Effects of glibenclamide and troxerutin on the sperm parameters and histopathological changes of testis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats: An experimental study.

Background: Oxidative stress is a major contributor to diabetes mellitus (DM), which leads to testicular damage and infertility. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glibenclamide (GL) as a chemical medicine and troxerutin (TR) as an herbal agent on sperm parameters and histopathological changes of testis in diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats (230-260 gr) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8/each), including control, diabetic (D), GL, TR, and GL+TR. DM was induced by the administration of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The groups were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of GL or 150 mg/kg/day of TR via oral gavage for 4 wk. In the final stage of the treatment, blood sampling was done for biochemical analysis. The rats were then sacrificed and their left testis and epididymis were dissected for sperm analysis, histopathology, and morphometric assessment. Results: A significant decrease in the number, motility, viability, maturity, and chromatin quality of sperm was found in diabetic rats compared to control group. (p < 0.001). DM also increased the malondialdehyde level and decreased the level of the serum's total antioxidant capacity compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we observed a significant difference in seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, and testicular histological abnormalities in diabetic rats compared to control group (p < 0.001). Administration of GL, TR, and their combination improved the above-mentioned parameters, and treatment with TR provided a higher improvement (p < 0.001). Conclusion: According to these findings, it can be concluded that TR plays a more influential role than GL to treat diabetic-induced infertility.

Curcumin alleviates restraint stress-induced learning and memory deficit and activity via modulation of biochemical, morphology changes, and apoptosis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

Restraint stress indicated induction of morphology, biochemistry, and behavioral impairments. Several investigations have reported that curcumin has a protective effect against stress disturbance. The present study is designed to investigate the effects of curcumin on learning and memory, activity, biochemical, morphology changes, and apoptosis in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of restraint stress rats. For chronic restraint stress, the rats were kept in the restrainers for 2.5 h per day for 21 consecutive days. The animals received the gavage of curcumin every other day for 21 days. After stress, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests. In restraint stress rats, locomotor activity and step-through latency were decreased using open field and shuttle box, respectively. Then, the rats were sacrificed to assess their serum and brains. A reduction was seen in the serum malonedialdehyde levels and number of neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The significantly decreased serum total antioxidant capacity levels and increased apoptotic cells were observed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Finally, curcumin inhibited and reversed the changes of stress induced in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the rats. These findings provided evidence for the protective effect of curcumin therapy on biochemical, morphology, and behavioral changes induced by restraint stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of liraglutide on sperm characteristics and fertilization potential following experimentally induced diabetes in mice.

The current study was conducted to analyze the dose-dependent effects of liraglutide against the diabetes-induced detrimental impact on sperm parameters and fertilization potential. For this purpose, 42 adult male mice were randomly divided into control (with no intervention) and experimental groups. Next, the experimental group was subdivided into diabetic, 1.20 mg kg-1 liraglutide-received diabetic, 1.80 mg kg-1 liraglutide-received diabetic, 1.20 mg kg-1 liraglutide-received non-diabetic and 1.80 mg kg-1 liraglutide-received non-diabetic groups. All chemicals were administrated subcutaneously. Following 42 days, the animals were euthanized, and sperm samples were collected. The sperm count, motility, viability, DNA integrity, and maturity were analyzed and compared between groups. Moreover, the sperm fertilization potential was investigated by in vitro fertilization (IVF). For this purpose, the preimplantation embryo development at 2-cell, 4-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages was investigated and compared. Observations revealed that diabetes significantly diminished sperm count, motility, viability, chromatin condensation, and DNA integrity percentages versus a control group. On the other hand, 1.20 mg kg-1 and 1.80 mg kg-1 of liraglutide did not improve sperm motility and viability, while ameliorated sperm count and chromatin condensation and DNA integrity in diabetic animals. The diabetic animals represented diminished preimplantation embryo development, which was not altered in liraglutide-received groups. In conclusion, at least in administrated doses, liraglutide could not improve the sperm viability and motility and, via this mechanism, could not induce an appropriate/beneficial effect on IVF outcome.

Effect of silymarin and metformin on the sperm parameters and histopathological changes of testes in diabetic rats: An experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is a major contributor to diabetes, which can lead to testicular damage and infertility. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effects of metformin as a chemical drug with silymarin as an herbal agent on the sperm parameters and histopathological changes of testes in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (250-270 gr) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control; 2) diabetic; 3) diabetic+metformin 200 mg/kg; and 4) diabetic+silymarin 100 mg/kg. Daily injections were administered intraperitoneally for 56 days. At the end of the treatment, blood sampling was performed for biochemical assessment. Then, the rats were sacrificed and their left testis and epididymis were cut for sperm analysis as well as histopathology and morphometric evaluation. RESULTS: Diabetes was associated with a reduced sperm count, motility, viability, maturity, and chromatin quality of sperm (p ≤ 0.001). It was also associated with a higher malondialdehide level and lower total antioxidant capacity level of serum in comparison with the control group (p ≤ 0.001). There was a significant difference in the seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, and testicular histopathological alterations in the diabetic rats compared with the control rats (p ≤ 0.001). Treatment with metformin and silymarin improved the above-mentioned parameters and this improvement was more substantial in silymarin-treated animals (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: In diabetic rats, metformin and silymarin improved sperm parameters, sperm DNA integrity, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium thickness, and testicular histopathological complications; this improvement was more substantial in the silymarin-treated group. So, the findings of this study suggest that silymarin is more effective than metformin in treating diabetic-induced infertility.