[The nutrition of population of Russia from public health position: international recommendation practice].

The Member States of the United Nations, while planning and implementing concrete measures to protect citizens health, nutrition included, experience need in sharing best practices and in coordinated recommendations, relevant to common actual challenges. The article analyzes and systematizes main official documents of the leading international organizations in the field of population nutrition from the standpoint of public health and health care in dynamics more than over 70 years. The particular emphasis is made on their implementation to adolescents and youths aged 10-24 years, who need risk approach application in resolving their urgent nutritional problems, in relationship with influencing environmental factors, lifestyle, bad habits, physical activity, etc. The policies, programs and other documents that are currently implementing in the area of numerous problems associated with malnutrition, promote adoption of their own commitments, which must be relevant, achievable, specific, time-bound, measurable. In this regard, adopted and implemented leading national documents in this area are analyzed. The practicability of implementation of the UN and WHO recommendations with their adaptation to multiple-aspect specifics of the country, as well as need in prolonging research in this area are demonstrated.

[Gliadomorphin, casomorphin, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein in children with autism spectrum disorders].

Diet therapy for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains one of the most popular alternative therapies. despite conflicting opinions regarding the effectiveness of the dietary approach. According to the theory of exorphin intoxication, gluten and casein peptides enter the bloodstream through the mucous membrane of the small intestine, penetrate the blood-brain barrier and affect the neurons of the cerebral cortex. The wellknown hypothesis of the relationship between autism and gluten intolerance is based on this theory. The aim of this work was to study the correlation between the blood concentration of intestinal fatty acid - binding protein (I-FABP) and gliadomorphin and casomorphin as markers of opioid intoxication, depending on the use of diet therapy in children with ASD. Material and methods. The study included 85 patients aged 3 to 15 years with an established diagnosis of ASD. The first group consisted of 36 children who followed a gluten-free diet (GFD) for at least 6 months, 3 of them also followed a casein-free diet (CFD), the second group included 49 patients with ASD who had no dietary restrictions. The concentration of I-FABP, gliadomorphin, and casomorphin in the blood serum was determined by enzyme immunoassay in all patients. Results. In children with ASD who followed GDD, the average values of the studied parameters were significantly lower than in patients with ASD who have no dietary restrictions: gliadomorphine - 0.98±1.27 vs 1.68±0.97 ng/ml, casomorphine - 1.62± 0.76 vs 2.37±0.53 pg/ml, I-FABP - 156.2±102.16 vs 528.26±255.95 pg/ml (p0.01). In patients with ASD using diet therapy, there was a significant increase in gliadomorifin (r=0.64, p=0.0001) and casomorphin (r=0.53, p=0.001) with an increase in I-FABP. In children with ASD, not adhering GFD, there was also an increase in blood gliadomorphin (r=0.30, p=0.036) with an increase in I-FABP level; this trend was not observed relative to casomorphin (r=-0.0050, p=0.973). Perhaps, with the expansion of the sample, this pattern will also be observed in children who are on a regular diet. Conclusion. When including diet therapy in the therapeutic treatment of autism, it is necessary to take into account the individual intolerance to gluten and casein, conduct additional examinations in order to specify the nature of the intolerance and the need to prescribe a diet.

[Gluten-free diet in the treatment of extra-intestinal forms of gluten intolerance].

Following a gluten-free diet is recommended by clinical guidelines in the presence of gluten intolerance. However, due to the variety of clinical picture of various forms of intolerance, the elimination of gluten occurs not always timely. There are also diseases that classic treatment regimen does not include diet therapy, however, studies have confirmed the effectiveness of its use. The aim of the research - to study current data on the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet for extra-intestinal manifestations of gluten intolerance. Material and methods. Literature data concerning the effectiveness of including a gluten-free diet in the treatment of various diseases according to the PubMed and eLIBRARY portal were studied. Results. Modern data on the forms of gluten intolerance and their clinical manifestations are presented. The results of both randomized studies and individual clinical cases of gluten intolerance that occurred under the guise of other diseases are presented. A clinical case of an acute onset of the disease - celiac crisis, accompanied by acute diarrheal syndrome with subsequent malabsorption and progressive loss of body weight, anasarca and electrolyte disorders is considered. Neurological and psycho-neurological manifestations of celiac disease are described, including current data on the results of including a glutenfree diet in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. The question of using dietary therapy for autism remains controversial to nowadays. The article outlines the arguments of supporters and opponents of excluding gluten in this pathology. Particular attention is paid to the diagnosis of gluten intolerance in patients with hematological disorders. The significance of a complete survey to identify celiac disease and timely diet therapy of the disease under stunted growth in children, after excluding other causes of malabsorption and even in the presence of negative serological markers of celiac disease is shown. The article also contains information on the pathology of kidneys and reproductive system, which were leveled only after the exclusion of gluten from the diet. Conclusion. The presented cases demonstrate a wide variety of clinical forms of gluten intolerance, examples of diagnostic search and dynamics of the clinical picture with the timely appointment of a gluten-free diet are given.

[Frequency of determining markers of casein's inhability and gluten in children with disorders of autistic spectrum].

The most optimal approach to the problem of managing children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a complex one that involves a pediatric gastroenterologist, a nutritionist, a neurologist, a psychiatrist. Currently, there are studies that confirm the effectiveness of diet in the correction of neuropsychiatric status and gastroenterological disorders in ASD. Evidence supporting the therapeutic value of diets is limited and inconclusive. Diet therapy should be used only if food allergy or gluten or casein intolerance is diagnosed. Aim. To study the frequency of detection of markers of gluten and casein intolerance in children with ASD. Material and methods. The study involved 51 children (39 boys and 12 girls) aged 3 to 15 years with a diagnosis of ASD. Among the study participants, 20 children used gluten-free diet and casein-free diet for more than 6 months. The material for the study was venous blood taken from the elbow vein in the morning on an empty stomach. Determination of specific IgG-antibodies to casein and gliadin, IgA-antibodies to deamidized gliadin peptides was carried out by enzyme immunoassay. The level of total IgA to exclude selective deficiency was also determined. Results and discussion. Most children with ASD (79.5%) had increased levels of specific IgG antibodies to casein. The increase in IgG antigliadin antibodies was determined in 19.3% of children who do not follow a gluten-free diet, and antibodies to deamidized gliadin Ig peptides were not detected in any patient. Gluten intolerance in children with ASD is characterized by sensitivity to it and occurs in 40-50%. Conclusion. According to the literature and the results of own studies, some children with ASD have gluten and casein intolerance. Before the appointment of diet therapy for children with ASD, it is necessary to conduct a survey to clarify the nature of intolerance and the choice of optimal tactics of diet therapy.

Hygienic Requirements of Urban Living Environment in the Russian Federation and in Italy: a comparison.

AIM: Urban planning tries to contain and regulate the uncontrolled growth of cities, encouraging their sustainable development at environmental, social and health levels. In the present work, the authors compare the regulatory frameworks of the Russian Federation and of Italy, with particular attention paid to the urban aspects of living spaces. METHODS: Considering the extant normative production in the two countries, the authors examine national legislation for Italy and federal legislation for Russia, mainly taking into account the following aspects: urban planning tools and environmental and sanitary protection of living spaces. RESULTS: Hygienic-sanitary requirements regarding living environment in Russia are essentially expressed by two regulatory systems (SNiP and SanPiN), while in Italy they are regulated by the D.M. 07/05/1975. The main principles of urban planning in Russia are expressed by federal standards, while in Italy they are incorporated in the Municipal General Plan (PRG) and in the various local regulations, where all the superordinate regulations are summarized. Finally, aspects related to environmental quality in both countries are governed by various specific laws (federal and state); a complex system of rules that take into account potential impacts on health and the environment. CONCLUSIONS: The authors reckon that clear and updated regulatory tools should be developed, especially in Italy that lags behind, regarding the building and urban hygiene, relying on the most recent acquisitions of international scientific literature in order to guarantee the highest standards in Public Health safeguard.

Modification of graphene oxide films by radiofrequency N2 plasma.

The effect of treatment in nitrogen plasma on the properties of partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was studied. A comparison is made between two different sample locations in the reaction chamber. It is shown that in the case when rGO films were turned towards the inductor of the plasma system, the etching rate is much higher. Effective nitrogen functionalization of rGO was established in the second position, when the rGO films were turned in the opposite direction. In this case, the nitrogen content increases to 5 at% of the initial value. The change in the current-voltage characteristics is observed under illumination, which is independent of the wavelength. On and off daylight changes the resistance to 30% of the initial value. The magnitude of the photocurrent increases depending on the applied voltage. The effect is most noticeable for thin rGO films 10-15 nm in thickness.

[Assessment of the risk of malnutrition in the older age group of the Voronezh Region].

Modern scientific data indicate the widespread use in European countries of questioning in assessing the nutritional status of patients. The use of questionnaires in medical practice allows the doctor to reduce the time to collect anamnesis, to place emphasis on building a further algorithm of diagnosis and treatment. The article is devoted to the study of the nutritional status of elderly people in the city of Voronezh and the Region; determining the risk of malnutrition syndrome. The work involved 166 people aged 60 to 89 years. The average age of the respondents was 69.4±7.2 years. The main part of the participants consisted of urban population, the predominance of urban population over rural was more than 2 fold (67.5 to 32.5% respectively). 72.3% of respondents were female, 27.7% - male. At the same time, the share of urban population among female participants was almost 2 fold more than in rural areas (64.2 to 35.8%). For men, the urban population was more than 3 fold than the rural population (76.1 to 23.9%). Methods of registration of anthropometric data, collection of anamnesis and data from the outpatient card, questioning have been used in the work. A questionnaire «Mini Nutritional Assessment¼ (MNA) have been used for the evaluation of nutrition. Study design: a retrospective study. In the course of the work it was determined that only 1.8% of the surveyed patients have the syndrome of malnutrition. However, the risk of its development was revealed in 46.6% of patients. Older people living in the city had a statistically significantly higher risk of developing malnutrition (p<0.05) than the villagers.

Graphene-based humidity sensors: the origin of alternating resistance change.

The response of a graphene-based humidity sensor is considered as a function of film structures. Analysis of the resistance changes due to water molecule adsorption on the graphene or multi-layer graphene (MLG) surface is performed for films with different structures and resistivities from hundreds of ohms/sq to hundreds of kilo-ohms/sq. The results revealed possible increase, decrease and non-monotonous behavior of resistance with changes in film structure. Adsorption of water molecules at grain boundary defects is assumed to lead to an increase in film resistivity due to the donor property of water and the p-type conductivity of graphene. Another type of conductive center with a higher capture cross-section is realized in the case of water molecule adsorption at edge defects in MLG films (the formation of conductive chains with ionic conductivity). If these chains form a continuous network the film resistivity decreases. The result of the competition between the opposite effects of the conductivity compensation and formation of the water-based conductive chains depends on the film structure and determines the response of humidity sensors. Sensor sensitivity is found to increase when only one type of defect determines water adsorption (edge defects or grain boundary defects).

[Gingerbreads of enhanced nutritional value with the non-traditional raw materials].

The results of the research on quality indicators and nutritional value of gingerbreads made from non-traditional raw materials are presented. The flour from whole-hulled chickpea seeds, whole-wheat flour, flour from the buckwheat bran and mustard oil has been used. Non-traditional types of flour were added in the form of flour composite mixture instead of wheat flour (50%) according to the recipe of glazed gingerbread, mustard oil - 8% to the total weight flour. It has been shown that the usage of unconventional materials can improve the organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters, increase the antioxidant activity, and enhance the nutritional value of gingerbreads produced according to GOST 15810-2014. It has been found that the consumption of 100 g of enriched gingerbread products satisfied the average daily requirement of protein by 10%, fat by 2-6%, carbohydrates by 19%, dietary fiber by 14%, calcium, potassium and selenium by 5-8%, magnesium, phosphorus and iron from 15 to 30%, vitamins B1, B2 and PP by 8-11%, vitamin E by 3-18%, essential amino acids from 9 to 20%.

Lighting requirements of dwellings: a comparison between Russian federation and Italy.

Good lighting is a key factor for indoor health and wellness. Hygienic regulations regarding illumination requirements have been elaborated much time ago and in different countries. The authors describe these requirements in Italy and in the Russian Federation, analysing their contents and issues and comparing them. The results show that the Russian ones are updated, more precise and complete. In conclusion, the authors stress the strong need for a revision and update of the specific Italian hygienic and sanitary regulations.

Influence of occupational risk factors on health of tire plant workers.

Analysis of health state in connection with work conditions for workers of Voronezh tire plant was based on evaluation of occupational and general morbidity according to medical examination data, hygienic characteristics of occupational factors and working process. Findings are high level of general morbidity among the workers, related to combined influence of physical and chemical occupational hazards. First rank places are occupied by locomotory system diseases (32.3%) and cardiovascular diseases (29.3%). Recommendations cover decrease of unfavorable effects of occupational hazards, minimization of occupational risks, including further improvement of work conditions and implementation of laboratory biochemical methods diagnosing premorbid conditions.

Analysis of foreign dissertations on hygiene (according to electronic resources Proquest Dissertations and Theses, 1992-2015).

Search in electronic resource ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (PQDT) found 12,813 dissertation works in hygiene, prepared in foreign universities in 1992-2015. Master's degree dissertations were 99.4%, doctor's degree - 0.6%, published in English - 97.2%. In US universities were prepared 67.7% of the works, in Canada - 30.9%, in other countries - 1.4%. No Russian dissertations were found in PQDT. General hygiene topics were studied in 27.5% of the works, communal hygiene - in 5.3%, industrial hygiene and occupational diseases - in 7%, pediatric hygiene - in 20%, nutrition hygiene - in 17.8%, radiation hygiene - in 0.7%, rural hygiene - in 12.5%, hospital hygiene - in 8.3%, military hygiene - in 0.9%. Electronic resource PQDT opens wide possibilities for scientists - 89.9% dissertations in hygiene contained complete texts.

Evaluation of work conditions and transitory disablement morbidity among paramedical personnel.

The studies revealed that work of paramedical personnel can be assigned to 2 jeopardy class in chemical factor, noise, vibration, illumination, work hardiness; in unfavorable parameters of microclimate in summer period and work intensity - to 3.1 class, in biologic factor - to 3.1-3.3 class. According to totality of factors, the work of paramedical personnel corresponds to 3.2-3.3 class of work conditions. Morbidity level of medical nurses is <> with minimal level of occupational risk. With that, more detailed analysis in 4 length of service groups revealed that in a group with over 15 years of service the morbidity level reaches high and extremely high (from 104.0 to 244.4 cases per 100 medical staffers). This evidence could be explained by exposure to occupational risk factors and worse health state with longer length of service and ageing.

[Study and methodology for research of the life quality in students].

In this article there is reported a comparative analysis of methodological approaches to the assessment of the quality of life. There are present results of studies of quality of life of young students, performed with the use of compared methodological approaches (questionnaires) and allowing to construct the evaluation approach to the study of the quality of life in students.

Hippocampal circuit dysfunction in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome.

Hippocampal pathology is likely to contribute to cognitive disability in Down syndrome, yet the neural network basis of this pathology and its contributions to different facets of cognitive impairment remain unclear. Here we report dysfunctional connectivity between dentate gyrus and CA3 networks in the transchromosomic Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome, demonstrating that ultrastructural abnormalities and impaired short-term plasticity at dentate gyrus-CA3 excitatory synapses culminate in impaired coding of new spatial information in CA3 and CA1 and disrupted behavior in vivo. These results highlight the vulnerability of dentate gyrus-CA3 networks to aberrant human chromosome 21 gene expression and delineate hippocampal circuit abnormalities likely to contribute to distinct cognitive phenotypes in Down syndrome.

[HYGIENE: STRUCTURE OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH STUDIES IN RUSSIA (2000-2014)].

There was analyzed the array of 1548 dissertations on the scientific specialty 14.02.01 (former specification 14.00.07) "Hygiene". Over period of 2000-2014 to the Dissertation Committee in Russia there were annually submitted (103 ± 10) theses, which include (21 ± 3) doctoral dissertations and (83 ± 8) candidate dissertations. Doctoral dissertations accounted for 20,1%, dissertations in medicine--89.3%. There was established not only the decline in the number of theses in hygiene, but the reduction of their proportion in the total array of all medical and biological dissertations in Russia. The conjugacy of the trend curves of the total stream of dissertations in medicine and biology in Russia and in hygiene is considered to be not very high (r = 0.54). In the total structure of dissertation works on General Hygiene accounted for 22.7%, Community Hygiene--15.45%, Occupational Hygiene--19.6%, Children's and Adolescents' Hygiene--24.7%, Nutrition Hygiene--8.2%, Radiation Hygiene--2.3%, in Rural Hygiene--1.2%, Hospital Hygiene-- 3.4%, Military Hygiene--2.3% correspondingly. There is pointed the development gap between the research studies in hygiene and tendency in training of high class health care professionals' in Russia.

[CRITICAL FACTORS OF THE LIFE QUALITY OF ADOLESCENTS].

There was performed the discussion of the shaping of the quality of life of adolescents. There are considered possibilities and problems of the determination of the quality of life. There are presented data of their own studies of adolescents with the use of anthropometric, psychometric and sociometric methods. It is proposed to consider the priority critical factors of life quality of adolescents the level of material well-being and psychological climate in the school, physical and social activity, behavioral risk factors.

[HYGIENIC ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS FOR DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE PROTEINS].

There was performed an estimation of the protein inanition and possibilities for its resolution by means of capture of plant sources. There were analyzed the composition and properties of domestic agricultural crops in comparison with soy and there are established prospects of their use in technology ofconcentration of the protein component.

[EVALUATION OF THE BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF IMMOBILIZED ON COLLAGEN CARRIER ANTIBIOTICS AND SILVER IONS IN PROVISION OF THE ASEPTIC STATE OF THE TISSUE WOUNDS].

In the treatment of tissue wounds practically all the time there is necessary the establishment of aseptic conditions in the area of the damaged tissue. In modern medical practice quite a while the use of materials on the basis of collagen aroused widespread. The aim of the study was an assessment the bacteriostatic properties both of collagenic substance with the antibiotics immobilized on it, and ions of silver also. The presence on a surface of collagen of a large number of active functional groups allow to use it as a matrix for an immobilization of various biologically active and medicinal agents. Authors performed an assessment of possibility of an immobilization of antibiotics on the collagenic carrier. The purpose of an immobilization was in the prolongation of the impact of an active component--Polymyxin-M or Gentamycin. Besides aseptic effect, availability of specific amino acids of collagen will promote the acceleration of the reparative processes in a wound. There were performed investigations on determination of bacteriostatic effect of immobilized on the protein carrier (collagen of hydrobionts) antibiotics, and silver ions also. Bacteriostatic effect was estimated by the disco--a diffusive method with use of E. coli as test culture. Results of the studies showed that the delivered preparation had bacteriostatic effect on the test culture. At that the area of a zone of a growth inhibition in case of the of use--Polymyxin was 1.3 time more than, than in case of the use of a preparation of Gentamycin. The obtained collagenic substances of an origin with the immobilized bacteriostatic components and ions of silver have considerable prospects and real opportunity in the delivery of aseptic preparations of a domestic production. Taking into account the available data in further there is planned the development of aseptic preparations with the occluded biologically active agents and nanoparticles of metals for providing an aseptics and acceleration the reparative processes in the treatment of open wounds.

[Some aspects of prevention activity of the teacher, directed to the improvement of the health of schoolchildren].

The problem of bottom quality of prevention work directed to the saving and strengthening the health of schoolchildren, today is a very urgent and requires a joint activity of the pedagogical and medical community. In the article there are presented data proving the feasibility of an active teacher's work on the formation of health saving space in a present school. Conspicuous is the interest of schoolchildren to the problems of a healthy lifestyle during performance of interesting preventive measures with them and as a result risk mitigation subsequently. At the same time, there was noted a low level of training teachers in various fields (including biologists) on specialized problems of the prevention of healthy lifestyles, which points to the need for introduction into the curricula of higher educational institutions additional modules on health saving, as well as conducting training courses involving health care workers as for teachers as parents.