Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on gestational hormone production in a placental cell line: Application of passive dosing to in vitro tests.

Air pollution includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have been correlated to endocrine disruptor pathways during early pregnancy. PAHs have been found in the placenta and cord blood, which may affect the hormones involved in placental development. We studied the effects of some airborne PAHs on beta human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) and progesterone production by using a syncytial BeWo cell line as a placental model. PAH congeners were spiked in silicon rubber membrane (SRMs) and were then introduced into the cell medium by the passive dosing method to reach a freely dissolved concentration for BeWo cell exposure. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector was used to analyze the PAHs, and electrochemiluminescence was used to test the hormone levels. Our results showed that passive dosing can deliver low levels of PAH congeners in the cell medium, which allowed us to calculate the individual release constants at equilibrium and to estimate their effects. Benzo[a]pyrene was released quickly from the SRMs to the cell medium, which can be attributed to its lipophilic properties. The PAHs were shown to decrease the ß-hCG level in the short term and progesterone level in the long term, so they may serve as a pathway for endocrine disorder in trophoblastic cells. This approximation may explain observations of impaired endometrium receptivity and placental dysfunction, which enhance adverse pregnancy outcomes such as embryonic mortality and intrauterine growth restriction.

Improving the Annotation of the Venom Gland Transcriptome of Pamphobeteus verdolaga, Prospecting Novel Bioactive Peptides.

Spider venoms constitute a trove of novel peptides with biotechnological interest. Paucity of next-generation-sequencing (NGS) data generation has led to a description of less than 1% of these peptides. Increasing evidence supports the underestimation of the assembled genes a single transcriptome assembler can predict. Here, the transcriptome of the venom gland of the spider Pamphobeteus verdolaga was re-assembled, using three free access algorithms, Trinity, SOAPdenovo-Trans, and SPAdes, to obtain a more complete annotation. Assembler's performance was evaluated by contig number, N50, read representation on the assembly, and BUSCO's terms retrieval against the arthropod dataset. Out of all the assembled sequences with all software, 39.26% were common between the three assemblers, and 27.88% were uniquely assembled by Trinity, while 27.65% were uniquely assembled by SPAdes. The non-redundant merging of all three assemblies' output permitted the annotation of 9232 sequences, which was 23% more when compared to each software and 28% more when compared to the previous P. verdolaga annotation; moreover, the description of 65 novel theraphotoxins was possible. In the generation of data for non-model organisms, as well as in the search for novel peptides with biotechnological interest, it is highly recommended to employ at least two different transcriptome assemblers.

Mesotelioma en paciente colombiano con sobrevida mayor a tres años: presentación de caso / Mesothelioma in a Colombian Patient over three years: Case Presentation / Mesotelioma em paciente colombiano com sobrevivência superior a três anos: apresentação de caso

Resumen Introducción: el mesotelioma epitelioide es un tumor que se desarrolla en las capas embrionarias mesoteliales; es de etiología desconocida, pero se relaciona con la exposición al asbesto, con una presentación clínica inespecífica y con un pronóstico de sobrevida corto después del diagnóstico. Presentación del caso: hombre de profesión mecánico automotor, con tos sin expectoración, disnea, hipertermia y emaciación posterior a la extracción quirúrgica de lipomas que afectaban el tórax, quien posteriormente fue diagnosticado con mesotelioma epitelioide maligno con ubicación en la pleura del hemitórax derecho y fue tratado con toracotomía, quimioterapia con los medicamentos pemetrexed y cisplatino y sesiones de radioterapia, que mostraron un aumento en la sobrevida 3 tres años. Conclusión: este caso permitió identificar que el uso de la pleurodesis química con quimioterapia como tratamiento podría ser responsable del aumento de la esperanza de vida y la calidad de esta en los pacientes que padecen este tipo de tumor.

Abstract Introduction: Epithelioid mesothelioma is a tumor that develops in the mesothelial embryonic layers; it is of an unknown etiology, but it is related to asbestos exposure with a nonspecific clinical presentation and a short survival prognosis after diagnosis. Case presentation: An automotive mechanic patient presents with cough without expectoration, dyspnea, hyperthermia, and emaciation following surgical removal of lipomas. This affected the chest and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with malignant epithelioid mesothelioma located in the pleura of the right hemithorax. The patient was treated with thoracotomy, chemotherapy with the drugs pemetrexed and cisplatin, and radiation therapy sessions which resulted in an increased survival rate at 4 years. Conclusion: This case report identifies the use of chemical pleurodesis in combination with chemotherapy as an effective treatment for increasing the life expectancy and quality of life in patients suffering from this type of tumor.

Resumo Introdução: o mesotelioma epitelióide é um tumor que se desenvolve nas camadas embrionárias mesote-liais; é de causa desconhecida, mas está relacionado com a exposição ao amianto e possui uma manifestação clínica inespecífica e com prognóstico de sobrevivência curto após o diagnóstico. Apresentação do caso: o paciente é um mecânico automotivo, que apresentou tosse seca, dispneia, hipertermia e emagrecimento posterior a extração cirúrgica de lipomas que afetavam o tórax sendo posteriormente diagnosticado com mesotelioma epitelióide maligno localizado na pleura do hemitórax direito e foi tratado com toracotomia, quimioterapia com os medicamentos pemetrexed e cisplatino além de sessões de radioterapia, mostrando um aumento de expectativa de vida para 4 anos. Conclusão: este estudo de caso permite identificar que o uso da pleurodese química com quimioterapia como tratamento poderia ser a responsável pelo aumento da expectativa e qualidade de vida em pacientes acometidos por este tipo de tumor.

Economic Evaluations of Interventions for Snakebites: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Snakebite is an often-neglected event with a high rate of mortality and is concentrated in poor areas. We aimed to assess the economic impact and health effects of the implementation of interventions for snakebites through a systematic review of the scientific literature. METHODS: Thirty search strategies were conducted in seven databases, applying PRISMA's identification, screening, selection, and inclusion phases. The reproducibility of the selection of studies and the extraction of information were guaranteed. The methodological quality was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards. Qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis were performed for determining the average cost-effectiveness (ACE) for each death and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) avoided. RESULTS: Six cost-effectiveness studies were included for the supply of antivenom (AV), taken as outcomes on days of hospitalization or in ICU, death and DALYs avoided. All studies only included institutional costs, and majority of them did not specify the analytical model or economic evaluation parameters and did not perform uncertainty analyses. The management protocol standardization with interdisciplinary attention improves ACE of AV. Cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) of treatment with AV was USD 1253 (constant value for the year 2017, adjusted by purchasing power parity) for each death avoided and USD 51 per DALY avoided. CONCLUSION: High cost-effectiveness of the AV treatment for snakebites was evidenced, which shows that the allocation of resources for this event should be a healthcare priority in addition to implementation of strategies that improve the access to, opportunity, and quality of hospital and pre-hospital care and reduce the cost of AV.

Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels.

Pamphobeteus verdolaga is a recently described Theraphosidae spider from the Andean region of Colombia. Previous reports partially characterized its venom profile. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis that includes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC), calcium influx assays, tandem mass spectrometry analysis (tMS/MS), and venom-gland transcriptome. rp-HPLC fractions of P. verdolaga venom showed activity on CaV2.2, CaV3.2, and NaV1.7 ion channels. Active fractions contained several peptides with molecular masses ranging from 3399.4 to 3839.6 Da. The tMS/MS analysis of active fraction displaying the strongest activity to inhibit calcium channels showed sequence fragments similar to one of the translated transcripts detected in the venom-gland transcriptome. The putative peptide of this translated transcript corresponded to a toxin, here named ω-theraphositoxin-Pv3a, a potential ion channel modulator toxin that is, in addition, very similar to other theraphositoxins affecting calcium channels (i.e., ω-theraphotoxin-Asp1a). Additionally, using this holistic approach, we found that P. verdolaga venom is an important source of disulfide-rich proteins expressing at least eight superfamilies.

Assessment of endocrine disruptor effects of levonorgestrel and its photoproducts: Environmental implications of released fractions after their photocatalytic removal.

The presence of levonorgestrel (LNG) in water bodies via direct discharge and human excretion has been reported worldwide, but its effects on the reproduction of aquatic species and humans are still unknown. Owing to its recalcitrant properties, LNG is not completely removed during wastewater treatment plants, and many species may be exposed to low traces of this compound from discharged effluents. Thus, in this study, a photocatalytic process for removing LNG along with screening of endocrine disruptor effects for risk assessment was applied. Although the removal rate of LNG by ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation was >90%, reproductive toxicity testing using the BeWo cell line exposed to LNG and its degraded fraction showed the reduced production of basal human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (ß-hCG) by more than 73%, from 8.90 mIU mL-1 to <2.39 mIU mL-1, with both LNG and the degraded fraction. ß-hCG hormone has been implicated in the viability of trophoblastic cells during the first trimester of pregnancy; therefore, degraded fractions and waterborne LNG may affect reproduction in some aquatic species and humans with low level of exposure.

Characterization of the Venom of C. d. cumanesis of Colombia: Proteomic Analysis and Antivenomic Study.

The Colombian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis is distributed in three geographic zones of the country: the Atlantic Coast, the upper valley of the Magdalena River, and the eastern plains of the Colombian Orinoquía. Its venom induces neurological symptoms, such as eyelid ptosis, myasthenic facies, and paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to death. Identification and analysis of C. d. cumanensis showed nine groups of proteins responsible for the neurotoxic effect, of which the crotoxin complex was the most abundant (64.71%). Immunorecognition tests of C. d. cumanensis showed that the use of a commercial antivenom manufactured in Mexico resulted in immunoreactivity.

Efecto citotóxico de fosfolipasas A2 del veneno de Crotalus durissus cumanensis de Colombia / Cytotoxic effect of A2 phospholipases of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis from Colombia / Efeito citotóxico da fosfolipase A2 do veneno de Crotalus durissus cumanensis da Colômbia

Introducción. Los venenos de serpientes representan una fuente importante de proteínas y péptidos, los cuales exhiben diversas actividades biológicas, tales como antibacterianas, antiparasitarias, antivi-rales, antitumorales, antifúngicas y contra la agregación plaquetaria, entre otras.Las fosfolipasas A2 presentes en los venenos de serpientes son las proteínas más estudiadas en estos modelos. Se ha demostrado que las fosfolipasas A2, activas e inactivas, poseen actividad catalítica contra células tumorales. Objetivo. Aislar, purificar y caracterizar la fosfolipasa A2 del veneno de Crotalus durissus cumanensis para evaluar su actividad antitumoral in vitro. Materiales y métodos. El aislamiento, la purificación y la identificación de la crotoxina B se hizo mediante la cromatografía de exclusión molecular, la cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento de fase inversa (Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, RP-HPLC) y la espectrometría de masas. El efecto citotóxico sobre células tumorales (K562) y células normales (células mononucleares de sangre periférica) se determinó utilizando la técnica de MTT. Resultados. La separación y posterior identificación de la crotoxina B del veneno de C. d. cumanensis de Colombia, permitieron evidenciar que esta fosfolipasa A2 posee efecto citotóxico sobre las células mononucleares de sangre periférica con una dosis de 18,23 ± 0,57 µg/ml, mientras que, para las células K562, fue de 2,34 ± 0,199 µg/ml. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren la posibilidad de utilizar la crotoxina B aislada del veneno de C. d. cumanensis como un posible recurso terapéutico para su aplicación en humanos.

Introduction. Snake venoms are an important source of proteins and peptides, which display various biological activities such as antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antitumor, antifungal and against platelet aggregation, among others.Phospholipases A2 present in snake venoms are the most studied proteins in these models. Active and inactive A2 phospholipases have been shown to possess catalytic activity against tumor cells. Objective. To isolate, purify and characterize the phospholipase A2 of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis to evaluate its in vitro antitumor activity. Materials and methods. Isolation, purification and identification of crotoxin B was done with Size Exclusion Chromatography, Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, RP-HPLC, and Mass Spectrometry. The cytotoxic effect on tumor cells (K562) and normal cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was determined using the MTT technique. Results. The separation and subsequent identification of crotoxin B, found in the venom of C. d. cumanensis from Colombia, showed that this phospholipase A2 has a cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a dose of 18.23 ± 0.57 µg / ml, whereas for K562 cells, it was 2.34 ± 0.199 µg/ml Conclusions. The results suggest the use of crotoxin B, isolated from the venom of C. d. cumanensis, as a possible therapeutic resource for human application.

Introdução. Os venenos da serpentes constituem uma importante fonte de proteínas e péptidos, os quais exibem várias actividades biológicas, tais como agentes antibacterianos, antiparasitárias, antivi-rais, antitumorais, antifúngicas e contra a agregação de plaquetas, entre outros. As fosfolipases A2 presentes no veneno da serpentes são as proteínas mais estudadas nestes modelos. Tem sido demostrado que as fosfolipases A2, activas e inactivas, possuem actividade catalítica contra células tumorais. Objetivo. Isolar, purificar e caracterizar a fosfolipase A2 do veneno da Crotalus durissus cumanensis para avaliar a sua actividade anti-umoral in vitro. Materiais e métodos. O isolamento, a purificação e identificação da crotoxina B foi realizada por cromatografia de exclusão molecular, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de fase reversa (Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, RP-HPLC) e espectrometria de massa. O efeito cito-tóxico sobre células tumorais (K562) e células normais (células mononucleares do sangue periférico) foi determinada usando a técnica de MTT. Resultados. A Separação e subsequente identificação da crotoxina B do veneno da C. d. cumanensis da Colômbia, permitiu constatar que esta fosfolipase A2 tem um efeito citotóxico em células mono-nucleares de sangue periférico, com uma dose de 18,23 ± 0,57 µg/ ml, enquanto que para as células K562, foi 2,34 ± 0,199 ug/ml. Conclusões. Os resultados sugerem a possibilidade de utilizar crotoxina B isolada a partir do veneno da C. d. cumanensis como recurso para o potencial uso terapêutico em humanos.

Venom from Opisthacanthus elatus scorpion of Colombia, could be more hemolytic and less neurotoxic than thought.

We report the first biochemical, biological, pharmacological and partial proteomic characterization studies of the Opisthancanthus elatus venom (Gervais, 1844) from Colombia. The Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography venom profile showed 28 main well-defined peaks, most eluting between 20 and 45min (18-30% of acetonitrile, respectively). High-resolution mass analysis indicates the presence of 106 components ranging from 806.59742Da to 16849.4139Da. O. elatus venom showed hemolytic activity and hydrolyzed the specific substrate BapNa suggesting the presence of proteins with serine-protease activity. Collected RP-HPLC fractions eluting at 52.6, 55.5, 55.8, 56.2, and 63.9min (PLA2 region between 33 and 40% of acetonitrile), showed hemolytic activity and hydrolyzed the synthetic substrate 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy-benzoic acid, indicating the presence of compounds with phospholipases A2 activity. These RP-HPLC fractions, showed molecular masses values up to 13978.19546Da, corroborating the possible presence of the mentioned enzymes. Tryptic digestion and MS/MS analysis showed the presence of a phospholipase like fragment, similar to on described in other Opisthacanthus genus studies. No coagulant activity was observed. No larvicidal or antimicrobial activity was observed at concentrations evaluated. Lethal and toxic activity is expected at doses above 100mg/kg, no neurotoxic effects were detected at lower doses. In conclusion, O. elatus exhibits a venom with a predominant phospholipase A2 activity than thought; mammal's neurotoxic activity is expected above the 100mg/kg, which is very high compared to the venom from other neurotoxic scorpions.

Accidente ofídico en animales de pastoreo: acercamiento epidemiológico, clínico y de manejo / Ophidic Accident in Grazing Animals: Epidemiological, Clinical and Handling Approach / Acidente ofídico em animais de pastoreio: aproximação epidemiológica, clínica e de manejo

En animales de pastoreo, el reporte de accidentes ofídicos es muy bajo y, además, presenta un amplio subregistro. A pesar de esto, es de gran utilidad conocer la incidencia de estos accidentes, pues son de gran importancia por las pérdidas económicas que pueden causar en el sector pecuario. Los accidentes por serpientes venenosas, tanto de la familia Viperidae como Elapidae, en caballos y ganado vacuno son frecuentes en muchos lugares del mundo, debido al aumento en la destinación de las tierras para la actividad ganadera. Colombia no es ajena a ello; sin embargo, el registro de este tipo de accidentalidad es muy bajo. En los diferentes reportes de accidentes ofídicos en animales, se ha observado que las principales manifestaciones sistémicas están caracterizadas por complicaciones cardiacas, hemodinámicas y neurotóxicas. Igualmente, se observan efectos locales, los cuales se caracterizan por presencia de hemorragias locales, edema y necrosis. El tratamiento específico utilizado en los accidentes por serpientes es la seroterapia, que consta de inmunoglobulinas G (Sueros IgG) completas o fraccionadas (Faboterápicos Fab o Fab2), específicas para un género o especie.

The report of ophidic accidents in grazing animals is very low, and it is also widely under recorded. In spite of this, it is of great use to know the incidence of these accidents, as they are very important due to the economic loss they may cause to the livestock sector. Accidents caused by poisonous snakes from the Viperidae and Elapidae families in horses and in cattle are very frequent in many parts of the world, given the increase in land destination for livestock. Colombia's case is no different; however, the report of this type of accidents is very low. In the different reports of ophidic accidents in animals, it is observed that the main systemic manifestations are characterized by cardiac, hemodynamic and neurotoxic complications. Likewise, local effects are observed, mainly characterized by the presence of local bleeding, edema and necrosis. The specific treatment used in accidents caused by snakes is serotherapy, which consists of full or fractional immunoglobulin G (IgG Serum) (Fabotherapics Fab or Fab2), specific for a gender or a species.

Em animais de pastoreio, o número de acidentes ofídicos reportado é muito baixo e, além disso, apresenta um amplo sub-registro. Apesar disto, é de grande utilidade conhecer a incidência destes acidentes, pois são de grande importância pelas perdas econômicas que podem causar no setor pecuário. Os acidentes por serpentes venenosas, tanto da família Viperidae como Elapidae, em cavalos e gado são frequentes em muitos lugares do mundo, devido ao aumento na destinação das terras para a atividade pecuarista. A Colômbia não é alheia a isso; porém, o registro deste tipo de acidentalidade é muito bajo. em os diferentes reportes de acidentes ofídicos em animais, se ha observado que as principais manifestações sistêmicas estão caracterizadas por complicações cardíacas, hemodinâmicas e neurotóxicas. Igualmente, se observam efeitos locais, os quais se caracterizam por presença de hemorragias locais, edema e necrose. O tratamento específico utilizado nos acidentes por serpentes é a seroterapia, que consta de imunoglobulinas G (Soros IgG) completas ou fracionadas (Faboterápicos Fab ou Fab2), específicas para um gênero ou espécie.

Envenenamiento aracnídico en las Américas / Arachnic poisoning in the Americas

Las arañas de verdadero interés médico en el mundo pertenecen a los géneros Phoneutria, Loxosceles, Latrodectus y Atrax, el primero de los cuales se distribuye desde Costa Rica hasta Bolivia. El género Atrax se encuentra en Australia, Nueva Guinea y las islas Salomón. Loxosceles spp y Latrodectus spp son arañas cosmopolitas. El accidente aracnídico en América es un problema de salud pública en países como Chile, Estados Unidos y Brasil, siendo las mordeduras por Loxosceles spp más frecuentes en los dos primeros países y por Phoneutria spp en Brasil. En Colombia no conocemos publicaciones sobre accidentes por Loxosceles spp pero sí por Latrodectus spp en la primera mitad del siglo XX, y relatos recientes (1990s) de accidentes por Phoneutria spp en Antioquia. Se presenta una revisión de los aspectos taxonómicos, toxinológicos y clínicos del aracnidismo, de tal manera que nos permita estar atentos para diagnosticar y tratar correctamente estos accidentes