Effects of different management strategies on long-term trends of Australian threatened and near-threatened mammals.

Monitoring is critical to assess management effectiveness, but broadscale systematic assessments of monitoring to evaluate and improve recovery efforts are lacking. We compiled 1808 time series from 71 threatened and near-threatened terrestrial and volant mammal species and subspecies in Australia (48% of all threatened mammal taxa) to compare relative trends of populations subject to different management strategies. We adapted the Living Planet Index to develop the Threatened Species Index for Australian Mammals and track aggregate trends for all sampled threatened mammal populations and for small (<35 g), medium (35-5500 g), and large mammals (>5500 g) from 2000 to 2017. Unmanaged populations (42 taxa) declined by 63% on average; unmanaged small mammals exhibited the greatest declines (96%). Populations of 17 taxa in havens (islands and fenced areas that excluded or eliminated introduced red foxes [Vulpes vulpes] and domestic cats [Felis catus]) increased by 680%. Outside havens, populations undergoing sustained predator baiting initially declined by 75% but subsequently increased to 47% of their abundance in 2000. At sites where predators were not excluded or baited but other actions (e.g., fire management, introduced herbivore control) occurred, populations of small and medium mammals declined faster, but large mammals declined more slowly, than unmanaged populations. Only 13% of taxa had data for both unmanaged and managed populations; index comparisons for this subset showed that taxa with populations increasing inside havens declined outside havens but taxa with populations subject to predator baiting outside havens declined more slowly than populations with no management and then increased, whereas unmanaged populations continued to decline. More comprehensive and improved monitoring (particularly encompassing poorly represented management actions and taxonomic groups like bats and small mammals) is required to understand whether and where management has worked. Improved implementation of management for threats other than predation is critical to recover Australia's threatened mammals.

Efectos de diferentes estrategias de manejo sobre las tendencias a largo plazo de los mamíferos amenazados y casi amenazados de Australia Resumen El monitoreo es fundamental para evaluar la efectividad del manejo, aunque faltan evaluaciones sistemáticas y a gran escala de este monitoreo para evaluar y mejorar los esfuerzos de recuperación. Compilamos 1,808 series temporales de 71 especies y subespecies de mamíferos terrestres y voladores amenazadas y casi amenazadas en Australia (48% de todos los taxones de mamíferos amenazados) para comparar las tendencias relativas de las poblaciones sujetas a diferentes estrategias de manejo. Adaptamos el Índice Planeta Vivo para desarrollar el Índice de Especies Amenazadas para los Mamíferos Australianos y así rastrear las tendencias agregadas de todas las poblaciones muestreadas de mamíferos amenazados y de los mamíferos pequeños (<35 g), medianos (35-5,500 g) y grandes (>5,500 g) entre 2000 y 2017. Las poblaciones sin manejo (42 taxones) declinaron en un 63% en promedio; los mamíferos pequeños sin manejo exhibieron las declinaciones más marcadas (96%). Las poblaciones de 17 taxones incrementaron 680% en los refugios (islas o áreas encercadas que excluían o eliminaban al zorro rojo [Vulpes vulpes] y al gato doméstico [Felis catus], especies introducidas) Afuera de los refugios, las poblaciones sometidas al cebado constante de los depredadores en un inicio declinaron en un 75% pero después incrementaron al 47% de su abundancia para el 2000. En los sitios en donde los depredadores no fueron excluidos o cebados sino sometidos a otras acciones (manejo del fuego, control de herbívoros introducidos), las poblaciones de los mamíferos pequeños y medianos declinaron más rápido, pero los mamíferos grandes declinaron de manera más lenta que las poblaciones sin manejo. Sólo el 13% de los taxones contaron con datos para sus poblaciones con y sin manejo; las comparaciones entre índices para este subconjunto mostraron que los taxones con poblaciones en incremento dentro de los refugios declinaron afuera de éstos, pero los taxones con poblaciones sujetas al cebado de depredadores afuera de los refugios declinaron más lentamente que las poblaciones sin manejo y después incrementaron, mientras que las poblaciones sin manejo continuaron su declinación. Se requiere un monitoreo más completo y mejorado (particularmente el que engloba las acciones de manejo mal representadas y los grupos taxonómicos como los murciélagos y los mamíferos pequeños) para entender si ha funcionado el manejo y en dónde. La implementación mejorada del manejo para las amenazas distintas a la depredación es fundamental para recuperar a los mamíferos amenazados de Australia.

Impediments to the success of management actions for species recovery.

Finding cost-effective management strategies to recover species declining due to multiple threats is challenging, especially when there are limited resources. Recent studies offer insights into how costs and threats can influence the best choice of management actions. However, when implementing management actions in the real-world, a range of impediments to management success often exist that can be driven by social, technological and land-use factors. These impediments may limit the extent to which we can achieve recovery objectives and influence the optimal choice of management actions. Nonetheless, the implications of these impediments are not well understood, especially for recovery planning involving multiple actions. We used decision theory to assess the impact of these types of impediments for allocating resources among recovery actions to mitigate multiple threats. We applied this to a declining koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population threatened by habitat loss, vehicle collisions, dog attacks and disease. We found that the unwillingness of dog owners to restrain their dogs at night (a social impediment), the effectiveness of wildlife crossings to reduce vehicle collisions (a technological impediment) and the unavailability of areas for restoration (a land-use impediment) significantly reduced the effectiveness of our actions. In the presence of these impediments, achieving successful recovery may be unlikely. Further, these impediments influenced the optimal choice of recovery actions, but the extent to which this was true depended on the target koala population growth rate. Given that species recovery is an important strategy for preserving biodiversity, it is critical that we consider how impediments to the success of recovery actions modify our choice of actions. In some cases, it may also be worth considering whether investing in reducing or removing impediments may be a cost-effective course of action.