Long-term Evaluation of Dentin Bonding Properties of the Photoinitiator System Contained in Universal Adhesives Used in Fiber-Post Luting Procedures.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the long-term push-out bond strength (PBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of universal adhesives with different photo-initiator systems in the root canals of teeth in which fiber posts were luted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred twenty endodontically treated human premolars were randomly divided into 12 groups based on the following factors: adhesives (Scotchbond Universal [SBU], Ambar Universal [AMB], and Ambar Universal APS [AMB-APS]); adhesive strategy (etch-and-rinse and self-etch), and time of testing (immediately vs after 2 years). The posts were cemented, sectioned into slices, tested for PBS at 0.5 mm/min, and examined for NL using scanning electron microscopy immediately thereafter or after 2 years of water storage. Data were evaluated using a four-way ANOVA (root thirds vs time vs universal adhesive vs adhesive strategies) and Tukey's test (α = 5%). RESULTS: For both evaluation times, AMB-APS demonstrated no significant difference in the PBS or NL when different radicular thirds were compared (p > 0.05). However, for SBU and AMB, the cervical third demonstrated higher PBS and lower NL than those of the apical third at both time points (p < 0.0001). AMB-APS exhibited higher PBS and lower NL in the apical third in comparison with SBU and AMB (p < 0.0001). SBU and AMB displayed a significant decrease in the PBS and increased NL after 2 years (p < 0.0001), whereas AMB-APS demonstrated no significant signs of degradation even after 2 years of water storage (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Independent of the root third evaluated, the universal adhesive containing APS photo-initiator system demonstrated bonding stability at the adhesive interface between the root canal and fiber posts, even after 2 years of water storage.

Distribution of fractured bones among children: Experience with the Comprehensive Pediatric AO classification in a children's orthopedic hospital in Bogotá-Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures in children and adolescents are a public health issue. However, reliable epidemiological descriptions of the South American population must be improved. This study aims to present epidemiological data on fractures from a children's orthopedic hospital in one of the five largest cities in Latin America. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Descriptive epidemiological data from 2015 to 2019 were used to characterize children's fractures. Demographic variables, the number of fractured bones, high-energy trauma findings, fracture characteristics, fingertip injuries, and associated complications discriminated by the type of treatment are presented. Long bone fractures were classified according to the AO classification. All children less than 18 years of age were included. RESULTS: In a population of 3,616 children, 4,596 fractures were identified. More boys than girls sustain a fractured bone, with ratios as high as 6:1 around 15 years old. Distal forearm fractures were the most common (31.9%), followed by distal humerus (20.2%). Most of the complications were related to these two sites of fractures. The OR of complications between surgical and conservative management was 2.86. CONCLUSION: Epidemiological data of fractures from the authors' institution display the usual trending reported in most populations. Gender-related and age-related differences were relevant. Most fractures and complications are related to upper limb low-energy trauma. The most frequent are loss of ROM and loss of reduction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III - retrospective cohort study.

Validación y estandarización de valores normales de la prueba de caja y cubos en niños / Validating and standardizing children's box and block test normal values

Objetivo La evaluación de las destrezas motoras gruesas forma parte del examen funcional del niño. La prueba de caja y cubos es un método sencillo y útil en la valoración de la funcionalidad del miembro superior. El objetivo del estudio fue validar y estandarizar los valores normales de la prueba en niños de 6 a 11 años. Métodos Se aplicó la prueba a 411 niños de dos colegios de diferentes clases socioeconómicas en Bogotá. Para la validación de constructo se utilizó un cuestionario dirigido a padres y profesores evaluando el desempeño en actividades de la vida diaria y actividades escolares relacionadas y se estableció la correlación con la prueba. Resultados En total se analizaron los datos de 386 niños (55.4% de género masculino), de los cuales 67.9 % pertenecían a colegio público. 90.2% tenían dominancia derecha. La puntuación promedio de la prueba con la mano derecha fue 60.9 y con la mano izquierda 57.8. Discusión Los valores de las puntuaciones promedio de las niñas fueron significativamente más altos. Se construyó una tabla con los valores promedio, desviación estándar y rango de normalidad. Se encontró una correlación positiva del resultado de la prueba con la edad y con las actividades de la vida diaria y la apreciación de las habilidades escolares del niño por parte del profesor. La prueba fue confiable con una correlación intraclase de 0.84 y 0.83 para la mano derecha e izquierda, respectivamente.

Objective Evaluating gross motor skills forms part of a child's functional examination. The box and block test is a simple, useful method for evaluating upper limb functionality. This study was aimed at validating and standardising the test's normal values in 6 to 11 year-old Colombian children. Methods The test was used on 411 children from two schools in Bogotá catering for children different socioeconomic classes. A questionnaire directed towards parents and teachers was used for evaluating the children's performance on every-day life and school-related activities for validating the construct; correlation with the test was established. Results Data related to 386 children (55.4% male) was analysed; 67.9% of these children were attending a public school and 90.2% had right dominance. Average test score with the right hand was 60.9 and 57.8 with the left hand. Discussion Girls' average test scores were significantly higher. A table was constructed from (and showing) the average values, standard deviation and range of normality. A positive correlation was found regarding test result with age and every-day life activities and the teachers' appreciation of children's scholastic abilities. The test was reliable, having 0.84 intraclass correlation for the right hand and 0.83 for the left hand.