Benefits of Switching Mycophenolic Acid to Sirolimus on Serological Response after a SARS-CoV-2 Booster Dose among Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Study.

Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have a suboptimal immune response to COVID-19 vaccination due to the effects of immunosuppression, mostly mycophenolic acid (MPA). This study investigated the benefits of switching from the standard immunosuppressive regimen (tacrolimus (TAC), MPA, and prednisolone) to a regimen of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi), TAC and prednisolone two weeks pre- and two weeks post-BNT162b2 booster vaccination. A single-center, opened-label pilot study was conducted in KTRs, who received two doses of ChAdOx-1 and a single dose of BNT162b2. The participants were randomly assigned to continue the standard regimen (control group, n = 14) or switched to a sirolimus (an mTORi), TAC, and prednisolone (switching group, n = 14) regimen two weeks before and two weeks after receiving a booster dose of BNT162b2. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody level after vaccination in the switching group was significantly greater than the control group (4051.0 [IQR 3142.0-6466.0] BAU/mL vs. 2081.0 [IQR 1077.0-3960.0] BAU/mL, respectively; p = 0.01). One participant who was initially seronegative in the control group remained seronegative after the booster dose. These findings suggest humoral immune response benefits of switching the standard immunosuppressive regimen to the regimen of mTORi, TAC, and prednisolone in KTRs during vaccination.

Comparison of the Immune Response After an Extended Primary Series of COVID-19 Vaccination in Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving Standard Versus Mycophenolic Acid-sparing Immunosuppressive Regimen.

Two doses of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination provide suboptimal immune response in transplant patients. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is one of the most important factors that blunts the immune response. We studied the immune response to the extended primary series of 2 doses of AZD1222 and a single dose of BNT162b2 in kidney transplant patients who were on the standard immunosuppressive regimen compared to those on the MPA-sparing regimen. Methods: The kidney transplant recipients who were enrolled into the study were divided into 2 groups based on their immunosuppressive regimen. Those on the standard immunosuppressive regimen received tacrolimus (TAC), MPA, and prednisolone (standard group). The patients in the MPA-sparing group received mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) with low dose TAC plus prednisolone (MPA-sparing group). The vaccination consisted of 2 doses of AZD1222 and a single dose of BNT162b2. Results: A total of 115 patients completed the study. There were 76 (66.08%) patients in the standard group and 39 (33.91%) patients in the MPA-sparing group. The overall median anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S antibody level at 4 wk after vaccine completion was 676.64 (interquartile range = 6.02-3644.03) BAU/mL with an 80% seroconversion rate. The MPA-sparing group achieved higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody level compared to the standard group (3060.69 and 113.91 BAU/mL, P < 0.001). The seroconversion rate of MPA-sparing and standard groups were 97.4% and 71.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). The anti-HLA antibodies did not significantly increase after vaccination. Conclusions: The extended primary series of 2 doses of AZD1222 and a single dose of BNT162b2 provided significant humoral immune response. The MPA-sparing regimen with mTORi and low dose TAC had a higher ant-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody level and seroconversion rate compared to the participants in the standard regimen.

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Immunogenicity and Immunological Response Following COVID-19 Infection in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis.

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis (HD) were found to have a decreased immune response following mRNA COVID-19 immunization. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was a promising COVID-19 vaccine that performed well in the general population, but the evidence on immunogenicity in ESRD with HD patients was limited. Moreover, the immunological response to COVID-19 infection was inconclusive in patients with ESRD and HD. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination and the immunological response after COVID-19 infection in ESRD patients with HD. The blood samples were obtained at baseline, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up after each shot or recovery. All participants were measured for anti-spike IgG by the ELISA method, using Euroimmun. This study found a significant increase in anti-spike IgG after 1 month of two-shot ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination, followed by a significant decrease after 3 months. On the other hand, the anti-spike IgG was maintained in the post-recovery group. There was no significant difference in the change of anti-spike IgG between the one-shot ChAdOx1 nCoV-19-vaccinated and post-recovery groups for both 1-month and 3-month follow-ups. The seroconversion rate for the vaccinated group was 60.32% at 1 month after one-shot vaccination and slightly dropped to 58.73% at the 3-month follow-up, then was 92.06% at 1 month after two-shot vaccination and reduced to 82.26% at the 3-month follow-up. For the recovered group, the seroconversion rate was 95.65% at 1 month post-recovery and 92.50% at 3-month follow-up. This study demonstrated the immunogenicity of two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in ESRD patients with HD for humoral immunity. After COVID-19 infection, the humoral immune response was strong and could be maintained for at least three months.

Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Booster Vaccination Following Two CoronaVac Shots in Healthcare Workers.

During the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries, including Thailand, provided two shots of CoronaVac to healthcare workers. Whereas ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is the promising vaccine as the booster dose, the data on immunogenicity when administered after CoronaVac have been limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 as the third dose vaccine in healthcare workers who previously received two shots of CoronaVac. The blood samples were obtained before the third vaccination dose, and one month and three months after vaccination. All participants were measured for humoral immunity including anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibody by ELISA. Twenty participants were stratified by random samples based on baseline IgG status for a cellular immunity function test at three-month post-vaccination, which included T cell and B cell functions by ELISpot. This study showed significant improvement for both humoral and cellular immunity one month after vaccination. Subgroup analysis indicated a significantly higher neutralizing antibody improvement for the population with a negative anti-spike IgG at baseline. Our study suggests that, while immunity level declines at three months post-vaccination, the level was sufficiently high to protect against SARS-CoV-2.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus within hemodialysis units in Thailand: role of HCV core antigen in the assessment of viremia.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with end-stage renal disease have a higher risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquisition during long-term hemodialysis (HD). Our report was designed to investigate HCV prevalence and genotype, in addition to the clinical use of HCV core antigen (HCVcAg), within multiple HD facilities in Thailand. METHODS: This cross-sectional report was investigated between January and June 2019. HCV infection was assessed by anti-HCV and confirmed active infection by measuring HCV RNA and HCVcAg. HCV genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequences of NS5B region. RESULTS: Overall, 140 of 3,305 (4.2%) patients in 15 dialysis centers had anti-HCV positive. Among them, HCV RNA was further assessed in 93 patients and was detectable in 59 (63.4%) persons. Considering HCV viremia, HCVcAg measurement exhibited high accuracy (96.8%), sensitivity (94.9%) and specificity (100%) in comparison with HCV RNA testing. Moreover, individuals infected with HCV received a longer duration of dialysis vintage when compared to anti-HCV negative controls. The major sub-genotypes were 1a, 1b, 3a, 3b, 6f and 6n. Regarding phylogenetic analysis, there were 7 clusters of isolates with high sequence homology affecting 17 individuals, indicating possible HCV transmission within the same HD centers. CONCLUSIONS: HCV frequency and common sub-genotypes in HD centers were different from those found in the Thai general population. HCVcAg might be an alternate testing for viremia within resource-limited countries. Enhanced preventive practices, dialyzer reuse policy and better access to antiviral therapy are crucial for HCV micro-elimination within HD facilities.

Assessment of anxiety and depression among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Thailand during the first wave of the pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

Anxiety and depression in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Thailand during the first wave of the pandemic were investigated. Thai version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was chosen as an instrument for evaluation. Thirty-two voluntary participants completed the questionnaire. Three (9.4%) respondents had abnormal anxiety sub-scale scores while no respondents had abnormal depression sub-scale scores. There was no statistical demographic difference between the anxiety and non-anxiety groups.

Multiple clades of SARS-CoV-2 were introduced to Thailand during the first quarter of 2020.

In early January 2020, Thailand became the first country where a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient was identified outside China. In this study, 23 whole genomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from patients who were hospitalized from January to March 2020 were analyzed, along with their travel histories. Six lineages were identified including A, A.6, B, B.1, B.1.8, and B.58, among which lineage A.6 was dominant. Seven patients were from China who traveled to Thailand in January and early February. Five of them were infected with the B lineage virus, and the other two cases were infected with different lineages including A and A.6. These findings present clear evidence of the early introduction of diverse SARS-CoV-2 clades in Thailand.

Simultaneously complete but not partial taste and smell losses were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between taste and smell losses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and to elucidate whether taste preference influences such taste loss. METHODS: A matched case-control study was conducted in 366 Thai participants, including 122 who were confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive by RT-PCR (case group) and 244 who were SARS-CoV-2-negative (control group). Taste, smell, and appetite changes were assessed by self-reported visual analog scale. Preference for sweet, salty, umami, sour, bitter, and spicy were judged using the validated TASTE-26 questionnaire. RESULTS: Partial taste and smell losses were observed in both groups, while complete losses (ageusia and anosmia) were detected only in the case group. Moreover, only ageusia and anosmia were associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity (P < 0.001, odds ratio of 14.5 and 27.5, respectively). Taste, smell, and appetite scores were more severely reduced in the case group (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that anosmia and ageusia were the best predictors of SARS-CoV-2 positivity, followed by appetite loss and fever. Simultaneous losses of taste and smell but not taste preferences were associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity (P < 0.01, odds ratio 2.28). CONCLUSIONS: Complete, but not partial, losses of taste and smell were the best predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, healthy persons with sudden simultaneous complete loss of taste and smell should be screened for COVID-19.

Clinical course and potential predictive factors for pneumonia of adult patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A retrospective observational analysis of 193 confirmed cases in Thailand.

Clinical spectrum of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear, especially with regard to the presence of pneumonia. We aimed to describe the clinical course and final outcomes of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the full spectrum of disease severity. We also aimed to identify potential predictive factors for COVID-19 pneumonia. We conducted a retrospective study among adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who were hospitalized at Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Thailand, between January 8 and April 16, 2020. One-hundred-and-ninety-three patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 37.0 (29.0-53.0) years, and 58.5% were male. The median (IQR) incubation period was 5.5 (3.0-8.0) days. More than half (56%) of the patients were mild disease severity, 22% were moderate, 14% were severe, and 3% were critical. Asymptomatic infection was found in 5%. The final clinical outcomes in 189 (97.9%) were recovered and 4 (2.1%) were deceased. The incidence of pneumonia was 39%. The median (IQR) time from onset of illness to pneumonia detection was 7.0 (5.0-9.0) days. Bilateral pneumonia was more prevalent than unilateral pneumonia. In multivariable logistic regression, increasing age (OR 2.55 per 10-year increase from 30 years old; 95% CI, 1.67-3.90; p<0.001), obesity (OR 8.74; 95%CI, 2.06-37.18; p = 0.003), and higher temperature at presentation (OR 4.59 per 1°C increase from 37.2°C; 95% CI, 2.30-9.17; p<0.001) were potential predictive factors for COVID-19 pneumonia. Across the spectrum of disease severities, most patients with COVID-19 in our cohort had good final clinical outcomes. COVID-19 pneumonia was found in one-third of them. Older age, obesity, and higher fever at presentation were independent predictors of COVID-19 pneumonia.

Potential dual dengue and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Thailand: A case study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has non-specific clinical and laboratory characteristics that might be similar to other viral infection including dengue. Two Covid-19 cases with 'false-positive' dengue serology have been reported in Singapore but no public health consequence was described. We describe a Thai patient with an initial diagnosis of dengue fever who was later confirmed to also infect with SARSCoV-2. The Covid-19 infection appeared to spread to one family member and one healthcare worker.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease, Thailand.

Among 11 patients in Thailand infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, we detected viral RNA in upper respiratory specimens a median of 14 days after illness onset and 9 days after fever resolution. We identified viral co-infections and an asymptomatic person with detectable virus RNA in serial tests. We describe implications for surveillance.

Chronic kidney disease incidence and survival of Thai HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVES: As data on chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence among Asian HIV patients has been limited, the present study aimed to estimate the CKD incidence in HIV-infected patients who received standard antiretroviral therapy in Thailand and to compare baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients who developed CKD with those who do not. DESIGN: A multicenter, observational prospective cohort of HIV patients with normal kidney functions who received standard antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: CKD was diagnosed based on the KDIGO 2012 criteria, using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration based estimated glomerular filtration rate with and without urine protein. The cumulative probability of CKD incidence was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimation. RESULTS: Of 5552 patients, 96 patients with pre-existing CKD and 26 patients with incomplete data were excluded, and 5430 patients were analyzed. Their mean age was 39.87 years, 41.52% were women, and 49.45% were homosexual. They were followed up for 49.41 months on average, with 229 incident cases (4.22%) being identified during 22 035 person-years at risk. Overall CKD incidence rate was 10.39 per 1000 person-years. Average time to CKD was 26.4 months (95% confidence interval: 24.44-28.83). The adjusted relative hazard significantly increased by 8.6% and 10.3% for each additional year of patient age and each additional log10 copies/ml of HIV viral load, respectively. Patients with diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia had significantly higher adjusted relative hazard (3.37 and 1.41; P < 0.001 and P = 0.014), respectively. CONCLUSION: CKD incidence among the Thai HIV-infected patients was lower than in white and non-Southeast Asian populations. Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, age, and HIV viral load were the significant risk factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01328275.

Depression and anxiety were low amongst virally suppressed, long-term treated HIV-infected individuals enrolled in a public sector antiretroviral program in Thailand.

HIV/AIDS and anxiety/depression are interlinked. HIV-infected patients suffering from depression may be at risk for poor adherence which may contribute to HIV disease progression. Additionally, an HIV diagnosis and/or using certain antiretroviral agents may trigger symptoms of anxiety/depression. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression in HIV-infected patients from the Thai National HIV Treatment Program. This cross-sectional study was performed from January 2012 to December 2012 in HIV-infected out-patients, aged ≥18 years, from three HIV referral centers. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured using the Thai-validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A score of ≥11 was defined as having anxiety and depression. Associated factors were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Totally 2023 (56% males) patients were enrolled. All patients received antiretroviral therapy (ART) for a mean duration of 7.7 years. Median CD4 was 495 cells/mm3. Ninety-five percent had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml. Thirty-three percent were currently on efavirenz (EFV)-based ART. The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 4.8% and 3.1%, respectively. About 1.3% had both anxiety and depression. In multivariate logistic models, the female sex [OR = 1.6(95%CI 1.1-2.3), p = .01], having adherence <90% [OR = 2.2(95%CI 1.5-3.4), p < .001], fair/poor quality of life (QOL) [OR = 7.2 (95%CI 3.6-14.2), p < .001] and EFV exposure [OR = 1.6(95%CI 1.1-2.3), p = .01], were independently associated with having anxiety or depression. Our findings demonstrated that prevalence of depression and anxiety was low amongst virally suppressed, long-term antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected individuals. Some key characteristics such as the female sex, poor adherence, poor/fair QOL and EFV exposure are associated with anxiety and depression. These factors can be used to distinguish who would need a more in-depth evaluation for these psychiatric disorders.

Low-dose versus standard-dose ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in virologically suppressed Thai adults with HIV (LASA): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Thai patients with HIV have higher exposure to HIV protease inhibitors than do white people and dose reduction might be possible. We compared the efficacy of low-dose with standard-dose ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in virologically suppressed Thai patients with HIV. METHODS: In this randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial, we recruited patients aged 18 years or older who were receiving ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) with HIV plasma viral loads of less than 50 copies per mL, an alanine aminotransferase concentration of less than 200 IU/L, and a creatinine clearance of at least 60 mL/min from 14 hospitals in Thailand. We excluded patients who had active AIDS-defining disease or opportunistic infections, had a history of an HIV viral load of 1000 copies per mL or more after 24 weeks of any ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitor-based ART, used concomitant medications that could interact with the study drugs, were pregnant or lactating, had illnesses that might change the effect of the study drugs, or had a history of sensitivity to the study drugs. A biostatistician at the study coordinating centre randomly allocated patients (1:1) to switch the protease inhibitor for oral atazanavir 200 mg and ritonavir 100 mg or for atazanavir 300 mg and ritonavir 100 mg once daily, both with two nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors at recommended doses. Randomisation was done with a minimisation schedule, stratified by recruiting centre, use of tenofovir, and use of indinavir as a component of the preswitch regimen. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with viral loads of less than 200 copies per mL at week 48, and we followed up patients every 12 weeks. Treatments were open label, the non-inferiority margin was -10%, and all patients who received at least one dose of study medication were analysed. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01159223. FINDINGS: Between July 6, 2011, and Dec 23, 2013, we randomly assigned 559 patients: 279 to receive atazanavir 200 mg and ritonavir 100 mg (low dose) and 280 to atazanavir 300 mg and ritonavir 100 mg (standard dose). At week 48, 265 (97·1%) of 273 in the low-dose group and 267 (96·4%) of 277 in the standard-dose group had viral loads of less than 200 copies per mL (difference 0·68; 95% CI -2·29 to 3·65). Seven (3%) of 273 in the low-dose group and 21 (8%) of 277 in the standard-dose group discontinued their assigned treatment (p=0·01). 46 (17%) of 273 participants in the low-dose group and 97 (35%) of 277 in the standard-dose group had total bilirubin grade 3 or higher toxicity (≥3·12 mg/dL; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: A switch to low-dose atazanavir should be recommended for Thai patients with well controlled HIV viraemia while on regimens based on boosted protease inhibitors. FUNDING: The National Health Security Office and Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society.

A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in ABCC4 Is Associated with Tenofovir-Related Beta2-Microglobulinuria in Thai Patients with HIV-1 Infection.

BACKGROUND: In Thailand, the combined generic anti-retroviral drug stavudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (d4T/3TC/NVP) has been used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals since 2001. Due to relatively frequent adverse effects, d4T gradually has been replaced with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Although the frequency of adverse drug effects with TDF is lower than that with d4T, TDF is known to induce kidney dysfunction, especially in the proximal tubules. It has been reported that renal tubular transporters, including members of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) protein family, are implicated in tenofovir extrusion and may, therefore, confer susceptibility to TDF-induced kidney tubular dysfunction (KTD). We have explored the association between KTD and polymorphisms in genes that encode adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC)-type MDRs. METHODS: HIV-infected patients receiving TDF-containing antiretroviral regimens for at least one year were enrolled in the study. The levels of beta2-microglobulin in urine and creatinine (Cr) were measured. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms, ABCC2 C-24T (rs717620), ABCC2 G1429A (rs2273697), and ABCC4 T4976C (rs1059751), were analyzed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. RESULTS: A total of 273 HIV-infected patients were recruited. The median number of years of TDF treatment was 5.04 with interquartile range (IQR) of 3.9-6.7. Despite the length of treatment with TDF, 98.5% patients maintained an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of >60 mL/min as calculated by the CKD-EPI formula. Fifty-four patients (19.8%) showed beta2-microglobulinuria (median 2636 µg/g Cr with IQR of 1519-13197 µg/g Cr). The allele frequency of ABCC4 T4976C among those 54 patients was 0.602, compared to 0.475 among the 219 remaining patients (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 20% of HIV-infected patients receiving TDF showed beta2-microglobulinuria. The C allele at position 4976 of the ABCC4 gene was associated with beta2-microglobulinuria in this population. This polymorphism may help to identify patients at greater risk for developing TDF-associated KTD.

Effect of nutritional counseling on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among Thai HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy.

HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy have increased risk of metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia. In this study, we determined whether individual nutritional counseling reduced dyslipidemia, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, among HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia not currently taking lipid-lowering medication. We conducted a randomized 24-week trial among HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia who were on antiretroviral therapy and were eligible to initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes according to the Thai National Cholesterol Education Program. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group that received individual counseling with a nutritionist for seven sessions (baseline, weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24) and a control group that received standard verbal diet information at baseline and nutritional counseling only at week 24. A 24-h recall technique was used to assess dietary intake for both groups at baseline and week 24. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride) was measured at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. An intention-to-treat and linear mixed model were used. Seventy-two patients were randomly assigned, and 62 (86%) participants completed their lipid profile test. After 12 weeks of follow-up, there were significant reductions in the intervention group for total cholesterol (-14.4 ± 4.6 mg/dL, P = .002), LDL cholesterol (-13.7 ± 4.1 mg/dL, P = .001), and triglyceride (-30.4 ± 13.8 mg/dL, P = .03). A significant reduction in LDL cholesterol was also observed in the control group (-7.7 ± 3.8 mg/dL, P = .04), but there were no significant differences in change of mean lipid levels between the groups at 12 weeks of follow-up. After 24 weeks, participants assigned to the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater decreases in serum total cholesterol (-19.0 ± 4.6 vs. 0.2 ± 4.3 mg/dL, P = .003) and LDL cholesterol (-21.5 ± 4.1 vs. -6.8 ± 3.8 mg/dL, P = .009). There were no significant changes in HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels in either group.

Risk of first-line antiretroviral therapy failure in HIV-infected Thai children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence may affect adherence and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Limited data are available regarding the long-term treatment outcomes of perinatal HIV-infected adolescents. METHODS: Data from perinatally acquired HIV-infected Thai children who started first-line nonnucleoside analog-based HAART before 18 years of age and treated for ≥24 weeks were analyzed. Children were categorized by age at HAART initiation; age<3 years, 3-9 years, early adolescence (10-13 years) and middle adolescence (14-16 years). CD4 and HIV-RNA were monitored every 6-12 months. Virologic failure (VF) was defined as HIV-RNA≥1000 copies/mL after ≥24 weeks of HAART. RESULTS: Of 840 children, 68% were in pre-adolescence. Median baseline CD4% was 7.9%. Use of nevirapine versus efavirenz was 77:23%. Median duration of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART was 5.6 years. No differences between groups were observed for rate of HIV-RNA<50 copies/mL (68%, P=0.18) and rate of VF (28%, P=0.82), median time to VF (22 months, P=0.13). Incidence of VF per 100 child-year in children age<3 years, 3-9 years, early adolescence and middle adolescence were 7.9, 4.7, 7.4 and 10.8, respectively (P=0.012). Median adherence by pill count was 97.3% (P=0.23). By multivariate analysis, predictors for VF were age at HAART initiation of <3 years (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.18-2.55), age 10-16 years (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.09-1.97), and nevirapine use (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: VF rates were observed in one-third of long-term treated Thai children on first-line HAART. Age 3-9 years at HAART initiation was associated with less VF compared with those younger or older, whereas children who used nevirapine had higher VF.

Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir as maintenance monotherapy in HIV-infected patients who achieved viral suppression during a second-line protease inhibitor-based regimen: a pilot randomized trial (BIDI-MONO).

Eligibility criteria were (I) having previously failed first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens and (2) having achieved virologic suppression >6 months while receiving a protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen as second-line treatment. Eligible participants were randomized to receive either (I) ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) monotherapy (n = 29) or (2) LPV/r with optimized background regimens (OBRs; n = 31). Median duration of viral suppression before randomization was 45 months. At week 48, viral suppression during LPV/r monotherapy was 86.2% and did not differ from the suppression achieved with LPV/r with OBRs (87.1%, P = 1.000). However, persistent viremia during LPV/r monotherapy tended to be higher than during LPV/r with OBRs (10.3% versus 3.2%, P = .346). History of viral blip during virologic suppression with second-line PI-based regimen is a predictor of achieving viral suppression at all visits (adjusted relative risk 0.255 [95% confidence interval 0.080-0.821], P = .022). Use of LPV/r monotherapy as maintenance regimen in this study produced persistent viremia that tended to be higher than LPV/r monotherapy with OBRs.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral-naive and antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1 infected Thai adults.

Metabolic syndrome (MS), a group of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes, has been increasingly reported among HIV-infected patients. Data on the prevalence and risk factors for MS among HIV-1 infected Thai adults are limited. The study collected cross-sectional data from 580 HIV-1 infected adults-46.2% were men and 71% were antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced. The majority (78.8%) of them used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Data on lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, CD4 count, HIV RNA, antiretroviral therapy (ART), anthropometry, food intake, and exercise were recorded. MS was defined using American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute criteria. Overall prevalence of MS was 22.2%; 15.9% in ART-naïve group vs. 24.9% in ART-experienced group, p = 0.018. Significant risk factors for MS in multivariate analyses included age ≥35 years (odds ratio, OR, 4.2, 95%CI 1.6-11.0, p = 0.004), high cholesterol (OR 4.7, 95%CI 1.7-12.9, p = 0.002), and living outside Bangkok (OR 4.2, 95%CI 1.6-10.8, p = 0.003) in the ART-naïve group, and female gender (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.8, p = 0.05), lipodystrophy (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.0-3.0, p = 0.032), high cholesterol (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.1-3.1, p = 0.015), and food insecurity (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.0-3.3, p = 0.05) in the ART-experienced group. All variables, except for female gender in the ART-experienced group, remained significantly associated with MS in a model where lipodystrophy was excluded. We concluded that MS was common among HIV-1-infected Thai adults. As HIV-infected patients get older, early screening and intervention, such as ART modification to avoid lipodystrophy, may reduce MS and CVD-related morbidities and mortalities in long-term care.