Dentin erosive wear is reduced by fluoride varnishes containing nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate in vitro.

This study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnishes containing micrometric or nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on dentin erosive wear in vitro. Bovine root dentin blocks were selected by surface hardness and randomly divided into five experimental groups/varnishes (n = 20/group): placebo, 5% sodium fluoride (NaF); 5% NaF+5% micrometric TMP; 5% NaF+2.5% nanosized TMP; and 5% NaF+5% nanosized TMP. Half of the surface of all blocks received a single application of the assigned varnish, with subsequent immersion in artificial saliva for 6 h. Varnishes were then removed and the blocks were immersed in citric acid (90 s, 4×/day, 5 days). After each erosive cycle, ten blocks of each group were immersed in a placebo dentifrice for 15 s (ERO), while the other ten blocks were subjected to abrasion by brushing (ERO+ABR). Dentin erosive wear was assessed by profilometry. Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and to the Holm-Sidak test (p<0.05). Dentin erosive wear was significantly higher for ERO+ABR than for ERO for all varnishes. TMP-containing varnishes promoted superior effects against dentin erosive wear compared with 5% NaF alone; and 5% nanosized TMP led to the lowest wear among all varnishes. In conclusion, the addition of TMP to conventional fluoride varnish (i.e., varnish containing only NaF) enhanced its protective effects against bovine root dentin erosion and erosion+abrasion. Additionally, the use of 5% nanosized TMP led to superior effects in comparison to 5% micrometric TMP, both for erosion and erosion+abrasion in vitro.

In vitro effect of fluoride gels supplemented with nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate on enamel erosive wear.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the protective effect of fluoride (F) gels supplemented with micrometric or nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMPmicro and TMPnano, respectively) against enamel erosion in vitro. METHODS: Bovine enamel blocks (n = 140) were selected according to their surface hardness, and randomly divided into seven groups (n = 20/group), according to the gels tested: Placebo (without F/TMP), 4,500 µg F/g (4500F), 9,000 µg F/g (9000F), 4500F plus 2.5 % TMPnano (2.5 % Nano), 4500F plus 5 % TMPnano (5 % Nano), 4500F plus 5 % TMPnano (Micro 5 %) and 12,300 µg F/g (Acid gel). Blocks were treated once during one minute with the gels, and submitted to erosive (ERO, n = 10/group) or erosive plus abrasive (ERO+ABR, n = 10/group) challenges 4 times/day, for 90 s for each challenge (under reciprocating agitation), during consecutive 5 days. Blocks were analyzed by profilometry, and by surface (SH) and cross-sectional hardness (∆KHN). Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA, and Fisher's LSD test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: For ERO, both TMPnano-containing gels promoted enamel wear significantly lower than Placebo and 4500F, reaching levels similar to both positive controls (9000F and acid gel); significantly lower softening was observed for enamel treated with 4500F+5 % Micro and 4500F+2.5 % Nano. Also, the lowest ∆KHN values were observed for 4500F+2.5 % TMPnano among the TMP-containing gels. For ERO+ABR, the lowest enamel wear was achieved by the use of 4500F+5 % Nano among all gels, including both positive controls; lower softening was observed for Placebo and 9000F groups. CONCLUSION: The addition of 5 % nano-sized TMP to a low-fluoride gel produced superior protective effects for enamel under both challenges conditions, when compared with micrometric TMP, reaching values similar to or superior than both positive controls, respectively for ERO and ERO+ABR. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The supplementation of low-F gels with TMP was shown to significantly improve their effects on enamel erosive wear, and the use of nano-sized TMP further enhances this protective action.

Low-fluoride gels supplemented with nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate reduce dentin erosive wear in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the effect of low-fluoride gels supplemented with micrometric or nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on dentin erosive wear in vitro. DESIGN: Bovine dentin blocks (n = 154) were selected by surface microhardness and randomly allocated into seven groups (n = 22/group), according to the gels: Placebo; 4500 ppm F (4500F); 9000 ppm F (9000F); 5% TMP microparticulate plus 4500F (5TMPm+4500F); 2.5% TMP nanoparticulate plus 4500 F (2.5TMPn+4500F); 5% TMP nanoparticulate plus 4500F (5TMPn+4500F); and 12,300 ppm F acid gel (APF). All blocks were treated only once for 60 s and cyclically eroded (ERO, citric acid, 4 × 90 s/day) or eroded and brushed (4 × 15 s/day, five strokes/s, ERO+ABR) over five days (each subgroup n = 11). Dentin wear and integrated hardness loss in depth (ΔKHN) were determined, and the data were submitted to two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test, and Spearman's correlation (p < 0.05). RESULTS: For ERO, all gels containing 4500F supplemented with TMP significantly reduced dentin wear compared with their counterpart without TMP, reaching values similar to 9000F. For ERO+ABR, 5TMPn+ 4500F gel led to significantly lower wear than all its counterparts, reaching values similar to 9000F and APF. As for ΔKHN, all gels containing TMP promoted superior protective effects compared with 4500F, reaching values similar to 9000F and APF under both challenges. A positive correlation between dentin wear and mineral content in depth was verified. CONCLUSIONS: Gels containing 4500F supplemented with TMP significantly reduced dentin erosive wear compared with pure 4500F, with additional benefit from the use of nanoparticles.

Dentin erosive wear is reduced by fluoride varnishes containing nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate in vitro

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnishes containing micrometric or nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on dentin erosive wear in vitro. Bovine root dentin blocks were selected by surface hardness and randomly divided into five experimental groups/varnishes (n = 20/group): placebo, 5% sodium fluoride (NaF); 5% NaF+5% micrometric TMP; 5% NaF+2.5% nanosized TMP; and 5% NaF+5% nanosized TMP. Half of the surface of all blocks received a single application of the assigned varnish, with subsequent immersion in artificial saliva for 6 h. Varnishes were then removed and the blocks were immersed in citric acid (90 s, 4×/day, 5 days). After each erosive cycle, ten blocks of each group were immersed in a placebo dentifrice for 15 s (ERO), while the other ten blocks were subjected to abrasion by brushing (ERO+ABR). Dentin erosive wear was assessed by profilometry. Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and to the Holm-Sidak test (p<0.05). Dentin erosive wear was significantly higher for ERO+ABR than for ERO for all varnishes. TMP-containing varnishes promoted superior effects against dentin erosive wear compared with 5% NaF alone; and 5% nanosized TMP led to the lowest wear among all varnishes. In conclusion, the addition of TMP to conventional fluoride varnish (i.e., varnish containing only NaF) enhanced its protective effects against bovine root dentin erosion and erosion+abrasion. Additionally, the use of 5% nanosized TMP led to superior effects in comparison to 5% micrometric TMP, both for erosion and erosion+abrasion in vitro.

Effect of fluoride gels with nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate on the in vitro remineralization of caries lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of fluoride (F) gels supplemented with micrometric or nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMPmicro and TMPnano, respectively) on the in vitro remineralization of caries-like lesions. METHODOLOGY: Bovine enamel subsurface lesions (n=168) were selected according to their surface hardness (SH) and randomly divided into seven groups (n=24/group): Placebo (without F/TMP), 4,500 ppm F (4500F), 4500F + 2.5% TMPnano (2.5% Nano), 4500F + 5% TMPnano (5% Nano), 4500F + 5% TMPmicro (5% Micro), 9,000 ppm F (9000F), and 12,300 ppm F (Acid gel). The gels were applied in a thin layer for one minute. Half of the blocks were subjected to pH cycling for six days, whereas the remaining specimens were used for loosely- (calcium fluoride; CaF2) and firmly-bound (fluorapatite; FA) fluoride analysis. The percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), area of subsurface lesion (ΔKHN), CaF2, FA, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) on/in enamel were determined. Data (log10-transformed) were subjected to ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p<0.05). RESULTS: We observed a dose-response relation between F concentrations in the gels without TMP for %SHR and ΔKHN. The 2.5% Nano and 5% Micro reached similar %SHR when compared with 9000F and Acid gels. For ΔKHN, Placebo and 5% Nano gels had the highest values, and 5% Micro, 2.5% Nano, 9000F, and Acid gels, the lowest. All groups had similar retained CaF2 values, except for Placebo and Acid gel. We verified observed an increase in Ca concentrations in nano-sized TMP groups. Regarding P, TMP groups showed similar formation and retention to 9000F and Acid. CONCLUSION: Adding 2.5% nano-sized or 5% micrometric TMP to low-fluoride gels lead to enhanced in vitro remineralization of artificial caries lesions.

Effect of fluoride gels with nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate on the in vitro remineralization of caries lesions

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of fluoride (F) gels supplemented with micrometric or nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMPmicro and TMPnano, respectively) on the in vitro remineralization of caries-like lesions. Methodology Bovine enamel subsurface lesions (n=168) were selected according to their surface hardness (SH) and randomly divided into seven groups (n=24/group): Placebo (without F/TMP), 4,500 ppm F (4500F), 4500F + 2.5% TMPnano (2.5% Nano), 4500F + 5% TMPnano (5% Nano), 4500F + 5% TMPmicro (5% Micro), 9,000 ppm F (9000F), and 12,300 ppm F (Acid gel). The gels were applied in a thin layer for one minute. Half of the blocks were subjected to pH cycling for six days, whereas the remaining specimens were used for loosely- (calcium fluoride; CaF2) and firmly-bound (fluorapatite; FA) fluoride analysis. The percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), area of subsurface lesion (ΔKHN), CaF2, FA, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) on/in enamel were determined. Data (log10-transformed) were subjected to ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p<0.05). Results We observed a dose-response relation between F concentrations in the gels without TMP for %SHR and ΔKHN. The 2.5% Nano and 5% Micro reached similar %SHR when compared with 9000F and Acid gels. For ΔKHN, Placebo and 5% Nano gels had the highest values, and 5% Micro, 2.5% Nano, 9000F, and Acid gels, the lowest. All groups had similar retained CaF2 values, except for Placebo and Acid gel. We verified observed an increase in Ca concentrations in nano-sized TMP groups. Regarding P, TMP groups showed similar formation and retention to 9000F and Acid. Conclusion Adding 2.5% nano-sized or 5% micrometric TMP to low-fluoride gels lead to enhanced in vitro remineralization of artificial caries lesions.

Adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial / Therapeutic Adherence in Patients with Arterial Hypertension

RESUMEN Fundamento la hipertensión arterial se presenta a nivel mundial como una de las principales causas de muerte y discapacidad. Es la falta de adherencia al tratamiento una de las grandes problemáticas de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial del consultorio 22 perteneciente al Policlínico Comunitario Turcios Lima del municipio Pinar del Río. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en pacientes con hipertensión arterial del consultorio 22, perteneciente al Policlínico Comunitario Turcios Lima entre diciembre de 2018 a junio de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 160 pacientes. Se aplicó la encuesta para la recogida de la información. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, tratamiento indicado, nivel de adherencia al tratamiento y motivos de la no adherencia al tratamiento. Como instrumentos de medida se empleó el test de Morisky-Green-Levine. Se empleo la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Para la obtención de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y en la estadística inferencial, la Prueba de Ji cuadrado (X2) para determinar homogeneidad respectivamente de las distribuciones muestrales. Resultados la adherencia al tratamiento fue de 47,50 %. La mayor adherencia se situó en el grupo etáreo de 65 años y más, del sexo femenino con un 31,3 % y el nivel preuniversitario en el 17,5 %. El 39,40 % de adherencia estuvo representada por el esquema terapéutico de monoterapia. El olvido y el sentirse mejor fueron los motivos más frecuentes de no adherencia en un 41,0 y 27,0 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el nivel de adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial del consultorio 22 es bajo, siendo el motivo más frecuente el olvido.

ABSTRACT Background: arterial hypertension is presented worldwide as one of the main causes of death and disability. Lack of adherence to treatment is one of this disease great problems. Objective: to determine the level of therapeutic adherence in patients with arterial hypertension in office 22 belonging to the Turcios Lima Comunitary Polyclinic of the Pinar del Río municipality. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with arterial hypertension from office 22, belonging to the Turcios Lima Comunitary Polyclinic from December 2018 to June 2019. There was a universe of 160 patients. The survey was applied to collect the information. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, level of education, indicated treatment, level of adherence to treatment and reasons for non-adherence to treatment. The Morisky-Green-Levine test was used as measurement instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. To obtain absolute and relative frequencies and in inferential statistics, the Chi-square test (X2) to determine homogeneity respectively of the sample distributions. Results: adherence to treatment was 47.50 %. The highest adherence was found in the age group 65 years old and over, female with 31.3 % and the pre-university level with 17.5 %. The 39.40 % adherence was represented by the monotherapy therapeutic scheme. Forgetfulness and feeling better were the most frequent reasons for non-adherence in 41.0 % and 27.0 %, respectively. Conclusions: the level of therapeutic adherence in patients with hypertension in the office 22 is low, the most frequent reason being forgetfulness.

Reabilitação estética e funcional em paciente com cárie na primeira infância: relato de caso / Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation in a patient with caries in early childhood: case report

Introdução: Cárie na Primeira Infância (CPI) é o termo utilizado para descrever a cárie dentária em crianças menores de 6 anos de idade. Objetivo: Relatar o tratamento reabilitador estético e funcional de uma criança com CPI. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 5 anos de idade, compareceu à clínica de Odontopediatria da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba (FOA/UNESP), acompanhado pela mãe, que relatou como queixa principal dor e presença de cárie. Ao exame clínico intrabucal, constatou-se na arcada superior lesões de cárie em todos os dentes, exceto nos dentes 55, já restaurado, e dente 65, hígido. Na arcada inferior, lesões de cárie foram observadas nos dentes 74 e 84. Após diagnóstico clínico e radiográfico, optou-se por realizar a confecção de coroa de aço para os dentes 74 e 84, exodontia dos dentes 51, 52, 61 e 64, instalação de aparelho mantenedor de espaço funcional removível e restaurações dos demais dentes afetados com compósito resinoso. Conclusão: Foi possível recuperar as funções estéticas, fonéticas e mastigatórias do paciente, colaborando para a melhora da autoestima da criança, o que gerou satisfação dos familiares. A educação em saúde bucal realizada com a criança e os responsáveis foi essencial para o sucesso do tratamento e a manutenção da saúde bucal.

Introduction: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is the term used to describe dental caries in children under 6 years of age. Objective: Report the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation treatment of a child with ECC. Case report: A 5-year-old male patient was attended at the to the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Araçatuba Dental School (FOA/UNESP), accompanied by his mother, who reported pain and dental caries as the main complaint. On intraoral clinical examination, caries lesions were found in all upper teeth, except for tooth 55, already restored, and tooth 65, healthy. In the lower arch, caries lesions were observed in teeth 74 and 84. After clinical and radiographic diagnosis, it was decided for the manufacture of steel crown for teeth 74 and 84, extraction of teeth 51, 52, 61 and 64, installation of removable functional space maintenance device and restorations of the other affected teeth with composite resin. Conclusion: In view of the treatment performed, it was possible to recover the aesthetic, phonetic and masticatory functions, contributing to the improvement of the child's self-esteem as well assatisfaction of family members. Oral health education carried out with the child and his parents was essential for the success of the treatment and the maintenance of oral health.

Retención de molares primarios: diagnóstico, etiología, tratamiento y relato de caso clínico / Retenção de molares decíduos: diagnóstico, etiologia, tratamento e relato de caso clínico / Retention of primary molars: diagnosis, etiology, treatment and clinical case report

Este estudio presenta un relato de caso clínico sobre la retención de molares primarios, el objetivo es describir los medios de diagnóstico, la etiología, las implicaciones clínicas y el tratamiento de esta condición. Factores etiológicos locales, ambientales o genéticos pueden llevar a la retención de molares primarios, interfiriendo en la secuencia normal de erupción de los premolares. Paciente de sexo femenino, 12 años de edad, compareció a la clínica de Odontopediatría de la Facultad de Odontología de Araçatuba (FOA/UNESP), Brasil, con queja de dolor y aumento volumétrico en la región vestibular del diente 63 y cuadro casode erupción dentaria incompatible con la edad cronológica de los dientes 54/55, 75, 84/85. Exámenes complementarios fueron realizados para el establecimiento del diagnóstico, el cual se definió como retención prolongada de molares primarios. La conducta terapéutica fue basada en la realización de exodoncia de los dientes con retención prolongada, seguida del control clínico y radiográfico, hasta la erupción de los sucesores. Se concluye que el diagnóstico y la intervención temprana para la retención prolongada son de fundamental importancia para evitar daños a la oclusión.

Objetivo: Apresentar um relato de caso clínico sobre a retenção de molares de dentes decíduos, como o objetivo de descrever os meios de diagnóstico, a etiologia, as implicações clínicas e o tratamento desta condição. Fatores etiológicos locais, ambientais ou genéticos podem levar à retenção de molares decíduos, interferindo na sequência normal de erupção dos pré-molares. Paciente do sexo feminino, 12 anos de idade, compareceu à clínica de Odontopediatria da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba (FOA/UNESP), Brasil queixando-se de dor e aumento volumétrico na região vestibular do dente 63 e quadro de erupção dentária incompatível com a idade cronológica dos dentes 54/55, 65, 74/75, 84/85. Exames complementares foram realizados para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico, o qual foi definiu-se como retenção prolongada de molares decíduos. A conduta terapêutica baseou-se na realização de exodontia dos dentes com retenção prolongada, seguida do controle clínico e radiográfico, até a erupção dos sucessores. Conclui-se que o diagnóstico e a intervenção precoces para a retenção prolongada são de fundamental importância para evitar danos à oclusão.

This study shows a clinical case report about the retention of primary molars, with the aim of describing diagnosis, etiology, clinical implications and treatment of this condition. Local, environmental or genetic etiologic factors may lead to retention of primary molars, interfering with the normal sequence of eruption of the premolars. A 12-year-old female patient attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of Araçatuba (FOA / UNESP), complaining of pain and volumetric increase in the buccal region of the tooth 63 and a scenario of age-incompatible eruption chronological analysis of teeth 54/55, 64/65, 74/75, 84/85. Complementary examinations were performed to establish the diagnosis, which was defined as prolonged retention of deciduous molars. Therapeutic conduct was based on the extraction of teeth with prolonged retention, followed by clinical and radiographic control until the successors erupted. It is concluded that the early diagnosis and intervention for prolonged retention are of fundamental Latinoamericanaimportance to avoid occlusal complications.

Quiste dentígero en odontología / Cisto dentígero em odontologia / Dantigerous cyst in dentistry

El quiste dentígero es definido como una lesión quística que involucra la corona de un diente incluido que está relacionada con la unión amelocementaria. Clínicamente se manifiesta por un aumento del volumen asintomático, siendo generalmente descubierto en un examen radiográfico de rutina o por la investigación de un diente no erupcionado. Radiográficamente presenta una lesión radiolúcida unilocular asociada a un diente incluido. Este estudio presenta un caso clínico de un paciente con quiste dentígero en la región posterior de la mandíbula, tratado quirúrgicamente por medio de enucleación y exodoncia de los dientes involucrados. Paciente de género masculino, de 9 años de edad, que compareció a la Clínica de casoOdontología de la Universidad de Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Brasil, con queja de abultamiento inferior izquierdo de la cara y marcada asimetría facial, la radiografía panorámica y tomografía computarizada evidenciaron la presencia de un quiste dentígero extenso. Delante de este cuadro clínico y radiográfico, el plan de tratamiento establecido fue la enucleación del quiste para permitir la erupción de los dientes sucesores permanentes, seguido por la exodoncia de los elementos dentarios 74/75. El tratamiento quirúrgico se mostró rápido y resolutivo evidenciando que la elección del tratamiento debe ser cuidadosamente evaluado para cada caso.

O cisto dentígero é definido como uma lesão cística envolvendo a coroa de um dente incluso, estando este ligado a junção amelocementária. Clinicamente manifesta-se pelo aumento de volume assintomático, sendo geralmente descoberto pelo exame radiográfico de rotina ou pela investigação de dente não erupcionado. Radiograficamente, se apresenta como uma lesão radiolúcida unilocular em torno de um dente incluso. Este estudo apresenta um caso clínico de um paciente com cisto dentígero em região posterior de mandíbula, tratado cirurgicamente por meio de enucleação e exodontia de dentes envolvidos. Paciente do gênero masculino, 9 anos de idade, compareceu a Clínica de Odontopediatria da Universidade de Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Brasil, com queixa de abaulamento inferior esquerdo da face, com acentuada assimetria facial, cujo exame radiográfico panorâmico e tomografia computadorizada evidenciaram a presença de amplo cisto dentígero. Diante do quadro clínico e radiográfico, o plano de tratamento instituído foi a enucleação do cisto, para permitir a erupção dos sucessores permanentes, seguido da exodontia dos elementos dentários 74/75. O tratamento cirúrgico se mostrou rápido e resolutivo, evidenciando que a escolha do tratamento deve ser cuidadosamente ponderada para cada caso.

The dentigerous cyst is defined as a cystic lesion involving the crown of an included tooth, which is attached to the cement enamel junction. Clinically it is manifested by asymptomatic increase in volume, and is usually discovered by routine radiographic examination or by investigation of non-erupted tooth. Radiographically, it presents as a unilocular radiolucent lesion around an even tooth. This study presents a clinical case of a patient with a dentigerous cyst in the posterior region of the mandible, treated surgically by enucleation and exodontia of involved teeth. A 9-year-old male patient attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the University of Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Brazil, complaining of lower left bulging of the face, with marked facial asymmetry, whose panoramic radiographic examination and computed tomography evidenced the presence of large dentigerous cyst. In view of the clinical and radiographic findings, the treatment plan was to enucleate the cyst to allow eruption of the permanent successors, followed by the exodontia of the dental elements 74/75. Surgical treatment was fast and resolute, showing that the choice of treatment should be carefully weighted for each case.

Conducta clínica frente a la fractura de corono-esmalte y subluxación en dientes primarios: reporte de caso / Conduta clínica frente à fratura corono-esmalte e subluxação em dentes decíduos: relato de caso / Clinical management of corono-enamel fracture and subluxation in deciduous teeth: case report

Introducción: Los traumatismos en los dientes decimales son comunes de ocurrir, siendo su primer episodio normalmente en los niños cuando están aprendiendo a caminar. Los traumas nuevos o repetidos pueden ocurrir a lo largo del crecimiento y desarrollo del niño, siendo importante su diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento cuando sea necesario. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue relatar un caso clínico de fractura corono-esmalte y subluxación en dentición decidua, bien como sus complicaciones clínicas, radiográficas y conducta clínica. Relato de caso: Paciente de sexo femenino, 2 años y 8 meses de edad, compareció a la clínica de Odontopediatría de la Facultad de Odontología de Araçatuba (FOA/UNESP), Brasil, cuya mamá relataba la aparición de una "bolita" en la región superior del diente 51 y fractura corono-esmalte. Durante la anamnesis la mamá relato que la niña se había caído hace un mes y golpeado el diente 51 presentando sangramiento, leve movilidad y fractura corono-esmalte, y que según el odontopediatría que atendió la niña en el momento del trauma le informo que se trataba de un traumatismo tipo subluxación, y que la conducta clínica, debería ser acompañamiento. Al examen clínico se observó alteración en la coloración del diente 51 y presencia de fistula en la región. Al examen radiográfico fue posible observar inicio de reabsorción radicular y lesión periapical denotando necrosis pulpar. El plan de tratamiento instaurado fue endodoncia del diente 51, seguido por acompañamiento clínico y radiográfico del mismo. Después de 8 días, la niña retorno sin la presencia de fistula, mostrando la eficacia del tratamiento instaurado. Conclusión: Se concluye, por tanto que aunque la subluxación pueda traer daños al diente deciduo, cuando es diagnosticada precozmente, la alteración es susceptible de tratamiento efectivo y satisfactorio, llevando a la preservación del diente hasta el momento de su exfoliación(AU)

Introdução: Os traumatismos em dentes decíduos são comuns de ocorrer, sendo seu primeiro episódio normalmente nas crianças quando estão aprendendo a andar. Traumas novos ou repetidos podem ocorrer ao longo do crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança, sendo importante seu diagnóstico, acompanhamento e tratamento quando necessário. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar um caso clínico de fratura corono-esmalte e subluxação na dentição decídua, bem como suas complicações clínicas, radiográficas e conduta clínica. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 2 anos e 8 meses de idade, compareceu à clínica de Odontopediatria da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba (FOA/UNESP), Brasil, cuja mãe relatava o aparecimento de "bolinha" na região superior do dente 51 e fratura corono-esmalte. Durante a anamenese mãe relatou que a criança havia caído há 1 mês e batido o dente 51 apresentando sangramento, leve mobilidade e fratura corono-esmalte, e que segundo a odontopediatra que atendeu a criança no momento do trauma a informou que tratava-se de um traumatismo do tipo subluxação, e que como conduta clínica, deveria ser o acompanhamento. Ao exame clínico observou-se alteração na coloração do dente 51 e presença de fístula na região. Ao exame radiográfico foi possível observar início de reabsorção radicular e lesão periapical denotando necrose pulpar. O plano de tratamento instituído foi o tratamento endodôntico do dente 51, seguido pelo acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico do mesmo. Após 8 dias, a criança retornou sem a presença da fístula, mostrando a eficácia do tratamento insituído. Conclusão: Conclui-se, portanto que embora a subluxação possa trazer danos ao dente decíduo, quando diagnosticada precocemente, a alteração, é passível de tratamento efetivo e satisfatório, levando à preservação do dente até o momento de sua exfoliação(AU)

Introduction: Trauma to primary teeth is common, and is the first episode usually seen in children when they are learning to walk. New or repeated traumas may occur throughout the child's growth and development, and their diagnosis, follow-up and treatment are important when necessary. Aim: The aim of the present study was to report a clinical case of corono-enamel fracture and subluxation in the deciduous dentition, as well as its clinical, radiographic and clinical complications. Case report: A 2-year, 8-month-old female patient attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of Araçatuba (FOA/UNESP), Brazil, whose mother reported the appearance of a "ball" on the upper tooth 51 and a corono-enamel fracture. During the anamnesis, the mother reported that the child had fallen for 1 month and beat the 51 tooth presenting bleeding, mild mobility and corono-enamel fracture, and according to the pediatric dentist who attended the child at the time of the trauma informed her that it was a traumatic type of subluxation, and that as a clinical course, it should be the follow-up. Clinical examination revealed a change in tooth color 51 and presence of fistula in the region. Radiographic examination revealed the beginning of root resorption and periapical lesion denoting pulp necrosis. The treatment plan was the endodontic treatment of tooth 51, followed by clinical and radiographic follow-up. After 8 days, the child returned without the presence of the fistula, showing the efficacy of the treatment. Conclusion: It is concluded, therefore, that although the subluxation can bring damage to the deciduous tooth, when it is diagnosed early, the alteration is capable of effective and satisfactory treatment, leading to the preservation of the tooth until the moment of its exfoliation(AU)

Remineralizing effect of a fluoridated gel containing sodium hexametaphosphate: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro the effect of neutral pH topical gels with reduced fluoride concentration (F), supplemented or not with sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) on the remineralization of dental enamel, using a pH-cycling model. Materials and methods Bovine enamel blocks with caries-like lesions were randomly treated with five gels (n = 24/group): without F/HMP (Placebo); 4500 ppm F (4500F), 4500F plus 9% HMP (4500F + HMP); 9000 ppm F (9000F); and 12,300 ppm F (Acid gel). After pH-cycling, the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), and concentrations of loosely- (CaF2) and firmly-bound (FA) fluoride formed and retained in/on enamel were determined. The results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.001). RESULTS: The 4500F + HMP gel promoted the highest %SHR among all groups; the lowest ΔKHN was achieved by 4500F + HMP and Acid gel, without significant differences between these. The Acid gel group presented the highest CaF2 and FA formed and retained on/in enamel (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the present results, the addition of 9% sodium hexametaphosphate to a gel with reduced fluoride concentration (4500F) was able to significantly enhance the remineralization of artificial carious lesions in vitro when compared to 4500F, reaching protective levels similar to an acidic formulation with ∼3-fold higher fluoride concentration.

Displasia ectodérmica en odontopediatría / Displasia ectodérmica em odontopediatria / Ectodermal dysplasia in pediatric dentistry

Ectodermal dyspasia (ED) is a hereditary disease that includes genetic and environmental changes. ED causes hypodontia, dystrophic nails, sparse hair and dental anomalies. Oral rehabilitation treatment for pediatric patients with ED is difficult because of continuous development and craniofacial growth. The aim of this study was to present a case report of oral rehabilitation in pediatric patients diagnosed with ED. A 5- year, 6-month-old girl reported to the clinic of Pediatric Dentistry in University Anhanguera UNIDERP-BR. Extraoral examination showed that the patient was an oral breather, and presented with decreased lower face height, protruding and everted lips, prominent forehead, "horse saddle" nose, lack of hair, eyelashes and eyebrows, thin and dry skin. Intraoral examination demonstrated absence of teeth: 51/52, 61/62/63, 71/72, 81/82 and tree conical teeth: 53, 73 and 83. The radiographic examination revealed agenesis of 9 primary teeth and of the buds of the following permanent teeth: 11/12/13, 21/22/23, 41/42, 31/32, we observed the presence of teeth buds of 33 and 43. Considering physical and radiographic characteristics hydrotic ectodermal was diagnosed. As clinical management, we opted for the installation of removable functional aesthetic maintainers, favoring the speech normality, swallowing, lip and lingual muscle tone and social development.

A displasia ectodérmica (DE) caracteriza-se por uma doença hereditária que consiste em alterações genéticas e ambientais, provocando hipodontia, unhas distróficas, cabelos escassos e anomalias dentárias. O tratamento reabilitador em pacientes pediátricos com DE se torna difícil devido ao contínuo desenvolvimento e crescimento crânio-facial dessas crianças. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de reabilitação oral em paciente pediátrico diagnosticado com DE. Paciente sexo feminino, com 5 anos e 6 meses de idade compareceu a clínica de Odontopediatria na UNIDERP. Ao exame físico, extra-oral, constatou-se que a paciente era respiradora bucal, e tinha como características a diminuição do terço inferior da face, lábios protusos e evertidos, fronte proeminente, nariz em "sela", escassez de pelos, cílios e sobrancelha, pele fina e seca. No exame intra-oral observou-se ausência dos elementos dentários, 51/52, 61/62/63, 71/72, 81/82, e os elementos 53, 73 e 83 apresentando aspecto conóide. Ao exame radiográfico constatou-se a agenesia de 9 dentes decíduos e dos germes dos seguintes dentes permanentes: 11/12/13, 21/22/23, 41/42, 31/32 e ainda observou-se a presença dos germes dos dentes 33 e 43. Baseado nas características físicas e radiográficas diagnosticou-se displasia ectodermica hidrótica. Como conduta clínica, optou-se pela instalação de mantenedores estéticos funcionais removíveis, favorecendo a normalidade da fala, deglutição, tonicidade muscular labial e lingual e do desenvolvimento social.

La displasia ectodérmica (DE) se caracteriza por ser una enfermedad hereditaria que consiste en alteraciones genéticas y ambientales, provocando hipodoncia, distrofia en uñas, cabello escaso y anomalías dentarias. El tratamiento de rehabilitación en pacientes pediátricos con DE es difícil debido al continuo crecimiento y desarrollo cráneo facial de estos niños. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar un caso clínico de rehabilitación oral en paciente pediátrico diagnosticado con DE. Paciente de sexo femenino, con 5 años y 6 meses de edad que compareció a la clínica de odontopediatría en la UNIDERP. Al examen físico, extra oral, se constató que la paciente era respiradora bucal, y presentaba disminución del tercio inferior de la cara, labios protruidos y evertidos, frente prominente, nariz en "silla de montar", escasez de cabello, pestañas y cejas, piel fina y seca. En el examen intraoral se observó ausencia de los siguientes dientes: 51/52, 61/62/63, 71/72, 81/82, y aspecto conoide de los dientes 53, 73 y 83. Al examen radiográfico se constató agenesia de 9 dientes primarios y de los gérmenes de los siguientes dientes permanentes: 11/12/13, 21/22/23, 41/42, 31/32, se observó la presencia de los gérmenes de los dientes 33 y 43. Con base en las características físicas y radiográficas se diagnosticó displasia ectodérmica hidrótica. Como conducta clínica, se optó por la instalación de mantenedores estéticos funcionales removibles, con el fin de favorecer la fonación, deglución, tonicidad muscular labial y lingual y el desenvolvimiento social.

Fluoride varnishes containing sodium trimetaphosphate reduce enamel demineralization in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of fluoride varnishes containing sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on bovine enamel demineralization in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enamel bovine discs were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 20/group): placebo, 2.5% NaF, 2.5% NaF/5% TMP, 5% NaF, 5% NaF/5% TMP, and a commercial formulation (Duraphat, 5% NaF). Varnishes were applied on all enamel discs and kept for 6 h. Loosely and firmly bound fluoride formed on/in enamel after treatment were analyzed in 10 discs from each group. The other 10 discs were subjected to a pH-cycling regimen for 7 days, and analyzed for surface (SH) and cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), as well as for loosely and firmly bound fluoride in/on enamel. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p < .05). RESULTS: The lowest SH change and ΔKHN were observed for the 5%NaF/5%TMP varnish, which was significantly different from all the other groups. Both fluoridated varnishes containing TMP promoted significantly lower SH change and ΔKHN when compared with their counterparts without TMP. Loosely and firmly bound fluoride was significantly lower in groups treated with varnishes containing TMP. CONCLUSION: TMP and fluoride added to varnishes have a synergistic effect against enamel demineralization in vitro.

Efeito de vernizes fluoretados suplementados com nanopartículas de trimetafosfato de sódio sobre a remineralização de lesões de cárie e erosão de esmalte dental in vitro / Effect of fluoride varnishes supplemented with nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate on the remineralization of artificial caries lesions and enamel erosion in vitro

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de vernizes fluoretados contendo nanopartículas de trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) sobre a remineralização de lesões de cárie e erosão de esmalte dental in vitro. Assim como o padrão de liberação de F e TMP a partir destas formulações. Os vernizes testados foram: Placebo (sem flúor ou TMP, controle negativo), 2,5% NaF, 5% NaF (controle positivo), 5% NaF + 5% TMP microparticulado, 5% NaF + 2,5% TMP nanoparticulado, 5% NaF + 5% TMP nanoparticulado, além de uma formulação comercial (Duraphat), doravante denominados PLA, 2.5%F, 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro, 5%F+2,5%TMPnano, 5%F+5%TMPnano e Duraphat, respectivamente. Na 1ª fase, lesões de cárie artificiais foram induzidas em blocos de esmalte bovino (n=168), os quais foram selecionados por dureza de superfície (DS). Os blocos receberam uma aplicação dos vernizes supracitados, permanecendo em contato durante 6 h. Metade dos blocos (n=12/grupo) foi utilizada para determinação da concentração de CaF2 e FA formado após o tratamento com os vernizes. A outra metade foi submetida um modelo de ciclagem de pH (6 dias). Os blocos foram analisados quanto a porcentagem de recuperação de dureza de superfície (%RDS), dureza em secção longitudinal (ΔKHN), CaF2 e FA retidos após a ciclagem de pH. Os vernizes contendo TMP promoveram %RDS significativamente maior em comparação ao verniz contendo 5%F, sem diferenças significativas entre os vernizes com TMP. Um padrão semelhante foi observado para ΔKHN, embora os valores obtidos para 5%F+5%TMPnano tenham sido 25% menores que os obtidos para 5%F+5%TMPmicro. As maiores concentrações de CaF2 foram promovidas pelos vernizes 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro e Duraphat. A 2ª fase avaliou o efeito protetor dos vernizes PLA, 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro, 5%F+2,5%TMPnano e 5%F+5%TMPnano sobre a erosão de esmalte bovino. Os espécimes (n=8), selecionados por DS, receberam uma única aplicação dos vernizes, permanecendo em contato durante 6 h. Em seguida, os vernizes foram removidos e os blocos, submetidos a quatro desafios erosivos individuais (1 minuto, ácido cítrico, 0,75%, pH = 3,5, sob agitação), sendo analisados por DS após cada desafio. Em geral, observou-se a maior porcentagem de alteração de DS para PLA, seguido de 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro e ambos os vernizes contendo TMPnano, sem diferenças significativas entre 5%F+2,5%TMPnano e 5%F+5%TMPnano. Por fim, a 3ª fase avaliou o padrão de liberação de flúor e fosfato dos vernizes PLA, 2.5%F, 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro, 5%F+2,5%TMPnano, 5%F+5%TMPnano e Duraphat ao longo de 24 h, em um modelo de ciclagem de pH. Os vernizes foram aplicados em tiras de poliéster (n=8/grupo), as quais foram alternadamente imersas em soluções remineralizadora e desmineralizadora aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 540, 600, 720, 780, 960, 1200 e 1440 min após a primeira imersão. As soluções foram analisadas quanto às concentrações de flúor e fosfato. Os vernizes contendo TMP apresentaram um padrão crescente exponencial quanto a liberação cumulativa de flúor até 6 horas, atingindo um platô nos tempos seguintes. Em acréscimo, os vernizes liberaram maiores quantidades de flúor quando imersos em solução desmineralizadora. De forma geral, os vernizes contendo TMPnano liberaram quantidades significativamente maiores de flúor em comparação ao TMPmicro. Os resultados da 1ª fase permitem concluir que a adição de TMP a vernizes fluoretados aumenta significativamente seu potencial remineralizador em lesões de cárie artificiais, com um efeito adicional com o uso de TMPnano em relação ao TMPmicro, embora este acréscimo não seja estatisticamente significativo. Quanto ao efeito contra desafios erosivos (2ª fase), um padrão semelhante foi observado, tendo o maior efeito protetor sido observado para os vernizes contendo TMPnano, o qual foi significativamente maior que os demais grupos. O maior efeito dos vernizes suplementados com TMP parece estar relacionado à maior liberação de flúor destes (3ª fase), especialmente TMPmicro, associada à liberação constante de TMP a partir destas formulações(AU)

The present study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnishes containing nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on the remineralization of artificial caries lesions and erosion of dental enamel in vitro. As well as the pattern of F and TMP release from these formulations. The varnishes tested were: Placebo (without fluoride or TMP, negative control), 2.5% NaF, 5% NaF (positive control), 5% NaF + 5% TMP micrometric, 5% NaF + 2.5% nano-sized TMP, 5% NaF + 5% nano-sized TMP, besides a commercial formulation (Duraphat), hereafter referred to as PLA, 2.5%F, 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro, 5%F+2.5%TMPnano, 5%F+5%TMPnano and Duraphat, respectively. In the first phase, artificial caries lesions were induced on bovine enamel blocks (n=168), which were selected by surface hardness (SH). Blocks received a single application of the aforementioned varnishes, remaining in contact for 6 h. Half of the blocks (n=12/group) were used to determine the concentration of CaF2 and FA fluoride formed on the specimens after the treatment with the varnishes. The other half was subjected to a pH cycling model (6 days). The blocks were analyzed for the percentage of SH recovery (%SHR), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), CaF2 and FA retained after pH cycling. The varnishes containing TMP promoted significantly higher %SHR compared to 5%F, without significant differences among the TMP-containing varnishes. A similar pattern was observed for ΔKHN, although the values obtained for 5%F+5%TMPnano were 25% lower than those obtained for 5%F+5%TMPmicro. The highest CaF2 concentrations were promoted by 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro and Duraphat varnishes. The second phase evaluated the protective effect of PLA, 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro, 5%F+2.5%TMPnano and 5%F+5%TMPnano varnishes on initial erosion of bovine enamel. Specimens (n=8), selected by SH, received a single application of the varnishes, remaining in contact for 6 h. Varnishes were then removed and the blocks, submitted to four individual erosive challenges (1 minute, citric acid, 0.75%, pH = 3.5, under stirring) and analyzed by SH after each challenge. Overall, the highest percentage of SH change was observed for PLA, followed by 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro and both varnishes containing TMPnano, with no significant differences between 5%F+2.5%TMPnano, 5%F+5%TMPnano. Finally, the third phase evaluated the pattern of fluoride and phosphate release from PLA, 2.5%F, 5%F, 5%F+5%TMPmicro, 5%F+2.5%TMPnano, 5%F+5%TMPnano and Duraphat varnishes over 24 h, in a pH cycling model. The varnishes were applied on polyester sheets (n=8/group), which were alternately immersed in remineralizing and demineralizing solutions at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 540, 600, 720 , 780, 960, 1200 and 1440 min after the first immersion. The solutions were analyzed for fluoride and phosphate concentrations. The varnishes containing TMP promoted an increasing, exponential pattern for the cumulative fluoride release up to 6 hours, reaching a plateau afterwards. In addition, higher quantities of fluoride were released when varnishes were immersed in the demineralizing solution. In general, varnishes containing TMPnano released significantly higher amount of fluoride compared to TMPmicro. The results of the 1st phase allow to conclude that the addition of TMP to fluoride varnishes significantly increases its remineralizing potential in artificial caries lesions, with an additional effect with the use of TMPnano in relation to TMPmicro, this increment was not statistically significant. As for the effect against erosive challenges (2nd phase), a similar pattern was observed, with the highest protective effect observed for both varnishes containing TMPnano, which was significantly higher than the other groups. The higher effect of varnishes supplemented with TMP seems to be related to the higher fluoride release from these products (3rd phase), especially TMPmicro, associated to the constant release of TMP from these formulations(AU)

Desigualdades en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en los municipios del Eje Cafetero, 2009-2011 / Inequalities in mortality by cardiovascular diseases in the Colombian Coffee Growing Region, 2009-2011

Introducción. El impacto de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares requiere medir la relación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas locales y estas causas de muerte. Objetivo. Determinar la desigualdad en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en los municipios del Eje Cafetero (2009-2011). Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio ecológico en el que se comparó la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares (hipertensivas, isquémicas, cerebrovasculares) en los municipios con base en su situación económica. Los datos de mortalidad y el índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas se obtuvieron de las estadísticas vitales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), en tanto que el producto interno bruto municipal per cápita se calculó para el estudio. Los índices de desigualdad empleados se calcularon por rangos y en modelos de regresión, así como con los índices de concentración, y de Theil, utilizando el programa Epidat 3.1. Resultados. El riesgo de morir por enfermedad isquémica e hipertensiva resultó mayor en los municipios con el mayor índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas. La mortalidad por enfermedad hipertensiva también tendió a concentrarse en dichos municipios. Se encontraron más muertes por enfermedad hipertensiva en los municipios con menor producto interno bruto per cápita en 2009 y 2010, y por enfermedad isquémica, en 2010 y 2011. No obstante, este indicador no mide la brecha entre las comunidades pobres. Conclusiones. Se carece de indicadores de desigualdad desagregados a nivel de municipio. Los sugeridos con este propósito se calculan para el nivel nacional y departamental, lo que no favorece la caracterización de las desigualdades sociales en salud a nivel territorial.

Introduction: The impact of mortality from cardiovascular diseases requires the measurement of the relationship between the local socioeconomic conditions and these death causes. Objective: To determine the inequality in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the municipalities of the Colombian Coffee Growing Region (2009-2011). Materials and methods: We conducted an ecological study to compare the mortality from cardiovascular diseases (hypertensive, ischemic, cerebrovascular) in municipalities and their economic situation. Mortality rates and the index of unsatisfied basic needs were obtained from the Colombian Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) vital statistics, while the municipal gross domestic product per capita was estimated for this study. The inequality indices were calculated using regression models, and concentration and Theil indices with Epidat 3.1. Results: The death risk resulting from ischemic or hypertensive diseases was greater in those municipalities with a higher index of unsatisfied basic needs. Mortality due to hypertensive disease tended to concentrate in municipalities with a higher level of unsatisfied basic needs. The municipalities with a lower gross domestic product showed a higher rate of deaths due to hypertensive disease in years 2009 and 2010, and due to ischemic disease in years 2010 and 2011. Nevertheless, this indicator does not measure the gap existing among poor communities. Conclusions: Disaggregated inequality indicators at municipal level are lacking. Suggested indicators are estimated only for country and provincial levels and they do not favor the characterization of health social inequalities at territorial level.

[Outbreak of malaria in an indigenous population living in an urban area of Armenia, Colombia, 2012]. / Descripción de un brote epidémico de malaria en una comunidad indígena asentada en la zona urbana de Armenia, Colombia, 2012.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria is the most frequent mosquito-borne parasitic infection in the tropical regions of the world. Due to different factors, including climate change, this disease can emerge or reemerge in different areas in the planet. OBJECTIVE: To describe an autochthonous outbreak of urban malaria in Armenia, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After two children consulted a second level hospital located in the south of Armenia with malaria symptoms and their diagnosis was confirmed through the presence of Plasmodium vivax trophozoites detected by a positive thick blood smear, a visit was conducted to the residence of the children. An active search for cases was carried out, the environmental and sociocultural conditions were described and mosquito larvae and pupae were collected and identified. Control measures were implemented and their effectiveness was evaluated as well. RESULTS: The active search in the community allowed the identification of 11 probable cases, three of which were P. vivax malaria cases in children confirmed by blood microscopy. The entomological analysis of mosquito larvae and pupae showed Anopheles spp., Anopheles punctimacula and Anopheles argyritarsis. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of an autochthonous malaria outbreak by P. vivax in the city of Armenia, associated with the subnormal settlement of an indigenous community. The banks of the Quindío river offer the eco-epidemiological conditions that allow the establishment of the reproductive cycle of the malaria mosquito vector.

Descripción de un brote epidémico de malaria en una comunidad indígena asentada en la zona urbana de Armenia, Colombia, 2012 / Outbreak of malaria in an indigenous population living in an urban area of Armenia, Colombia, 2012

Introducción. La malaria o paludismo es la enfermedad parasitaria transmitida por mosquitos vectores más frecuente en las regiones tropicales. Debido a diversos factores, incluido el cambio climático, la enfermedad puede aparecer o reaparecer en diferentes lugares del mundo. Objetivo. Describir un brote autóctono de malaria urbana en la ciudad de Armenia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Después de la consulta en un hospital de segundo nivel del sur de Armenia de dos niños con síntomas de malaria, cuyo diagnóstico mediante gota gruesa confirmó la presencia de trofozoítos de Plasmodium vivax, se visitó el sector donde residían para la búsqueda activa de casos. Se describieron las condiciones ambientales y socioculturales del sector y se recolectaron e identificaron entomológicamente larvas, pupas y adultos de mosquitos. Igualmente, se implementaron medidas de control y se evaluó su efectividad. Resultados. La búsqueda activa en la comunidad permitió la identificación de 11 casos probables de malaria, de los cuales se confirmaron por microscopía tres casos de malaria por P. vivax en niños. El análisis entomológico de las larvas y pupas de mosquitos mostró la presencia de Anopheles spp ., Anopheles punctimacula y Anopheles argyritarsis. Conclusiones. Se reportó el primer brote autóctono de malaria por P.vivax en Armenia, asociado con un asentamiento subnormal en una comunidad indígena y se constató cómo en los márgenes del río Quindío se presentan las condiciones eco-epidemiológicas que permiten el ciclo de reproducción del mosquito vector de la malaria.

Introduction: Malaria is the most frequent mosquito-borne parasitic infection in the tropical regions of the world. Due to different factors, including climate change, this disease can emerge or reemerge in different areas in the planet. Objective: To describe an autochthonous outbreak of urban malaria in Armenia, Colombia. Materials and methods: After two children consulted a second level hospital located in the south of Armenia with malaria symptoms and their diagnosis was confirmed through the presence of Plasmodium vivax trophozoites detected by a positive thick blood smear, a visit was conducted to the residence of the children. An active search for cases was carried out, the environmental and sociocultural conditions were described and mosquito larvae and pupae were collected and identified. Control measures were implemented and their effectiveness was evaluated as well. Results: The active search in the community allowed the identification of 11 probable cases, three of which were P. vivax malaria cases in children confirmed by blood microscopy. The entomological analysis of mosquito larvae and pupae showed Anopheles spp., Anopheles punctimacula and Anopheles argyritarsis. Conclusion: This is the first report of an autochthonous malaria outbreak by P. vivax in the city of Armenia, associated with the subnormal settlement of an indigenous community. The banks of the Quindío river offer the eco-epidemiological conditions that allow the establishment of the reproductive cycle of the malaria mosquito vector.

[Inequalities in mortality by cardiovascular diseases in the Colombian Coffee Growing Region, 2009-2011]. / Desigualdades en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en los municipios del Eje Cafetero, 2009-2011.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of mortality from cardiovascular diseases requires the measurement of the relationship between the local socioeconomic conditions and these death causes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the inequality in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the municipalities of the Colombian Coffee Growing Region (2009-2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an ecological study to compare the mortality from cardiovascular diseases (hypertensive, ischemic, cerebrovascular) in municipalities and their economic situation. Mortality rates and the index of unsatisfied basic needs were obtained from the Colombian Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) vital statistics, while the municipal gross domestic product per capita was estimated for this study. The inequality indices were calculated using regression models, and concentration and Theil indices with Epidat 3.1. RESULTS: The death risk resulting from ischemic or hypertensive diseases was greater in those municipalities with a higher index of unsatisfied basic needs. Mortality due to hypertensive disease tended to concentrate in municipalities with a higher level of unsatisfied basic needs. The municipalities with a lower gross domestic product showed a higher rate of deaths due to hypertensive disease in years 2009 and 2010, and due to ischemic disease in years 2010 and 2011. Nevertheless, this indicator does not measure the gap existing among poor communities. CONCLUSIONS: Disaggregated inequality indicators at municipal level are lacking. Suggested indicators are estimated only for country and provincial levels and they do not favor the characterization of health social inequalities at territorial level.

Safety models incorporating graph theory based transit indicators.

There is a considerable need for tools to enable the evaluation of the safety of transit networks at the planning stage. One interesting approach for the planning of public transportation systems is the study of networks. Network techniques involve the analysis of systems by viewing them as a graph composed of a set of vertices (nodes) and edges (links). Once the transport system is visualized as a graph, various network properties can be evaluated based on the relationships between the network elements. Several indicators can be calculated including connectivity, coverage, directness and complexity, among others. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between network-based transit indicators and safety. The study develops macro-level collision prediction models that explicitly incorporate transit physical and operational elements and transit network indicators as explanatory variables. Several macro-level (zonal) collision prediction models were developed using a generalized linear regression technique, assuming a negative binomial error structure. The models were grouped into four main themes: transit infrastructure, transit network topology, transit route design, and transit performance and operations. The safety models showed that collisions were significantly associated with transit network properties such as: connectivity, coverage, overlapping degree and the Local Index of Transit Availability. As well, the models showed a significant relationship between collisions and some transit physical and operational attributes such as the number of routes, frequency of routes, bus density, length of bus and 3+ priority lanes.