From Mandatory School Gymnastics to Physical Training for Youth. How the Société Fédérale de Gymnastique Became a "Gymnastic State" Dedicated to the Physical Preparation of Swiss Youth From 1873 to 1907.

The aim of this contribution is to analyse the special role that gymnastics clubs played, under the umbrella of the Société Fédérale de Gymnastique (SFG), in the formation of the Swiss nation and in the representation of a strong and united national youth at a time when the unity represented by the Swiss federal State founded in 1848 was strongly questioned by the conservative opposition. The purpose is mainly based on extensive statistical data gathered within the SFG about its members throughout the country at three particular moments (1873, 1895, and 1907) and on institutional archival funds. Our analysis is based on three successive points: after defining the relationship between the SFG and the Swiss Federal State (founded in 1848) for the unification and defense of the homeland, whether in terms of institutional mimicry or the building of a "national youth," a second part defines which type of "youth" is specifically targeted by the SFG and what it meant at the time to be a "young" or an "old" gymnast, in particular through the participation of the SFG in the National exhibition of Geneva in 1896. Finally, a last part widens the perspective by highlighting, on one side, the cultural, political, and cantonal constraints on national expansion through youth of Swiss gymnastics and, on the other side, how these constraints have generated unifying and patriotic ambitions and discourses within the SFG.

The Rise of Massage and Medical Gymnastics in London and Paris before the First World War.

Massage and medical gymnastics experienced a rapid institutionalization across Europe and North America between 1850 and 1914. This article explores how this process took place in London and Paris. Physiotherapy developed many of the hallmarks of an independent discipline during this period, including an identified corpus of manipulations and exercises, some autonomous training courses and degrees for future practitioners, and even the creation of departments within several hospitals. The article analyzes all of the processes surrounding this rise, paying special attention to the influence of the ambassadors of Swedish gymnastics (which led to the re-invention of massage across Europe), to the installation of physiotherapy in hospitals in London and in Paris, and to the practical and institutional innovations driven by nurses in England and by doctors in France.

[Comparison of medical practices of 'massage' and 'gymnastics' - at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (England, France, Germany, Switzerland)]. / Approche comparée des pratiques médicales de "massage" et de "gymnastique". A la fin du XIXème siècle et au début du XXème siècle (Angleterre, France, Allemagne, Suisse).

Massage and medical gymnastics are very ancient form of medical practices and knowledge, nevertheless they seem to focus a growing attention between 1860 and World War I in Europe. These practices know a quick institutionalization, and the physiotherapy or "kinesitherapy" emerge as a discipline with some more structured training course for students and future practitioners. In fact, the determinants of this development are numerous, specialization, professionalization, cultural transfer, and more broadly with geopolitical influences and nationalist feelings, influence of the Swedish gymnastics.

[Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier (1799-1877): orthopaedist, surgeon and promoter of physical education]. / Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier (1799-1877): orthopédiste, chirurgien et promoteur de l'education physique.

This article establishes the biography of a little known physician of the 19th century., whose commitment with orthopaedics and formulation of medical gymnastics was important: the surgeon-orthopaedist Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier. Several constitutive processes of the medical field of the 19th century are analysed: specialization (around orthopaedics), professionalization and development of various therapeutic and hygienic methods (among them medical gymnastics). Bouvier's biography is particularly instructive and sheds new light on these different processes, as well as on the institutionalization of orthopaedics from the 1820's up to the 1870's, at the intersection between medical and educative fields, between hospital, medical faculty and teaching of gymnastics.

[From Paris to Strasbourgh: the development of orthopedic and gymnastic clinics (first half of the 19th century)]. / De Paris à Strasbourg: L'essor des établissements orthopédiques et gymnastiques (première moitié du XIXème siècle).

In this contribution, we try to outline a history of the rise of orthopaedic and gymnastic clinics from 1820 to 1860 in France, and particularly in Paris. These clinics are located at the crossroads of several social processes of the 19th century: the structuring of a medical field (observed through specialization, professionalization, etc.), physical exercises legitimating process or the development of a medical interest for the female body. Several types of interests and issues--epistemological, educational, social, professional or symbolic--cross around those clinics and place them as major elements in the constitution of a history of medical engagement in the production of physical education during the nineteenth century. Divided in two parts, our presentation will try to highlight various elements of a history of those clinics' rise: their directors, a geography of the implantation in Paris and a description of their customers, looking at the various educational and rehabilitative methodologies implemented in the different clinics.

Futebol e "imaginário nacional" helvético (1920-1942): os jogos Suíça-Alemanha no entreguerras vistos pela imprensa suíça francófona / The soccer and the helvetian national Imaginary (1920-1942): Switzerland against Germany between the wars, by the francophone swiss press / Fútbol y "imaginario nacional" helvético (1920-1942): los juegos Suiza-Alemania entre las guerras, según la prensa suiza francófona

Nosso objetivo é procurar circunscrever o processo de construção de representações nacionais helvéticas por meio de uma sucessão de eventos esportivos: as partidas de futebol entre os times nacionais suíços e alemães entre 1920 e 1942. Os elementos destacados testemunham a celebração de um imaginário nacional helvético. Neutros, unidos, indomáveis, homogêneos, os jogadores de futebol suíços são a parte em movimento de um imaginário nacional, definindo-se diante de um Outro, alemão. E, se os resultados não são sempre favoráveis, a caracterização nacional, que se coloca igualmente nos relatos dos defeitos helvéticos, permite-nos afirmar o caráter perene dessas representações.

Our ambition is to try to circumscribe the construction process of some Swiss national representations, through a succession of major sporting events: football matches between national teams Swiss and German between 1920 and 1942. The elements highlighted emphasize the celebration of a Swiss imagined communities. Neutral, united, fierce, homogeneous, the Swiss football players are the moving portion of an Imagined communities, constantly redefining itself toward an Other German. And if the results are not always favorable, national characterization operating also in the Swiss accounts of defeats, allows us to affirm the sustainable nature of these representations.

Nuestro objetivo es procurar circunscribir el proceso de construcción de representaciones nacionales helvéticas por medio de una serie de eventos deportivos: los partidos de fútbol entre los equipos nacionales suizos y alemanes entre 1920 y 1942. Los elementos destacados testimonian la celebración de un imaginario social helvético. Neutrales, unidos, indomables, homogéneos, los futbolistas suizos son la parte en movimiento de un imaginario nacional, definiéndose frente al Otro alemán. Si los resultados no siempre son favorables, la caracterización nacional, que se pone igualmente en los relatos de los defectos helvéticos, nos permite afirmar el carácter perenne de esas representaciones.

[Short biography of an actor of the institutionalisation of orthopaedics (1830-1850)]. / Jules Guérin: brève biographie d'un acteur de l'institutionnalisation de l'orthopédie (1830-1850).

Parts of the socioscientific career of Jules Guérin, an orthopaedic surgeon, are presented in this article. The aim is to deepen the comprehension of intricate processes like specialisation and professionalisation of medicine and development of medical gymnastics. From this point of view Guérin's biography is very informative. The intention is to highlight the institutionalisation process of orthopaedics during two decades: the 1830s and 1840s. For the analysis the author tries to associate historical elements taken from the medical field and the socioeconomic context, however, without digressing too far from Guérin himself. First, Guérin's part in the institutionalisation process will be studied, second, his influence as a surgeon and theorist of spinal deformities and then his role as a controversial figure in the medical field.