Impact of Paternal Postpartum Depression on Maternal and Infant Health: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Postpartum depression (PPD) has been widely studied, assessed, and promptly intervened in new mothers. However, paternal postpartum depression gained attention not long ago. Postpartum depression in men could present over one year following the birth of the child, frequently presenting with symptoms like irritability, low mood, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, fatigue, and loss of interest in everyday activities; amongst other symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder which may hinder them from taking care of themselves and the baby. Paternal PPD significantly impacts partner relationships causing maternal PPD, poor infant bonding, and therefore, affecting overall child development. The following narrative review is based on a literature search of articles published on paternal postnatal depression. The primary emphasis of this review has been to provide an overview of the current comprehension of paternal postpartum depression regarding prevalence, global incidence, and risk factors and to explore potential diagnostic tools for assessment and interventional strategies to treat this condition. Interestingly, pandemic-related stressors have been positively attributed to an increase in PPD prevalence post-pandemic. While more research is being conducted on this subject, research on the measurement characteristics of the diagnostic tools is highly recommended to implement well-defined criteria for early diagnosis of paternal PPD. The significant adverse consequences of PPD for not just the new mother, but also the infants, necessitate proper and timely diagnosis of PPD. Despite its severity, there have been no specific treatment modalities.

The Relationship Between Myocardial Infarction and Estrogen Use: A Literature Review.

This thorough literature evaluation was prompted by significant research into the complex interactions between estrogen use and myocardial infarction (MI). Estrogen has fascinated researchers because of its possible cardioprotective benefits and its impact on cardiovascular health. In order to clarify the connection between estrogen use and the risk of MI, this review critically examines the body of prior evidence. This review focuses on estrogen and its pivotal role in cardiovascular health, concentrating on lipid metabolism, vasodilation, inflammation, and endothelial function. It examines contentious data about estrogen therapy's heart-protective effects, taking into account age, initiation timing, dosage, and dosage of administration. Genetic and epigenetic influences on MI risk among estrogen users highlight intricate, personalized estrogen effects. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and emphasizes the need for an all-encompassing strategy for initiating and managing estrogen medication. It is crucial to consider patient-specific traits and risk factors to successfully customize treatment regimens. This review sheds vital light on the potential directions for better cardiovascular treatment for postmenopausal women by shedding light on the complex link between estrogen use and myocardial infarction. The review also identifies research gaps and future objectives in this area, highlighting the demand for novel medicines and individualized strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes.