Modeling of Concrete Deterioration under External Sulfate Attack and Drying-Wetting Cycles: A Review.

This paper comprehensively summarizes moisture transport, ion transport, and mechanical damage models applied to concrete under sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles. It highlights the essential aspects and principles of each model, emphasizing their significance in understanding the movement of moisture and ions, as well as the resulting mechanical damage within the concrete during these degradation processes. The paper critically analyzes the assumptions made in each model, shedding light on their limitations and implications for prediction accuracy. Two primary challenges faced by current models under sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles are identified: the limited consideration of the coupled effects of chemical and physical attacks from sulfate, and the unclear mechanism of the sulfate attacks. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on exploring the transport mechanism of sulfate ions under various driving forces and further clarifying the crystallization process and expansion damage mechanism in concrete pores. Addressing these research directions will advance our understanding of sulfate attack under drying-wetting cycles, leading to improved models and mitigation strategies for enhancing the durability and performance of concrete structures.

lncRNA FGD5-AS1 is required for gastric cancer proliferation by inhibiting cell senescence and ROS production via stabilizing YBX1.

BACKGROUND: The vast majority of lncRNAs have low expression abundance, which greatly limits their functional range and impact. As a high expression abundance lncRNA, FGD5-AS1's non-ceRNA biological function in cancer is unclear. METHODS: RNA-seq studies and chromatin immunoprecipitation (Chip) assays were performed to identify ZEB1-regulated lncRNAs. RNA sequencing, RNA pulldown, RNA Immunoprecipitation assays, and rescue assays were conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of FGD5-AS1 in GC. RESULTS: As one of the most abundant lncRNAs in cells, FGD5-AS1 has been shown to be transcriptionally activated by ZEB1, thus closely related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling. Clinical analysis showed that FGD5-AS1 overexpression was clinically associated with lymph node metastasis, and predicted poor survival in GC. Loss-of-function studies confirmed that FGD5-AS1 knockdown inhibited GC proliferation and induced cisplatin chemosensibility, cell senescence, and DNA damage in GC cells. Mechanismically, FGD5-AS1 is a YBX1-binding lncRNA due to its mRNA contains three adjacent structural motifs (UAAUCCCA, ACCAGCCU, and CAGUGAGC) that can be recognized and bound by YBX1. And this RNA-protein interaction prolonged the half-life of the YBX1 protein in GC. Additionally, a rescue assay showed that FGD5-AS1 promotes GC by repressing cell senescence and ROS production via YBX1. CONCLUSION: FGD5-AS1 is a cellular high-abundant lncRNA that is transcriptionally regulated by ZEB1. FGD5-AS1 overexpression promoted GC progression by inhibiting cell senescence and ROS production through binding and stabilizing the YBX1 protein.

Comprehensive characterization of differential glycation in hepatocellular carcinoma using tissue proteomics with stable isotopic labeling.

Glycation is a non-enzymatic posttranslational modification coming from the reaction between reducing sugars and free amino groups in proteins, where early glycation products (fructosyl-lysine, FL) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed. The occurrence of glycation and accumulation of AGEs have been closely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we reported the characterization of differential glycation in HCC using tissue proteomics with stable isotopic labeling; early glycation-modified peptides were enriched with boronate affinity chromatography (BAC), and AGEs-modified peptides were fractionated with basic reversed-phase separation. By this integrated approach, 3717 and 1137 early and advanced glycated peptides corresponding to 4007 sites on 1484 proteins were identified with a false discovery rate (FDR) of no more than 1%. One hundred fifty-five sites were modified with both early and advanced end glycation products. Five early and 7 advanced glycated peptides were quantified to be differentially expressed in HCC tissues relative to paired adjacent tissues. Most (8 out of 10) of the proteins corresponding to the differential glycated peptides have previously been reported with dysregulation in HCC. The results together may deepen our knowledge of glycation as well as provide insights for therapeutics.

Dysregulation of the Long Noncoding RNA X-Inactive-Specific Transcript Expression in Male Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sex-biased disease with female gender as a significant risk factor. Recently, we reported that increased expression of the long noncoding RNA X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist), as induced by an intersectin-1s protein fragment with proliferative potential (EHITSN), may explain the sexual dimorphism of female pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs) and at least in part, the imbalance sex/ratio of PAH. Xist is essential for X-chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation of X-linked genes. Increased Xist expression was also detected in a subset of ECs and lung tissue samples of male patients with PAH. The role of different Xist expression levels in ECs of male patients with PAH (ECPAH) was studied in several lines of male ECPAH in conjunction with molecular, biochemical, morphologic, and functional approaches. Male ECPAH showed on average 10.3-fold increase in high Xist versus low Xist, a significant association between Xist levels and their proliferative potential, and a heterogeneous methylation of the Xist/Tsix locus. Interestingly, Xist up-regulation in male ECPAH decreases the expression of Klf2, via EHITSN interaction with EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that EHITSN-triggered p38/Elk1/c-Fos signaling is a pathologic mechanism central to ECPAH proliferation and the dynamic crosstalk with cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A1/cyclin D2 and Xist-EZH2-Klf2 interaction participate directly and differentially in establishing the proliferative profile of male ECPAH.

A novel TGFbeta/TGILR axis mediates crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells to drive gastric cancer progression.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFß) signaling plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, little is known about the biological function of TGFbeta-induced lncRNA in cancer. In this study, we discovered a novel TGFbeta-induced lncRNA, termed TGILR, whose function in cancer remains unknown to date. TGILR expression was directly activated by the canonical TGFbeta/SMAD3 signaling axis, and this activation is highly conserved in cancer. Clinical analysis showed that TGILR overexpression showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis and poor survival and was an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer (GC). Depletion of TGILR caused an obvious inhibitory effect on GC cell proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, we demonstrated that TGFbeta signaling in GC was overactivated due to cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) infiltration. Mechanistically, increased level of CAF-secreted TGFbeta activates TGFbeta signaling, leading to TGILR overexpression in GC cells. Meanwhile, TGILR overexpression inhibited the microRNA biogenesis of miR-1306 and miR-33a by interacting with TARBP2 and reducing its protein stability, thereby promoting GC progression via TCF4-mediated EMT signaling. In conclusion, CAF infiltration drives GC metastasis and EMT signaling through activating TGFbeta/TGILR axis. Targeted blocking of CAF-derived TGFbeta should be a promising anticancer strategy in GC.

One nose but two nostrils: Learn to align with sparse connections between two olfactory cortices.

The integration of neural representations in the two hemispheres is an important problem in neuroscience. Recent experiments revealed that odor responses in cortical neurons driven by separate stimulation of the two nostrils are highly correlated. This bilateral alignment points to structured inter-hemispheric connections, but detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we hypothesized that continuous exposure to environmental odors shapes these projections and modeled it as online learning with local Hebbian rule. We found that Hebbian learning with sparse connections achieves bilateral alignment, exhibiting a linear trade-off between speed and accuracy. We identified an inverse scaling relationship between the number of cortical neurons and the inter-hemispheric projection density required for desired alignment accuracy, i.e., more cortical neurons allow sparser inter-hemispheric projections. We next compared the alignment performance of local Hebbian rule and the global stochastic-gradient-descent (SGD) learning for artificial neural networks. We found that although SGD leads to the same alignment accuracy with modestly sparser connectivity, the same inverse scaling relation holds. We showed that their similar performance originates from the fact that the update vectors of the two learning rules align significantly throughout the learning process. This insight may inspire efficient sparse local learning algorithms for more complex problems.

A new high-throughput screening methodology for the discovery of cancer-testis antigen using multi-omics data.

BACKGROUND: Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs), also known as tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) are specifically expressed in cancer cells and exhibit high immunogenicity, making them promising targets for immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. METHODS: A new integrated high-throughput screening methodology for CTAs was proposed in this study through combining DNA methylation and RNA sequencing data. Briefly, the genes with increased transcript level and decreased DNA methylation were identified by multi-omics analysis. RNA sequencing studies in cell lines exposed to DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors were performed to validate the inherent causal relationship between DNA hypomethylation and gene expression upregulation. RESULTS: We proposed a new integrated high-throughput screening methodology for identification of CTAs using multi-omics analysis. In addition, we tested the feasibility of this method using gastric cancer (GC) as an example. In GC, we identified over 2000 primary candidate CTAs and ultimately identified 20 CTAs with significant tissue-specificity, including a testis-specific serine protease TESSP1/PRSS41. Integrated analysis confirmed that PRSS41 expression was reactivated in gastrointestinal cancers by promoter DNA hypomethylation at the CpG site (cg08104780). Additionally, DNA hypomethylation of PRSS41 predicted a poor prognosis in GC. CONCLUSION: We propose a new high-throughput screening method for the identification of CTAs in cancer and validate its effectiveness. Our work emphasizes that serine protease PRSS41 is a novel TSA that is reactivated in GC due to promoter DNA hypomethylation.

Mendelian randomization of circulating proteome identifies IFN-γ as a druggable target in aplastic anemia.

BACKGROUND: Aplastic anemia (AA) is a kind of bone marrow failure (BMF) characterized by pancytopenia with hypoplasia/aplasia of bone marrow. Immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation are effective methods to treat severe aplastic anemia. However, the efficacy is limited by complications and the availability of suitable donors. This study aimed to determine whether any circulating druggable protein levels may have causal effects on AA and provide potential novel drug targets for AA. METHODS: Genetic variants strongly associated with circulating druggable protein levels to perform Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were used. The effect of these druggable protein levels on AA risk was measured using the summary statistics from a large-scale proteomic genome-wide association study (GWAS) and FinnGen database ( https://www.finngen.fi/en/access_results ). Multivariable MR analyses were performed to statistically adjust for potential confounders, including platelet counts, reticulocyte counts, neutrophil counts, and proportions of hematopoietic stem cells. RESULTS: The data showed that higher level of circulating IFN-γ levels was causally associated with AA susceptibility. The causal effects of circulating IFN-γ levels on the AA were broadly consistent, when adjusted for platelet counts, reticulocyte counts, neutrophil counts and proportions of hematopoietic stem cells. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of circulating IFN-γ levels might increase the risk of AA and might provide a potential novel target for AA.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote gastric cancer cell proliferation by paracrine FGF2-driven ribosome biogenesis.

The cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived secretome plays critical roles in tumor progression by remodelling tumor microenvironment. Tumorigenesis is accompanied by the transformation of normal fibroblasts (NF) into CAF, leading to significant changes in their secretome. This work aims to identify the differential components of secretome between NFs and CAFs and reveal their functions in gastric cancer (GC). Firstly, our molecular typing studies and immune infiltration analysis showed that CAF infiltration level was increased and showed a significant association with clinical characteristics and poor prognosis of GC patients. Secondly, RNA-seq analysis revealed that a total of 1531 genes showed significant expression changes between NF and CAF. According to the annotation of the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, 147 genes encode secreted proteins, including FGF2. Particularly, the cell co-culture and RNA sequencing studies confirmed that exogenous recombinant FGF2 protein treatment promoted GC cell proliferation by enhancing ribosome biogenesis. The rescue assay showed that CAF-secreted FGF2 protein promotes GC cell growth and proliferation in a FGFR1-dependent manner. Our finding provides evidence that targeting blockade of CAF-derived FGF2 protein might be a promising treatment for GC.

Differential interference effects of thermal pollution on the induced defense of different body-sized cladocerans.

Climate warming influences the biological activities of aquatic organisms, including feeding, growth, and reproduction, thereby affecting predator-prey interactions. This study explored the variation in thermal sensitivity of anti-predator responses in two cladoceran species with varying body sizes, Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia cornuta. These species were cultured with or without the fish (Rhodeus ocellatus) kairomone at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C for 15 days. Results revealed that cladocerans of different body sizes exhibited varying responses to fish kairomones in aspects such as individual size, first-brood neonate size, total offspring number, average brood size, growth rate, and reproductive effort. Notably, low temperature differently affected defense responses in cladocerans of different body sizes. Both high and low temperatures moderated the intensity of the kairomone-induced response on body size at maturity. Additionally, low temperature reversed the reducing effect of fish kairomone on the total offspring number, average brood size, and reproductive effort in D. pulex. Conversely, it enhanced the increasing effect of fish kairomone on these parameters in C. cornuta. These results suggest that inducible anti-predator responses in cladocerans are modifiable by temperature. The differential effects of fish kairomones on various cladocerans under temperature influence offer crucial insights for predicting changes in predator-prey interactions within freshwater ecosystems under future climate conditions.

Stable and Highly Active Single Atom Configurations for Photocatalytic H2 Generation.

The employment of single atoms (SAs), especially Pt SAs, as co-catalysts in photocatalytic H2 generation has gained significant attention due to their exceptional efficiency. However, a major challenge in their application is the light-induced agglomeration of these SAs into less active nanosized particles under photocatalytic conditions. This study addresses the stability and reactivity of Pt SAs on TiO2 surfaces by investigating various post-deposition annealing treatments in air, Ar, and Ar-H2 environments at different temperatures. It is described that annealing in an Ar-H2 atmosphere optimally stabilizes SA configurations, forming stable 2D rafts of assembled SAs ≈0.5-1 nm in diameter. These rafts not only resist light-induced agglomeration but also exhibit significantly enhanced H2 production efficiency. The findings reveal a promising approach to maintaining the high reactivity of Pt SAs while overcoming the critical challenge of their stability under photocatalytic conditions.

Injectable hydrogel-based combination therapy for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of preclinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the effectiveness of a combined regimen involving injectable hydrogels for the treatment of experimental myocardial infarction. PATIENT CONCERNS: Myocardial infarction is an acute illness that negatively affects quality of life and increases mortality rates. Experimental models of myocardial infarction can aid in disease research by allowing for the development of therapies that effectively manage disease progression and promote tissue repair. DIAGNOSIS: Experimental animal models of myocardial infarction were established using the ligation method on the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD). INTERVENTIONS: The efficacy of intracardiac injection of hydrogels, combined with cells, drugs, cytokines, extracellular vesicles, or nucleic acid therapies, was evaluated to assess the functional and morphological improvements in the post-infarction heart achieved through the combined hydrogel regimen. OUTCOMES: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. A total of 83 papers, including studies on 1332 experimental animals (rats, mice, rabbits, sheep, and pigs), were included in the meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The overall effect size observed in the group receiving combined hydrogel therapy, compared to the group receiving hydrogel treatment alone, resulted in an ejection fraction (EF) improvement of 8.87% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.53, 10.21] and a fractional shortening (FS) improvement of 6.31% [95% CI: 5.94, 6.67] in rat models, while in mice models, the improvements were 16.45% [95% CI: 11.29, 21.61] for EF and 5.68% [95% CI: 5.15, 6.22] for FS. The most significant improvements in EF (rats: MD = 9.63% [95% CI: 4.02, 15.23]; mice: MD = 23.93% [95% CI: 17.52, 30.84]) and FS (rats: MD = 8.55% [95% CI: 2.54, 14.56]; mice: MD = 5.68% [95% CI: 5.15, 6.22]) were observed when extracellular vesicle therapy was used. Although there have been significant results in large animal experiments, the number of studies conducted in this area is limited. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that combining hydrogel with other therapies effectively improves heart function and morphology. Further preclinical research using large animal models is necessary for additional study and validation.

Diagnosing postoperative lymph node metastasis in thyroid cancer with multimodal radiomics and clinical features.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of texture analysis for lymph node metastasis after thyroid cancer surgery. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examination before 131I treatment at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital between 2017 and 2020. Clinical follow-up results were used as the criterion for determining the presence of lymph node metastasis. The study included 119 patients, who were then randomly divided into training and test groups in a 7:3 ratio. Regions of interest were identified, and radiomics features were extracted using LIFEx 7.3.0. Mann-Whitney U test and LASSO regression were employed to screen radiomics parameters for modeling. Subsequently, a nomogram model was built by combining radscore and clinical features. SPSS 26.0 software was utilized for statistical analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Follow-up confirmed 54 patients with thyroid cancer lymph node metastasis and 65 patients in the non-metastasis group. A total of 119 lymph nodes were delineated. For each lesion, 164 CT texture features and 164 PET texture features were extracted, and 107 significant parameters were identified, including 16 CT texture parameters and 91 PET texture parameters. After screening, 3 CT parameters, 4 PET parameters and 12 PET/CT parameters were selected to establish three radiomic models. The AUC values were as follows: AUC (CT) = 0.730, AUC (PET) = 0.759 and AUC (PET/CT) = 0.864. We then combined clinical features and radscore to construct a nomogram, resulting in a C-index of 0.915 in the training group. In the test group, the C-index was confirmed to be 0.868. Conclusions: Radiomics may enhance the diagnostic efficiency of lymph node metastases after thyroid cancer surgery and could potentially assist clinicians in future diagnoses. The developed nomogram, which combines radiomics and clinical features, offers relatively high accuracy in helping clinicians assess the risk of metastasis in thyroid patients after surgery.

Psychometric evaluation of the respiratory syncytial virus infection, intensity and impact questionnaire (RSV-iiiQ) in adults.

BACKGROUND: Despite a number of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidates being tested in clinical trials, disease-specific, self-reported instruments assessing symptom severity of RSV infection from the perspective of adult patients are still needed. The RSV Infection, Intensity and Impact Questionnaire (RSV-iiiQ) was adapted from the Influenza Intensity and Impact Questionnaire (FluiiQ™). This study evaluated some measurement properties of the RSV-iiiQ. METHODS: Data were collected in a web-based survey over two consecutive days. Participants completed the RSV-iiiQ, the Patient Global Impression of Severity, Sheehan Disability Scale, Patient Global Impression of Change, EQ-5D-5L, and a demographic questionnaire. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and responsiveness of the RSV-iiiQ scales were assessed. RESULTS: 111 adults with RSV were enrolled and self-reported a variety of symptoms across the range of disease severity via a web-based platform. The RSV-iiiQ scales demonstrated satisfactory test-retest reliability, construct validity, and discriminating ability. One-factor confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that each of the four scales was sufficiently unidimensional, and internal consistencies indicated that the computation of RSV-iiiQ scale scores was plausible. Correlation-based analyses provided support for the construct validity of the RSV-iiiQ scores, and known groups analyses supported discriminating ability. Estimates of responsiveness of the scale scores were also satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: RSV infection is highly symptomatic and causes significant disease burden, and self-report instruments assessing symptom severity and impact are important for evaluation of new treatments. This study describes the preliminary psychometric properties of the RSV-iiiQ and indicates this tool may be useful for the assessment of the severity of symptoms and impact of acute RSV infection in adults. The findings also indicated two items, Runny nose and Ear pain, may be unnecessary and should be revisited using item response theory analysis with a larger sample size.

Body composition changes in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer after iodine-131 treatment and short-term levothyroxine replacement and suppression therapy.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to assess the changes in body composition in patients who underwent thyroidectomy due to differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) and short-term levothyroxine (LT4) supplementation and to explore the correlations between body composition distribution and corresponding blood indices. METHODS: Fifty-seven thyroidectomized DTC patients were included. Serum was tested for several biochemical indices of thyroid function, lipids, and bone metabolism, and body composition parameters were measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and 4-6 weeks after RAI and LT4 supplementation. RESULTS: The body composition of DTC patients changed after RAI. Fat mass in all parts of the body decreased (range of relative change (RRC) -12.97--2.80%). Bone mineral content (BMC) increased throughout the body (relative change (RC) 12.12%), head (RC 36.23%), pelvis (RC 9.00%), and legs (RC 3.15%). Similarly, bone mineral density (BMD) increased in different regions (RRC 3.60-26.43%), except for the arms. Notably, lean mass in the arms (RC 4.30%) and legs (RC 3.67%) increased, while that in the head decreased (RC -2.75%), while total lean mass did not change at 4-6 weeks after LT4 supplementation. Furthermore, changes in fat distribution in the android region were related to the changes in total cholesterol (r = -0.390) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.354), and changes in the BMC and BMD of the lumbar spine were positively associated with the changes in calcitonin (r = 0.302 and 0.325, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: After RAI and short-term LT4 supplementation in DTC patients, body composition rapidly and positively changed and was characterized by decreased fat mass and increased BMC and BMD.

The D-SPECT SH reconstruction protocol: improved quantification of small left ventricle volumes.

BACKGROUND: Due to spatial resolution limitations, conventional NaI-SPECT typically overestimates the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) in patients with small LV volumes. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical application value of the small heart (SH) reconstruction protocol embedded in the postprocessing procedure of D-SPECT. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who undergo both D-SPECT and echocardiography (Echo) within one week. Patients with small LV volume were defined as those with a rest end-systolic volume (rESV) ≤ 25 mL and underwent reconstruction using the standard (SD) reconstruction protocol. The SH protocol was deemed successful in correcting the LVEF value if it decreased by 5% or more compared to the SD protocol. The ROC curve was used to calculate the optimal cutoff value of the SH protocol. LVEF, ESV and EDV were computed with SD and SH, respectively. Echo was performed as a reference, and Echo-LVEF, ESV, and EDV were calculated using the Teichholz formula. One-way ANOVA was used to compare these parameters among the three groups. RESULTS: The final study included 209 patients (73.21% female, age 67.34 ± 7.85 years). Compared with the SD protocol, the SH protocol significantly decreased LVEF (67.43 ± 7.38% vs. 71.30 ± 7.61%, p < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for using the SH protocol was rESV > 17 mL (AUC = 0.651, sensitivity = 78.43%, specificity = 45.57%, p = 0.001). In the subgroup of rESV > 17 mL, there was no significant difference in LVEF (61.84 ± 4.67% vs. 62.83 ± 2.85%, p = 0.481) between the SH protocol and Echo, and no significant difference was observed in rESV (26.92 ± 3.25 mL vs. 27.94 ± 7.96 mL, p = 0.60) between the SH protocol and Echo. CONCLUSION: This pilot study demonstrated that the SH reconstruction protocol was able to effectively correct the overestimation of LVEF in patients with small LV volumes. Particularly, in the rESV > 17 mL subgroup, the time and computing power waste could be reduced while still ensuring the accuracy of the LVEF value and image quality.

Photocatalytic H2 Generation: Controlled and Optimized Dispersion of Single Atom Co-Catalysts Based on Pt-TCPP Planar Adsorption on TiO2.

When using single atoms (SAs) as a co-catalyst in photocatalytic H2 generation, achieving a well-dispersed, evenly distributed and adjustable SA surface density on a semiconductor surface is a challenging task. In the present work we use the planar adsorption of tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrin (TCPP) and its platinum coordinated analogue, Pt-TCPP, onto anatase TiO2 surfaces to establish a spatially controlled decoration of SAs. We show that the surface Pt SA density can be very well controlled by co-adsorption of Pt-TCPP and TCPP in the planar monolayer regime, and by adjusting the Pt-TCPP to TCPP ratio a desired well dispersed surface density of SAs up to 2.6×105  atoms µm-2 can be established (which is the most effective Pt SA loading for photocatalysis). This distribution and the SA state are maintained after a thermal treatment in air, and an optimized SA density as well as a most active form of Pt for photocatalytic H2 evolution can be established and maintained.

Rice tetraspanins express in specific domains of diverse tissues and regulate plant architecture and root growth.

Tetraspanins (TETs) are small transmembrane scaffold proteins that distribute proteins into highly organized microdomains, consisting of adaptors and signaling proteins, which play important roles in various biological events. In plants, understanding of tetraspanin is limited to the Arabidopsis TET genes' expression pattern and their function in leaf and root growth. Here, we comprehensively analyzed all rice tetraspanin (OsTET) family members, including their gene expression pattern, protein topology, and subcellular localization. We found that the core domain of OsTETs is conserved and shares a similar topology of four membrane-spanning domains with animal and plant TETs. OsTET genes are partially overlapping expressed in diverse tissue domains in vegetative and reproductive organs. OsTET proteins preferentially targeted the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutation analysis showed that OsTET5, OsTET6, OsTET9, and OsTET10 regulated plant height and tillering, and that OsTET13 controlled root growth in association with the jasmonic acid pathway. In summary, our work provides systematic new insights into the function of OsTETs in rice growth and development, and the data provides valuable resources for future research.

Alpha-Emitter Radium-223 Induces STING-Dependent Pyroptosis to Trigger Robust Antitumor Immunity.

Radium-223 (223 Ra) is the first-in-class alpha-emitter to mediate tumor eradication, which is commonly thought to kill tumor cells by directly cleaving double-strand DNA. However, the immunogenic characteristics and cell death modalities triggered by 223 Ra remain unclear. Here, it is reported that the 223 Ra irradiation induces the pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns including calreticulin, HMGB1, and HSP70, hallmarks of tumor immunogenicity. Moreover, therapeutic 223 Ra retards tumor progression by triggering pyroptosis, an immunogenic cell death. Mechanically, 223 Ra-induced DNA damage leads to the activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated DNA sensing pathway, which is critical for NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis and subsequent DCs maturation as well as T cell activation. These findings establish an essential role of STING in mediating alpha-emitter 223 Ra-induced antitumor immunity, which provides the basis for the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies and combinatory therapy.

Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Generation by Light-Induced Carbon Modification of TiO2 Nanotubes.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is the material of choice for photocatalytic and electrochemical applications owing to its outstanding physicochemical properties. However, its wide bandgap and relatively low conductivity limit its practical application. Modifying TiO2 with carbon species is a promising route to overcome these intrinsic complexities. In this work, we propose a facile method to modify TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) based on the remnant organic electrolyte retained inside the nanotubes after the anodization process, that is, without removing it by immersion in ethanol. Carbon-modified TiO2 NTs (C-TiO2 NTs) showed enhanced H2 evolution in photocatalysis under UV illumination in aqueous solutions. When the C-TiO2 NTs were subjected to UV light illumination, the carbon underwent modification, resulting in higher measured photocurrents in the tube layers. After UV illumination, the IPCE of the C-TiO2 NTs was 4.4-fold higher than that of the carbon-free TiO2 NTs.