RESUMEN
Increasing restriction of agrochemicals is motivating development of ecology-based cropping systems, including green manures, to manage soilborne diseases. Green manures have shown promise in suppressing Verticillium dahliae, but information about effect of different green manures and optimal application rates remains limited. Therefore, we conducted two single-year field experiments comparing effects of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum 'Melrose'), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 'Excelsior'), and Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense 'Monarch'), amended at 6, 12, or 24 Mg ha-1, on soil populations and root infection by V. dahliae, wilt severity, and yield of Russet Burbank potato. Inoculum density was reduced relative to the nonamended, infested control by all broccoli treatments, Austrian winter pea applied at 12 and 24 Mg ha-1, and Sudan grass applied at 12 Mg ha-1. Root infection was not reduced by any green manure treatment. Median wilt severity was reduced approximately 70% by all green manures applied at 24 Mg ha-1 and 74% by Austrian winter pea applied at 12 Mg ha-1. Tuber yield was reduced approximately 20% in nonamended, V. dahliae-infested controls relative to the noninfested controls. No green manure treatment improved yield relative to the nonamended, infested control.
RESUMEN
Experiments were conducted in an irrigated, sandy loam soil to evaluate mulches and hill sizes as barriers to prevent the development of potato tuber blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. In mulching experiments, five treatments were applied to field plots of cv. Red LaSoda: 1, no mulch; 2, polyurethane spray foam in an 8-cm-diameter area immediately surrounding the plant stem; 3, black polyethylene film over the entire hill except near the stem; 4, a combination of treatments 2 and 3; and 5, a water-permeable, agricultural textile treated with copper hydroxide applied over the same hill area as in treatment 3. In 1998, the incidence of tuber blight in plots mulched with black film (treatments 3 and 4) averaged 32% compared with 56% in plots without this mulch (treatments 1 and 2). In 1999, incidence of tuber blight in plots with and without black film averaged 9 and 20%, respectively. Mulching the stem area with spray foam (treatments 2 and 3) did not reduce the incidence of blighted tubers when compared with the appropriate control. The copper-treated textile mulch (treatment 5) provided reductions in the incidence of tuber blight similar to those observed with the use of black polyethylene film. In a hill size experiment conducted once in 1998 and twice in 1999, three hill size treatments were established on cvs. Red LaSoda, Shepody, and Russet Burbank. Red LaSoda was the most susceptible and Russet Burbank the least susceptible to tuber blight. Comparison of blight incidence in tubers classified by depth in the hill revealed few differences among the hill size treatments, although over all treatments, tubers covered with more than 15 cm of soil had a lower incidence of blight (1 to 14%) than tubers with less soil cover (13 to 59%). Most tuber infections were apparently initiated in eyes and were not concentrated on a portion of the tuber such as the stolon (proximal) or distal end. The fact that black film and textile mulches reduced tuber infection indicates that inoculum of P. infestans can move from foliage to tubers through soil and that inoculum movement is not limited to large channels in the hill such as those created by the potato stems. The mulch treatments, however, provided only partial protection of tubers, limiting the practicality of such treatments to commercial producers. Hill size treatments had little effect on tuber blight incidence, indicating that adequate suppression of tuber infection in an environment conducive to late blight may be inseparably linked to adequate suppression of the foliar phase.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Six potato cultivars were grown with or without the addition of Verticillium dahliae inoculum and were watered at 50, 75, or 100% estimated consumptive use. The applied water x cultivar interaction was significant (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001 for 1996 and 1997, respectively) for the relative area under the senescence progress curve (RAUSPC). With a decrease in water, there was an increase in RAUSPC. A significant interaction of inoculum density x cultivar also was found, based on RAUSPC (P = 0.0194 and P = 0.0033 for 1996 and 1997, respectively). In V. dahliae-infested plots, 'Katahdin' and 'Ranger Russet' were resistant to Verticillium wilt. Population size of V. dahliae in stem apices was significantly lower in 'Katahdin' in both 1996 and 1997 (P = 0.0001) and in 'Ranger Russet' in 1997 (P = 0.0001) than in the other cultivars. 'Russet Burbank' and 'Shepody' had large apical stem populations of V. dahliae and higher RAUSPC values associated with both V. dahliae inoculum and decreased amount of applied water. Marketable tuber yield was unaffected by V. dahliae in both years. Cultivar resistance to Verticillium wilt was related to cultivar tolerance to moisture deficit stress. Results suggest that moisture deficit stress response has the potential to be a useful tool in protocols for screening potato for Verticillium resistance.
RESUMEN
Curative applications of thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb to blighted seed pieces of three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars significantly reduced the amount of surface area colonized by Phytophthora infestans compared with treatment with thiophanate-methyl or no fungicide under laboratory conditions. Percent blighted tuber surface area over six tests averaged 3.5, 11.4, and 21.2% for the three treatments, respectively. Seed pieces inoculated with P. infestans US-8 or US-11 incubated, and then treated with the same fungicides and planted at Oregon and Washington field sites, respectively, had higher emergence across locations for thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb than for thiophanate-methyl (30 versus 12.5%). Emergence of healthy thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb-treated seed pieces averaged 93%. When protective applications of these fungicides, mancozeb, or fludioxinil were made to healthy potato seed pieces prior to inoculation with P. infestans, plant emergence in the greenhouse was significantly increased with thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb compared with fludioxinil (92 versus 36%) in Oregon and with thiophanate-methyl or fludioxinil (90 versus 20 and 24%) in Washington. Inoculation of healthy seed pieces reduced plant stand in all greenhouse tests; however, treatment with thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb or mancozeb alone prior to inoculation resulted in sprout emergence similar to that of the noninoculated control. In a late blight management program, treatment of seed pieces with a registered fungicide that has activity against P. infestans contributes to an increase in plant emergence and improved crop uniformity. However, for maximum benefit, the fungicide must be in place before coming in contact with the pathogen.
RESUMEN
In a comparison of different methods for estimating Verticillium dahliae in soil, 14 soil samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion by 13 research groups in seven countries, using their preferred methods. One group analyzed only four samples. Twelve soil samples were naturally infested, and two had known numbers of microsclerotia of V. dahliae added to them. In addition, a control was included to determine whether transport had an effect on the results. Results differed considerably among the research groups. There was a 118-fold difference between the groups with the lowest and highest mean estimates. Results of the other groups were evenly distributed between these extremes. In general, methods based on plating dry soil samples gave higher numbers of V. dahliae than did plating of an aqueous soil suspension. Recovery of V. dahliae from samples with added microsclerotia varied from 0 to 59%. Most of the variability within each analysis was at the petri dish level. The results indicate the necessity to check the performance of detection assays regularly by comparing recoveries with other laboratories, using a common set of soil samples. We conclude that wet plating assays are less accurate than dry plating assays.
RESUMEN
The effect of amount of applied water under two irrigation frequencies (once versus three times per week) on the incidence of bacterial soft rot, caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and yield of broccoli was investigated in field studies conducted in 1987 and 1988. At head initiation, the amount of applied water was varied by utilizing a line source irrigation system. Incidence of soft rot was higher in the OSU breeding line 86-3 plots, followed by cv. Citation and then cv. Gem. Soft rot was not consistently affected by amount of applied water. Differences in amount of disease were apparent, however, between the separate irrigation frequency studies in 1988; disease incidence more than doubled under the high- compared with the low-frequency irrigation. Further studies on the effects of frequency and timing of sprinkler irrigation on soft rot and yield of Gem broccoli were undertaken in 1993 and 1994. Six sprinkler irrigation regimes, a factorial combination of frequency (irrigation every 2, 4, or 8 days) and timing (morning or evening), were established. Total water applied did not differ by treatment. Incidence of soft rot was negligible at the first harvest in both years. At the last harvest, the incidence of soft rot was significantly reduced, from 22 to 10% in 1993 and from 30 to 15% in 1994, by the change in frequency of irrigation from 2 to 8 days. In contrast, timing of irrigation had no effect on disease incidence. Yield of broccoli was not affected by either frequency or timing of irrigation.
RESUMEN
We have found that type II topoisomerase inhibitors have two effects on replicating simian virus 40 genomes in vivo: production of catenated dimers and slowed replication of the last 5% of the genome. This suggests that type II topoisomerase simultaneously decatenates and facilitates replication fork movement at this stage of DNA replication. On the basis of this observation, a detailed model is proposed for the roles of topoisomerases I and II in simian virus 40 DNA replication.
