promote the LGTBIQ+ health research to mitigate health disparities, to offer inclusive health services, and to improve healthcare of about 3 million LGTBIQ+ people living in Spain. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XXI , Financiación Gubernamental , Salud Pública , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Bisexualidad , Homosexualidad , Personas Transgénero , EspañaRESUMEN
Living in urban areas with abundant greenness might provide health benefits in general population. Literature suggests that sex/gender plays a role in the association between greenness and health outcomes. But the impact of greenness in populations with moderate to high cardiovascular risk, such as persons with diabetes, is still unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between urban greenness and myocardial infarction incidence in persons with type 2 diabetes in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), and seek potential gender/sex differences in this association. This retrospective cohort study is based on data from the System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP database). We used Cox models to estimate if a 0.01 increase in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at census tract level was associated to reduced risk of developing a myocardial infarction. Models were adjusted by demographic and clinical characteristics at individual level, and by environmental and socioeconomic variables at census tract level. Amongst 41,463 persons with diabetes and 154,803.85 person-years of follow-up, we observed 449 incident cases of acute myocardial infarction. For each 0.01 increment in NDVI the risk of developing a myocardial infarction decreased by 6% (Hazard Ratio, HR = 0.94; 95%CI, 0.89-0.99) in the population with diabetes. When stratifying by sex, we observed a significant association only in men (HR = 0.91; 95%CI, 0.86-0.97). People with diabetes living in urban greener areas might benefit from reduced cardiovascular risk, specially men. We observed sex/gender disparities, which could be related to different exposures and activities performed in green spaces between men and women. Further studies are needed to confirm sex/gender disparities between greenness exposure and cardiovascular outcomes. Our findings contribute to improve the health of people with diabetes who should be recommended to spent time and exercise in green areas.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Infarto del Miocardio , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Infarto del Miocardio/epidemiología , Parques Recreativos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A description of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection comparing the first and second waves could help adapt health services to manage this highly transmissible infection. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the epidemiology of individuals with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the characteristics of patients with a positive test comparing the first and second waves in Catalonia, Spain. METHODS: This study had 2 stages. First, we analyzed daily updated data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals from Girona (Catalonia). Second, we compared 2 retrospective cohorts of patients with a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2. The severity of patients with a positive test was defined by their admission to hospital, admission to intermediate respiratory care, admission to the intensive care unit, or death. The first wave was from March 1, 2020, to June 24, 2020, and the second wave was from June 25, 2020, to December 8, 2020. RESULTS: The numbers of tests and cases were lower in the first wave than in the second wave (26,096 tests and 3140 cases in the first wave versus 140,332 tests and 11,800 cases in the second wave), but the percentage of positive results was higher in the first wave than in the second wave (12.0% versus 8.4%). Among individuals with a positive diagnostic test, 818 needed hospitalization in the first wave and 680 in the second; however, the percentage of hospitalized individuals was higher in the first wave than in the second wave (26.1% versus 5.8%). The group that was not admitted to hospital included older people and those with a higher percentage of comorbidities in the first wave, whereas the characteristics of the groups admitted to hospital were more alike. CONCLUSIONS: Screening systems for SARS-CoV-2 infection were scarce during the first wave, but were more adequate during the second wave, reflecting the usefulness of surveillance systems to detect a high number of asymptomatic infected individuals and their contacts, to help control this pandemic. The characteristics of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first and second waves differed substantially; individuals in the first wave were older and had a worse health condition.
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COVID-19 , Anciano , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the public funding of research on LGTBIQ+health in Spain. METHOD: We conducted an observational and descriptive study. We sought research projects dealing with LGTBIQ+health funded by the research projects grant from the Instituto Carlos III from 2013 to 2019. We consulted the webpage and the FIS portal and we identified projects that included LGTB community, totally or partially. We estimated the absolute and relative frequencies of LGTBIQ+projects in relation to total funded projects; and we described the LGTBIQ+funded projects by year of funding, topics, LGTBIQ+subpopulation, or funding. RESULTS: Only 0,4% (n=16) of 4404 funded projects included -totally or partially- LGTBIQ+community, which represents only 0,3% of the funding. LGTBIQ+projects mainly focused on men who have sex with men (n=14) and the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) (n=11). The number of funded LGTBIQ+projects decreased from 2013 (n=6) to 2019 (n=0). CONCLUSIONS: Research projects on LGTBIQ+health are scarce in Spain. Current funding for research on LGTBIQ+health is insufficient to care for population other than HIV and men within LGTBIQ+. There is a compelling necessity to promote the LGTBIQ+health research to mitigate health disparities, to offer inclusive health services, and to improve healthcare of about 3 million LGTBIQ+people living in Spain.
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Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , EspañaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The impact of extreme diurnal temperature range (DTR) on cardiovascular morbidity in Mediterranean regions remains uncertain. We aimed to analyse the impact of extreme low DTR (stable temperature) or high DTR (changeable temperature) on cardiovascular hospitalisations in Catalonia (Southern Europe). METHODS: We conducted a self-controlled case series study using whole-year data from the System for the Development of Research in Primary Care database and 153 weather stations from the Catalan Meteorological Service. The outcome was first emergency hospitalisation. Monthly DTR percentiles were used to define extreme DTR as low (DTR
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Temperatura , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estaciones del Año , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The analysis of real-world data in clinical research is rising, but its use to study dementia subtypes has been hardly addressed. We hypothesized that real-world data might be a powerful tool to update AD epidemiology at a lower cost than face-to-face studies, to estimate the prevalence and incidence rates of AD in Catalonia (Southern Europe), and to assess the adequacy of real-world data routinely collected in primary care settings for epidemiological research on AD. METHODS: We obtained data from the System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database, which contains anonymized information of > 80% of the Catalan population. We estimated crude and standardized incidence rates and prevalences (95% confidence intervals (CI)) of AD in people aged at least 65 years living in Catalonia in 2016. RESULTS: Age- and sex-standardized prevalence and incidence rate of AD were 3.1% (95%CI 2.7-3.6) and 4.2 per 1000 person-years (95%CI 3.8-4.6), respectively. Prevalence and incidence were higher in women and in the oldest people. CONCLUSIONS: Our incidence and prevalence estimations were slightly lower than the recent face-to-face studies conducted in Spain and higher than other analyses of electronic health data from other European populations. Real-world data routinely collected in primary care settings could be a powerful tool to study the epidemiology of AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Prevalencia , Atención Primaria de Salud , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The ROADMAP project aimed to provide an integrated overview of European real-world data on Alzheimer's disease (AD) across the disease spectrum. METHODS: Metadata were identified from data sources in catalogs of European AD projects. Priority outcomes for different stakeholders were identified through systematic literature review, patient and public consultations, and stakeholder surveys. RESULTS: Information about 66 data sources and 13 outcome domains were integrated into a Data Cube. Gap analysis identified cognitive ability, functional ability/independence, behavioral/neuropsychiatric symptoms, treatment, comorbidities, and mortality as the outcomes collected most. Data were most lacking in caregiver-related outcomes. In general, electronic health records covered a broader, less detailed data spectrum than research cohorts. DISCUSSION: This integrated real-world AD data overview provides an intuitive visual model that facilitates initial assessment and identification of gaps in relevant outcomes data to inform future prospective data collection and matching of data sources and outcomes against research protocols.
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Actividades Cotidianas , Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/psicología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/terapia , Comorbilidad , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Participación de los InteresadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the association of categorized ankle-brachial index (ABI) with mortality and complications of diabetes in persons with no symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and in primary cardiovascular disease prevention. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of persons with type 2 diabetes aged 35-85 years, from 2006 to 2011. Data were obtained from the Sistema d'Informació per al Desenvolupament de la Investigació en Atenció Primària (SIDIAPQ). Participants had an ABI measurement that was classified into six categories. For each category of ABI, we assessed the incidence of mortality; macrovascular complications of diabetes: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic stroke, and a composite of these two; and microvascular complications of this metabolic condition: nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. We also estimated the HRs for these outcomes by ABI category using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Data from 34 689 persons with type 2 diabetes were included. The mean age was 66.2; 51.5% were men; and the median follow-up was 6.0 years. The outcome with the highest incidence was nephropathy, with 24.4 cases per 1000 person-years in the reference category of 1.1≤ABI≤1.3. The incidences in this category for mortality and AMI were 15.4 and 4.1, respectively. In the Cox models, low ABI was associated with increased risk and was significant from ABI lower than 0.9; below this level, the risk kept increasing steeply. High ABI (over 1.3) was also associated with significant increased risk for most outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The studied categories of ABI were associated with different risks of type 2 diabetes complications in persons asymptomatic for PAD, who were in primary cardiovascular prevention. These findings could be useful to optimize preventive interventions according to the ABI category in this population.
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Índice Tobillo Braquial , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/mortalidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Assessment of individual cardiovascular risk, distinguishing primary and secondary prevention, would improve the clinical management of the population with familial hypercholesterolemia. We aimed to develop and validate two risk functions to predict incident and recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in a primary care-based population with familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype (FHP), and to compare their predictive capacity with that of the SpAnish Familial hypErcHolEsterolemiA cohoRT (SAFEHEART) risk equation (SAFEHEART-RE). METHODS: Data from the Catalan primary care system database (SIDIAP) of patients ≥18 years old with FHP in 2006-2013 were used to develop and validate two risk functions to predict incident and recurrent ASCVD. A validation dataset was also used to compare the model predictive capacity to that of SAFEHEART-RE. RESULTS: The new model (SIDIAP-FHP) included age, diabetes, smoking, sex (male), hypertension, and baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the primary prevention cohort and age, diabetes, smoking, and disease characteristics (progressive, recent, polyvascular, or included myocardial infarction) in the secondary prevention cohort. The models demonstrated a fair fit: C-Statistic: 0.71 (95%CI:0.68-0.75) in primary prevention and 0.65 (95%CI:0.60-0.70) in secondary prevention (higher than that of SAFEHEART-RE: 0.64 [95%CI:0.60-0.68] and 0.55 [95%CI:0.51-0.59], respectively; both pâ¯<â¯0.01). The Brier scores obtained with the SIDIAP-FHP score were significantly lower than that obtained with SAFEHEART-RE in both the primary and secondary prevention cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The SIDIAP-FHP score provides accurate ASCVD risk estimates for primary and secondary prevention in the FHP population, with better predictive capacity than that of SAFEHEART-RE in this general population, especially in persons with previous ASCVD.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Aterosclerosis/etiología , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/complicaciones , Modelos Estadísticos , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Electronic health records (EHR) from primary care are emerging in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, but their accuracy is a concern. We aimed to validate AD diagnoses from primary care using additional information provided by general practitioners (GPs), and a register of dementias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study obtained data from the System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP). Three algorithms combined International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes to identify AD cases in SIDIAP. GPs evaluated dementia diagnoses by means of an online survey. We linked data from the Register of Dementias of Girona and from SIDIAP. We estimated the positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity and provided results stratified by age, sex and severity. RESULTS: Using survey data from the GPs, PPV of AD diagnosis was 89.8% (95% CI: 84.7-94.9). Using the dataset linkage, PPV was 74.8 (95% CI: 73.1-76.4) for algorithm A1 (AD diagnoses), and 72.3 (95% CI: 70.7-73.9) for algorithm A3 (diagnosed or treated patients without previous conditions); sensitivity was 71.4 (95% CI: 69.6-73.0) and 83.3 (95% CI: 81.8-84.6) for algorithms A1 (AD diagnoses) and A3, respectively. Stratified results did not differ by age, but PPV and sensitivity estimates decreased amongst men and severe patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PPV estimates differed depending on the gold standard. The development of algorithms integrating diagnoses and treatment of dementia improved the AD case ascertainment. PPV and sensitivity estimates were high and indicated that AD codes recorded in a large primary care database were sufficiently accurate for research purposes.
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BACKGROUND: Knowledge on survival after diagnosis is important for all stakeholders. We aimed to estimate the survival and life expectancy after a dementia diagnosis, and to quantify the impact of dementia subtypes on mortality. METHODS: Retrospective matched cohort study using a linkage between a dementia-specific registry and two primary care electronic medical records databases. Between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2015 there were 5,156 subjects aged 60 years and over registered by the Registry of Dementia of Girona and matched to 15,468 age-sex and comorbidity individuals without dementia attended by general practitioners in the province of Girona (Catalonia, Spain). RESULTS: The median survival was 5.2 years (95% CI 5.0 to 5.4), the median life expectancy was 74.7 years (95% CI 71.9 to 76.5), and there were differences by gender. The mortality rate was 127.1 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 121.6 to 132.7), and the hazard ratio for mortality in persons with dementia ranged between 1.63 (95% CI 1.52 to 1.76) for Alzheimer's disease and 2.52 (95% CI 1.90 to 3.35) for Parkinson-plus syndromes. There was one death per year attributable to dementia for every 18.6 persons with dementia, and for every 2.4 persons with dementia who die, one death was attributable to dementia. CONCLUSION: The prognosis after dementia diagnosis is conditioned by demographic and clinical features. Although survival is larger for women, they also experience a higher number of years of life lost. Parkinson-plus syndromes and dementia due to multiple etiologies are among the most malignant subtypes regarding mortality.
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In the statin era, the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has not been updated. We aimed to determine the incidence of ASCVD in patients with FH-phenotype (FH-P) and to compare it with that of normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Database of the Catalan primary care system, including ≥18-year-old patients with an LDL-C measurement. From 1,589,264 patients available before 2009, 12,823 fulfilled FH-P criteria and 514,176 patients were normolipidemic (LDL-C < 115 mg/dL). In primary prevention, patients with FH-P had incidences of ASCVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) of 14.9/1000 and 5.8/1000 person-years, respectively, compared to 7.1/1000 and 2.1/1000 person-years in the normolipidemic group. FH-P showed hazard ratio (HR) of 7.1 and 16.7 for ASCVD and CHD, respectively, in patients younger than 35 years. In secondary prevention, patients with FH-P had incidences of ASCVD and CHD of 89.7/1000 and 34.5/1000 person-years, respectively, compared to 90.9/1000 and 28.2/1000 person-years in the normolipidemic group (HR in patients younger than 35 years: 2.4 and 6.0). In the statin era, FH-P remains associated with high cardiovascular risk, compared with the normolipidemic population. This excess of risk is markedly high in young individuals.