Promoter-motif extraction from co-regulated genes and their relevance to co-expression using E. coli as a model.

Gene expression varies due to the intrinsic stochasticity of transcription or as a reaction to external perturbations that generate cellular mutations. Co-regulation, co-expression and functional similarity of substances have been employed for indoctrinating the process of the transcriptional paradigm. The difficult process of analysing complicated proteomes and biological switches has been made easier by technical improvements, and microarray technology has flourished as a viable platform. Therefore, this research enables Microarray to cluster genes that are co-expressed and co-regulated into specific segments. Copious search algorithms have been employed to ascertain diacritic motifs or a combination of motifs that are performing regular expression, and their relevant information corresponding to the gene patterns is also documented. The associated genes co-expression and relevant cis-elements are further explored by engaging Escherichia coli as a model organism. Various clustering algorithms have also been used to generate classes of genes with similar expression profiles. A promoter database 'EcoPromDB' has been developed by referring RegulonDB database; this promoter database is freely available at www.ecopromdb.eminentbio.com and is divided into two sub-groups, depending upon the results of co-expression and co-regulation analyses.

Intrinsically disordered proteins in viral pathogenesis and infections.

Disordered proteins serve a crucial part in many biological processes that go beyond the capabilities of ordered proteins. A large number of virus-encoded proteins have extremely condensed proteomes and genomes, which results in highly disordered proteins. The presence of these IDPs allows them to rapidly adapt to changes in their biological environment and play a significant role in viral replication and down-regulation of host defense mechanisms. Since viruses undergo rapid evolution and have a high rate of mutation and accumulation in their proteome, IDPs' insights into viruses are critical for understanding how viruses hijack cells and cause disease. There are many conformational changes that IDPs can adopt in order to interact with different protein partners and thus stabilize the particular fold and withstand high mutation rates. This chapter explains the molecular mechanism behind viral IDPs, as well as the significance of recent research in the field of IDPs, with the goal of gaining a deeper comprehension of the essential roles and functions played by viral proteins.

Structural Understanding of SARS-CoV-2 Drug Targets, Active Site Contour Map Analysis and COVID-19 Therapeutics.

The pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2), is responsible for multiple worldwide lockdowns, an economic crisis, and a substantial increase in hospitalizations for viral pneumonia along with respiratory failure and multiorgan dysfunctions. Recently, the first few vaccines were approved by World Health Organization (WHO) and can eventually save millions of lives. Even though, few drugs are used in emergency like Remdesivir and several other repurposed drugs, still there is no approved drug for COVID-19. The coronaviral encoded proteins involved in host-cell entry, replication, and host-cell invading mechanism are potential therapeutic targets. This perspective review provides the molecular overview of SARS-CoV-2 life cycle for summarizing potential drug targets, structural insights, active site contour map analyses of those selected SARS-CoV-2 protein targets for drug discovery, immunology, and pathogenesis.