Um instrumento de avaliação do interno de pediatria na Atenção Primária à Saúde / An instrument for evaluation of medical students during the internship of pediatrics Primary Health Care / Un instrumento de evaluación de estudiantes de pediatría en Atención Primaria de Salud

Os estudantes de Medicina têm contato com diferentes áreas e cenários durante o internato e devem ter seu desempenho avaliado em cada um deles. Contudo, muitos estudantes não se sentem devidamente avaliados e, diante disso, nosso objetivo foi desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação do desempenho de estudantes de Medicina, no período do internato em pediatria, para uso durante o estágio realizado na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Realizou-se uma pesquisa metodológica com elaboração de um instrumento e contribuição de especialistas com experiência em ensino, por meio de convites eletrônicos. Ao final do estudo, utilizando-se a técnica Delphi, dos vinte itens constantes no instrumento original, dezessete foram aceitos pelos 11 especialistas que participaram das duas rodadas de análise. Dessa forma, a pesquisa alcançou seu objetivo e, por meio deste artigo, divulgamos a proposta de um "Instrumento de avaliação de internos de Medicina no estágio de pediatria na Atenção Primária à Saúde".

Medical students have contact with different areas and scenarios during their internship and must have their performance evaluated in each of them. However, as many students do not feel properly evaluated, our objective was to develop an instrument to evaluate the performance of Medical students, during their internship in pediatrics, to be used during their practice in Primary Health Care. A methodological research was carried out with the elaboration of an instrument and the contribution of specialists with experience in teaching, using electronic invitations. At the end of the study, through the Delphi technique, seventeen of the twenty items contained in the original instrument were accepted by the 11 specialists who participated in the two rounds of analysis. Thus, the research reached its objective and, through this article, we disseminate the proposal of an "Instrument for the evaluation of Medical interns in the pediatric internship in Primary Health Care".

Los estudiantes de Medicina tienen contacto con diferentes áreas y escenarios durante su pasantía y deben evaluar su desempeño en cada uno de ellos. Sin embargo, muchos estudiantes no se sienten debidamente evaluados y, ante eso, nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un instrumento para evaluar la actuación de los estudiantes de Medicina, durante su pasantía en pediatría, para ser utilizado mientras ejecutan la Atención Primaria de Salud. Se realizó una investigación metodológica con la elaboración de un instrumento y el aporte de especialistas con experiencia en la docencia, a través de invitaciones electrónicas. Al final del estudio, utilizando la técnica Delphi, de los veinte ítems contenidos en el instrumento original, se aceptaron diecisiete por los 11 especialistas que participaron en las dos rondas de análisis. De esta forma, la investigación alcanzó su objetivo y, por medio de este artículo, divulgamos la propuesta de un "Instrumento para la evaluación de Médicos internos en el internado de pediatría en Atención Primaria de Salud".

Enhancing the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds of Soybean Fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus Using Supercritical CO2: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Oxidative Proprieties of the Resulting Extract.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of supercritical CO2 combined with cosolvent for the recovery of bioactive compounds of soybean fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710. Soxhlet extractions using seven different organic solvents (n-hexane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water) were initially performed for comparative purposes. The extracts obtained were characterized by physicochemical, antioxidant, total phenolic, and oxidative proprieties. For the Soxhlet extractions, the highest and lowest yields obtained were 45.24% and 15.56%, using methanol and hexane, respectively. The extraction using supercritical CO2 combined with ethanol as a static modifier (scCO2 + EtOH) presented, at a high pressure (25 MPa) and temperature (80 °C), a phenolic compound content of 1391.9 µg GAE g-1 and scavenging of 0.17 g, reaching a 42.87% yield. The extracts obtained by sCO2 + EtOH were characterized by high contents of essential fatty acids (linoleic acid and oleic acid) and bioactive compounds (gallic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, daidzein, and genistein). These extracts also showed a great potential for inhibiting hyaluronidase enzymes (i.e., anti-inflammatory activity). Thermogravimetric analyses of the samples showed similar profiles, with oil degradation values in the range from 145 to 540 °C, indicating progressive oil decomposition with a mass loss ranging from 93 to 98.7%. In summary, this study demonstrated the flexibility of scCO2 + EtOH as a green technology that can be used to obtain high-value-added products from fermented soybean.

Percepção do farmacêutico analista clínico: da formação à atuação profissional / Perception of pharmaceutical clinical analyst: from academic education to professional performance

A atuação do farmacêutico em análises clínicas está diretamente relacionada com o estudo e o diagnóstico da saúde do paciente. O presente artigo objetivou compreender a percepção de farmacêuticos analistas clínicos em relação à sua formação acadêmica. A pesquisa contou com a participação de farmacêuticos que atuam como analistas clínicos em um laboratório. Os dados coletados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo e divididos em duas categorias: formação acadêmica e formação em análises clínicas. O resultado mostra que as aulas práticas durante a graduação são de suma importância, pois propiciam que o futuro farmacêutico analista clínico desenvolva habilidades e atitudes atreladas ao conhecimento. Constatou-se também que os conhecimentos teóricos propiciam o embasamento para a prática e que a formação do farmacêutico analista clínico deve priorizar o contexto em que estará inserido de forma proativa na equipes multiprofissionais e na sociedade.

The work of the medical laboratory scientist is directly related to the study and diagnosis of the patient's health. This study aimed to understand the opinion of medical laboratory scientists regarding their academic training. The research had the participation of pharmacists who work as medical laboratory scientists. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis technique and divided into two categories: academic training and clinical analysis training. The result shows that practical classes during the undergraduate course are of paramount importance, as they allow the future medical laboratory scientist to develop skills and attitudes linked to knowledge. It was also found that theoretical knowledge provides the basis for the practice and that the training of the medical laboratory scientist shall prioritize the context where he/she will be proactively inserted in the multiprofessional teams and in society.

El desempeño del farmacéutico en el análisis clínico está directamente relacionado con el estudio y el diagnóstico de la salud del paciente. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo comprender la percepción de los analistas clínicos farmacéuticos en relación con sus antecedentes académicos. A la investigación asistieron farmacéuticos que actúan como analistas clínicos en un laboratorio. Los datos recopilados se analizaron utilizando la técnica de análisis de contenido y se dividieron en dos categorías: capacitación académica y capacitación en análisis clínico. El resultado muestra que las clases prácticas durante la graduación son de suma importancia, ya que permiten al futuro analista clínico farmacéutico desarrollar habilidades y actitudes vinculadas al conocimiento. También se descubrió que el conocimiento teórico proporciona la base para la práctica y que la formación del analista clínico farmacéutico debe priorizar el contexto en el que se insertará proactivamente en los equipos multiprofesionales y en la sociedad.

Liquidambar styraciflua L.: A new potential source for therapeutic uses.

Liquidambar styraciflua L., ALTINGIACEAE, popularly known as sweet gum or alligator tree, is an aromatic tree with a natural distribution in North America and acclimated in Brazil. In traditional medicine, L. styraciflua L is used for the treatment of stomach disorders, wounds, and coughs. The present study was designed to investigate the biological potential and chemical profile of extracts obtained from aerial parts of L. styraciflua L. The chemical profile was established using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and the extracts were tested for total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins using spectrophotometric assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of L. styraciflua L was tested using an inhibition of hyaluronidase enzyme assay, and cytotoxic activities were tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2 yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The synergy between the plant extracts with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was studied by the checkerboard assay method against eight bacterial strains.The phytochemical investigation showed that the leaves and stem are rich in phenolics compounds (1419.34-1614.02 mg GAE/g, 875.21-1557.57 mg GAE/g, respectively), mainly flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins. The samples of the stem exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity. The butanol fraction of the stem was better than the commercial propolis extract. The hydroalcoholic extract of the stem and the propolis did not exhibit significant differences (p < 0.05) at any of the concentrations tested. A synergistic interaction was observed against the Gram-positive bacterial Enterococcus faecalis (hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and tetracycline) and Staphylococcus aureus (hydroalcoholic extract of stem and tetracycline). The IC50 values obtained for the extracts indicate the absence of toxicity and moderate cytotoxic for the hydroalcoholic extract of the stem. On the basis of our findings, L. styaciflua may be considered as a potential therapeutic source with high anti-inflammatory activity and synergistic interactions with antibiotics against bacteria.

Anti-inflammatory and angiogenic activity of polysaccharide extract obtained from Tibetan kefir.

The search for new bioactive molecules is a driving force for research pharmaceutical industries, especially those molecules obtained from fermentation. The molecules possessing angiogenic and anti-inflammatory attributes have attracted attention and are the focus of this study. Angiogenic activity from kefir polysaccharide extract, via chorioallantoic membrane assay, exhibited a pro-angiogenic effect compared with vascular endothelial factor (pro-angiogenic) and hydrocortisone (anti-angiogenic) activity as standards with an EC50 of 192ng/mL. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity determined via hyaluronidase enzyme assay, kefir polysaccharide extract inhibited the enzyme with a minimal activity of 2.08mg/mL and a maximum activity of 2.57mg/mL. For pharmaceutical purposes, kefir polysaccharide extract is considered to be safe because it does not inhibit VERO cells in cytotoxicity assays.