Anti-obesity potentiality of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT isolated from a fermented beverage, haria: a high fat diet-induced obese mice model study.

Obesity is a growing epidemic worldwide. Several pharmacologic drugs are being used to treat obesity but these medicines exhibit side effects. To find out the alternatives of these drugs, we aimed to assess the probiotic properties and anti-obesity potentiality of a lactic acid bacterium E2_MCCKT, isolated from a traditional fermented rice beverage, haria. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, the bacterium was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT. The bacterium exhibited in vitro probiotic activity in terms of high survivability in an acidic environment and 2% bile salt, moderate auto-aggregation, and hydrophobicity. Later, E2_MCCKT was applied to obese mice to prove its anti-obesity potentiality. Adult male mice (15.39 ± 0.19 g) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 5) according to the type of diet: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with E2_MCCKT (HFT). After four weeks of bacterial treatment on the obese mice, a significant reduction of body weight, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, whereas, improvements in serum glucose levels were observed. The bacterial therapy led to mRNA up-regulation of lipolytic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α which may increase the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as acyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1. Concomitantly, both adipocytogenesis and fatty acid synthesis were arrested as reflected by the down-regulation of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase genes. In protein expression study, E2_MCCKT significantly increased IL-10 expression while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1Ra and TNF-α) expression. In conclusion, the probiotic Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT might have significant anti-obesity effects on mice.

Amelioration of obesity induction by a high-fat diet and related inflammation by Phasa fish (Setipinna phasa) oil in BALB/c mice.

We have extracted and characterized Phasa fish (Setipinna phasa) oil for the first time to evaluate the anti-obesity and related anti-inflammatory effects on obese mice. Inbred male albino BALB/c mice were segregated into three categories: control (C), Obese control group (OC), and Phasa fish oil treated group (TX). To establish the potentiality of Setipinna phasa oil for its anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties, it was extracted and characterized using GC-MS method. To evaluate the anti-obesity effect, different parameters were considered, such as body weight, lipid composition, obesity, and obesity associated inflammation. The physicochemical characteristics of Phasa fish oil revealed that the oil quality was good because acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, Totox value, refractive index, and saponification value were within the standard value range. The GC-MS study explored the presence of fatty acids beneficial to health such as Hexadec-9-enoic acid; Octadec-11-enoic acid; EPA, DHA, Methyl Linolenate, etc. The application of Setipinna phasa oil on the treated mice group acutely lowered body weight and serum lipid profile compared to the obese group. In connection with this, leptin, FAS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α genes expression were downregulated in the treated group compared to the obese group. The Phasa oil treated group had an elevated expression of PPAR-α, adiponectin, LPL gene, and anti-inflammatory markers IL-10 and IL-1Ra compared to the obese group. This study suggests that Phasa fish oil, enriched with essential fatty acid, might be used as an anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory supplement.

Impaired brain equanimity and neurogenesis in the diet-induced overweight mouse: a preventive role by syringic acid treatment.

OBJECTIVES: In this study mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish diet-induced obesity and syringic acid (SA) was assessed for anti-obese, neuroprotective, and neurogenesis. METHOD: Animals were given HFD for 12 weeks to measure metabolic characteristics and then put through the Barns-maze and T-maze tests to measure memory. Additionally, the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress parameters, the expression of inflammatory genes, neurogenesis, and histopathology was evaluated in the brain. RESULT: DIO raised body weight, BMI, and other metabolic parameters after 12 weeks of overfeeding. A reduced spontaneous alternation in behavior (working memory, reference memory, and total time to complete a task), decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative biomarkers, increased neurogenesis, and impaired blood-brain barrier were all seen in DIO mice. SA (50 mg/kg) treatment of DIO mice (4 weeks after 8 weeks of HFD feeding) reduced diet-induced changes in lipid parameters associated with obesity, hepatological parameters, memory, blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis. SA also reduced the impact of malondialdehyde and enhanced the effects of antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total thiol (MDA). Syringic acid improved neurogenesis, cognition, and the blood-brain barrier while reducing neurodegeneration in the hippocampal area. DISCUSSION: According to the results of the study, syringic acid therapy prevented neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, DIO, and memory loss. Syringic acid administration may be a useful treatment for obesity, memory loss, and neurogenesis, but more research and clinical testing is needed.

Characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage VPMCC14 which efficiently controls Vibrio harveyi in Penaeus monodon culture.

Vibrio harveyi causes luminous vibriosis diseases in shrimp, which lead to shrimp mortalities. Considering the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage, VPMCC14, was characterized, and its lysis ability was evaluated on a laboratory scale. VPMCC14 was shown to infect V. harveyi S5A and V. harveyi ATCC 14126. VPMCC14 also exhibited a latent period of 30 min, with a burst size of 38 PFU/cell on its propagation strain. The bacteriophage was stable at a wide range of pHs (3-9), temperatures (0-45°C), and salinities (up to 40 ppt). VPMCC14 exhibited strict virulence properties as the bacteriophage entirely lysed V. harveyi S5A in liquid culture inhibition after 5 h and 4 h at very low MOIs such as MOI 0.1 and MOI 1, respectively. VPMCC14 could control V. harveyi infection in aquariums at MOI 1 and decrease the mortality of Penaeus monodon challenged by V. harveyi. VPMCC14 genome was 134,472 bp long with a 34.5 G+C% content, and 240 open reading frames. A unique characteristic of VPMCC14 was the presence of the HicB family antitoxin-coding open reading frame. Comparative genomic analyses suggested that VPMCC14 could be a representative of a new genus in the Caudoviricetes class. This novel bacteriophage, VPMCC14, could be applied as a biocontrol agent for controlling V. harveyi infection.

Early diagnostic biomarkers for acute kidney injury using cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model.

Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) caused by acute kidney injury (AKI) results rapid and reversible loss in renal function. A real-time, highly accurate, and sensitive acute kidney injury biomarker is urgently required in order to keep these patients alive and prevent end stage renal disease and related complications that include hypertension, fluid and electrolyte retention, metabolic acidosis, anemia, stroke etc. This study was designed to develop a specific and sensitive model for the early identification of renal damage in male albino rats. Using a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight) to the rats, the various duration-dependent nephrotoxic activities were compared using multiple physiological, biochemical, genomic, and histopathological markers. We looked into when renal dysfunction would start occurring after receiving a single high dose of cisplatin while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) remained normal. Following a single cisplatin injection, various measurements were taken in plasma, urine, and/or kidney tissues of rats euthanized on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. When the urine kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), interleukine 18 (IL-18), nephrin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum cystatin C (Cys C) levels are greatly raised on day 3 after cisplatin treatment, BUN and sCr levels remain normal. Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is also indicated by the upregulated mRNA expression of KIM-1, IL-18, Cys C, and NGAL and downregulated expression of nephrin in kidney tissue at very initial stage. Protein expression of KIM-1, IL-18 and NGAL level of kidney tissues was upregulated indicated confirmatory results done by western blot. Utilising an array of kidney impairment indicators has emerged as an earlier, more effective, and more reliable technique to diagnose AKI when compared to the most sophisticated signs now available.

Whole genome sequence analysis of Aeromonas-infecting bacteriophage AHPMCC7, a new species of genus Ahphunavirus and its application in Litopenaeus vannamei culture.

Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium, is responsible for huge economic losses in aquaculture. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of bacteriophage AHPMCC7 which was isolated by using A. hydrophila MTCC 1739 as a host. This bacteriophage exhibited 10 min latent period and burst size was 275. In liquid culture, bacteriophage AHPMCC7 could completely lyse A. hydrophila MTCC 1739 after 2 h. AHPMCC7 genome was 42,277 bp long with 58.9% G + C content. The genome consisted of 48 CDSs and no tRNA. The comparative genomic analyses clearly implied that AHPMCC7 might represent a novel species of the genus Aphunavirus under Autographiviridae family. Bacteriophage AHPMCC7 could survive at broad pH (3-10), temperature (4-37 °C), and salinity (0-40 ppt). In aquarium trial, AHPMCC7 could control A. hydrophila MTCC 1739 without affecting the survivability of Litopenaeus vannamei. Clearly, the bacteriophage AHPMCC7 might be used in shrimp aquaculture as a biocontrol agent.

Anti-cancer potentiality of linoelaidic acid isolated from marine Tapra fish oil (Ophisthopterus tardoore) via ROS generation and caspase activation on MCF-7 cell line.

The implication of inflammation in the pathophysiology of several types of cancers has been under intense investigation. Conjugated fatty acids can modulate inflammation and present anticancer effects, promoting cancer cell death. In this paper, we evaluated the efficacy of new conjugated fatty acids isolated from marine Opisthopterus tardoore (Tapra fish) in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Linoelaidic acid, a marine fish (O. tardoore) derived unsaturated fatty acids, showed effective anticancer activity against MCF-7. Cell viability (MTT) assay revealed a dose-dependent decline in cancer cell viability. It was noteworthy that 5 µM linoelaidic acid decreased the MCF-7 cell viability by 81.82%. Besides that, linoelaidic acid significantly (P< 0.05) increased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) studied by ELISA. Not only that, linoelaidic acid significantly decreased the reduced glutathione level and increased the oxidized glutathione level in MCF-7 cells indicating the oxidative stress inside the cell. Two different cell staining methods with acridine orange-ethidium bromide and DAPI confirmed that the linoelaidic acid rendered their detrimental effect on cancer cells. To decipher the mode of apoptosis Western blotting was performed in which the expression pattern of several proteins (p53, IL-10, and IL-1ra) established the apoptosis in the studied cell lines after linoelaidic acid exposure. Hence it may be conferred that linoelaidic acid has prompt anticancer activity. Therefore this drug can be used further for the treatment of cancer.

A review on phytoestrogens: Current status and future direction.

Phytoestrogens are plant secondary metabolite that is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian estrogens, which have been shown to have various health benefits in humans. Isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans are the three major bioactive classes of phytoestrogens. It has a complicated mechanism of action involving an interaction with the nuclear estrogen receptor isoforms ERα and ERß, with estrogen agonist and estrogen antagonist effects. Depending on their concentration and bioavailability in various plant sources, phytoestrogens can act as estrogen agonist or antagonists. Menopausal vasomotor symptoms, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, menopausal symptoms, and osteoporosis/bone health have all been studied using phytoestrogens as an additional standard hormone supplemental remedy. The botanical sources, techniques of identification, classification, side effects, clinical implications, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of their proposed mode of action, safety issues, and future directions for phytoestrogens have all been highlighted in this review.

Characterization of a Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage, VPMCC5, and proposal of its incorporation as a new genus in the Zobellviridae family.

Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium responsible for luminous vibriosis in shrimp and causes mass mortality of shrimp that leads to economic losses. Considering the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, there is always a need for an alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we have aimed to characterize the Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage VPMCC5 (isolated from an environmental sample by using V. harveyi S2A) and evaluate its efficacy in controlling the pathogen. The bacteriophage exhibited an isometric head and short non-contractile tail. The latent period of the bacteriophage was 10 min and the burst size was 20. The genome of the bacteriophage was 48938 bp long with 40.7 mol% G+C content. A total of 71 ORFs were identified and no tRNA and antibiotic-associated genes were detected. Comparative genomic analyses (CLANS, dot plot, progressiveMauve alignment, and phylogenetic tree) strongly suggest that the bacteriophage VPMCC5 might be a new genus in the family of Zobellviridae. A distinguishing feature of this bacteriophage among the other reported Vibrio-infecting bacteriophages is the presence of putative alginate lyase family protein-coding open reading frame. The bacteriophage was found to be surviving at pH 3-9 and in a wide range of temperatures (4-45 ᵒC). In liquid culture inhibition, the bacteriophage could completely lyse the host bacteria after 3 h. This bacteriophage might be used as a biocontrol agent in the extreme environment of shrimp culture.

Anti-obesity potentiality of Tapra fish (Opisthopterus tardoore) oil.

In this present investigation, we have extracted and characterized the Tapra fish oil as well as applied it to evaluate anti-obesity potentiality. The Tapra fish oil had 1.14 ± 0.10 mg KOH/g of acid value, 129.8 ± 5.09 mg KOH/g of saponification number, 2.67 ± 0.67 mEq/kg of peroxide value, 121.9 ± 2.14 mg of iodine value, and 17.67 ± 1.45 totox value. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis clearly revealed the presence of nine different fatty acids. When the fish oil was applied to high-fat diet-induced obese mice, it showed significant reduction of body weight, Body Mass Index, and serum lipid profiles compared to the high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The levels of leptin and TNF-α were moderately reduced in fish oil treated high-fat diet-induced obese mice than control obese mice. In conclusion, the Tapra fish oil was enriched with essential fatty acids and it could be used as an antiobese food supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Considering the adverse effects of drugs used for the treatment of obesity, there is always a need to find out the alternatives. While the anti-obesity potentialities of different sea fish oil have been documented, the same for the Tapra fish (Opisthopterus tardoore) oil has not been studied at all. The extracted Tapra fish oil was found good in quality. Administration of fish oil in the mice exhibited anti-obesity effect in terms of lowering body weight, Body Mass Index, and serum lipid profiles, leptin, and TNF-α in mice model. These findings are fostering new therapeutic approaches to obesity treatment.

Consortia of bioactives in supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of mustard and small cardamom seeds lower serum cholesterol levels in rats: new leads for hypocholesterolaemic supplements from spices.

Melatonin-rich and 1,8-cineole-rich extracts have been successfully obtained from yellow mustard (YM) and small cardamom (SC) seeds, respectively, employing green technology of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction. Chemical profiling confirmed the presence of melatonin and 1,8-cineole and co-extractants in the respective extracts. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy attested strong antioxidant activities of the extracts foregoing pan-assay interference compounds involved in spectroscopic analysis. These extracts also exhibited synergistic efficacies greater than unity confirming antioxidant synergy among the co-extracted bioactives therein. To ascertain hypocholesterolaemic efficacies, these extracts were co-administered orally with Triton X (at the pre-optimised dose of 175 mg/kg body weight (BW)) to Wistar albino rats at doses of 550, 175 and 55 mg/kg BW. Serum total cholesterol levels in the rats were monitored on days 3, 7, 15 and 21. On day 21, total cholesterol level reduced appreciably by 49·44 % in rats treated with YM seed extract and by 48·95 % in rats treated with SC seed extract, comparable with atorvastatin-administered rats (51·09 %). Either extract demonstrated inhibitory effects on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. A molecular docking exercise identified specific compounds in the extracts which possessed binding affinities comparable with therapeutically used HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. In silico and in vivo studies concertedly concluded that the consortium of bioactive components in the extracts cannot be considered as invalid metabolic panaceas and therefore these 'green' extracts could be safely subjected to clinical studies as preventive biotherapeutics for hypercholesterolaemia. These extracts could be consumed per se as hypocholesterolaemic supplements or could be ingredients of new spice-based therapeutic foods.

Analysis of phytochemical profile of Terminalia arjuna bark extract with antioxidative and antimicrobial properties.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity and qualitative thin layer chromatographic separation of flavonoid components, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid compound of Terminalia arjuna. METHODS: For phytochemical screening, some common and available standard tests were done. Antimicrobial bioassay was done through agar well diffusion method. Detection of antioxidant activity and flavonoid compounds were done through thin layer chromatography. Total antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in colorimetric method. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid determination. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening showed the active compounds presence in high concentration, such as phytosterol, lactones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins and glycosides. The antimicrobial activity of extract showed that greater inhibition zone against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. This methanolic extract showed a promising antioxidant activity, as absorption of DPPH redicles decreased in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Flavonoids components having antioxidant property present in the methanol extract at a level of 199.00 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried methanol extract in colorimetric method. CONCLUSIONS: The Terminalia arjuna bark extract revealed the presence of bio-active constituents which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities.

Attenuation of uremia by orally feeding alpha-lipoic acid on acetaminophen induced uremic rats.

Uremia means excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood & their toxic effects. An acute acetaminophen (paracetamol, N-acetyl p-aminophenol; APAP) overdose may result into potentially fatal hepatic and renal necrosis in humans and experimental animals. The aims of this present study were to investigate the protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on oxidative stress & uremia on male albino rats induced by acetaminophen. The study was performed by 24 albino male Wister strain rats which were randomly divided into four groups: Group I, control - receives normal food and water, Groups II, III & IV receive acetaminophen interperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day for 10 days, from 11th day Groups III & IV were treated with ALA at the dose of 5 mg & 10 mg/100 g/day for 15 days, respectively. After 25 days of treatment, it was observed that there was a significant increase in plasma urea, creatinine, sodium and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05) but a significant decrease in super oxide dismutase (SOD) & catalase activity & potassium level in uremic group is compared with control group & there was a significant increase in SOD & catalase (p < 0.05) & a significant decrease in serum urea, creatinine & Na and MDA (p < 0.05) in Group III & Group IV is compared with Group II & significant changes were observed in high ALA dose group. In conclusion it was observed that the ALA has nephroprotective activities by biochemical observations against acetaminophen induced uremic rats.

Effect of newly isolated Lactobacillus ingluviei ADK10, from chicken intestinal tract on acetaminophen induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats.

The total antioxidative activity of L. ingluviei ADK10 isolated from chicken intestine intact cells and cell free culture supernatant (CFCS) was 54- 67.95%. The ability to scavenge a,a-Diphenyl-b-Picrylhydrazyl free radical ranged from 71 and 64% in intact cells and CFCS respectively. Total reducing activity of bacteria was equivalent to 290 microM/L of cysteine. Reducing glutathione activity was equivalent to 93.95 microg/mL. Oral administration of the strain at a dose of 10(9) cfu/kg body weight to acetaminophen induced oxidative stress in rats increased catalase, glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in the blood, liver and kidney and lowered malondialdehyde level. The results indicate that L. ingluviei ADK10 has potential free radical scavenging activity for the treatment of oxidative stress related disease.

Analysis of phytochemical profile of Terminalia arjuna bark extract with antioxidative and antimicrobial properties

Objective: To investigate phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity and qualitative thin layer chromatographic separation of flavonoid components, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid compound of Terminalia arjuna. Methods:For phytochemical screening, some common and available standard tests were done. Antimicrobial bioassay was done through agar well diffusion method. Detection of antioxidant activity and flavonoid compounds were done through thin layer chromatography. Total antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in colorimetric method. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid determination. Results:Phytochemical screening showed the active compounds presence in high concentration, such as phytosterol, lactones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins and glycosides. The antimicrobial activity of extract showed that greater inhibition zone against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. This methanolic extract showed a promising antioxidant activity, as absorption of DPPH redicles decreased in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Flavonoids components having antioxidant property present in the methanol extract at a level of 199.00 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried methanol extract in colorimetric method. Conclusions: The Terminalia arjuna bark extract revealed the presence of bio-active constituents which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities.