Depression and anxiety in patients with diabetes in a Moroccan region.

AIMS: To estimate prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with diabetes mellitus and identify their determinants. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Hassan II University-Hospital of Fes in 2019-2020. Anxiety and depression were measured by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multivariate analysis by logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with depression and anxiety, adjusting for confounding factors. All statistical analyses were conducted using EPIINFO7. RESULTS: A total of 243 diabetics were included in the study. The average age of the participants was 48.07±14.25 years, 58% were females and 72% were diagnosed with diabetes type II. The prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms was (18, 1%, CI95%=(13-23)) and (29.6%, CI95%=(24-35)), respectively. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was higher among women than man and increases with increasing duration of the disease. In multivariate analysis, illiterates (OR=3.19, CI95%=(1.46-6.98)), those with depression (OR=3.61, CI95%=(1.78-7.32)), and type 1 diabetics (OR=3.22, CI95%=(1.44-7.21)) are a higher risk of developing anxiety. Depression was associated with older age (OR=2, 65, CI95%=(1, 14-6, 14)), use of insulin (OR=3.77 CI95%=(1.50-9.44)) and anxiety symptoms (OR=4, 27, CI95%=(2, 05-8, 91)). CONCLUSION: High prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in diabetics suggests consideration of psychological aspect in implementation of diabetes managing program.

[Cross-cultural adaptation difficulties in health quality of life scales for developing countries: example of St-George respiratory questionnaire validation in Morocco]. / Difficultés de l'adaptation transculturelle des échelles de mesure en santé dans les pays du sud : exemple de la validation du St-George Respiratory Questionnaire au Maroc.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, quality of life (QoL) is becoming an increasingly relevant question. The use, in these countries, of the validated English scales could resolve an important problem of a lack of QoL tools noted in southern countries. However, this approach raises methodological problems of cross-cultural adaptation. This paper underlines the principal difficulties related to cross-cultural adaptation of QoL measurement scales based on the example of St-George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) translation from English to the Moroccan Arabic language. METHODS: The SGRQ, initially designed in English, was translated into dialectical Arabic by four translators following the recommended stages of translation and cultural adaptation: translation with conceptual and linguistic evaluation, back translation, comparison of the source and target versions and verification of the new instrument. RESULTS: During this cross-cultural adaptation process, some items were modified to adapt the original questionnaire to the Moroccan culture. Because of the great diversity of the Moroccan dialectal language, some words were, sometimes, translated into two or more equivalents which were put in the brackets in the final version of the SGRQ(m). Some questions were not applicable to all the Moroccan population such as a question about sports that did not concern women. On the other hand, some questions involving the same items posed differently in different dimensions, gave rise to confusion or the impression of repetition in the Moroccan Arabic version. CONCLUSION: The cross-cultural adaptation process, even if carried out in a rigorous way, does not always lead to the best target version and suggests it would be useful to develop new scales specific to each culture and at the same time, to think about the Trans cultural adaptation.