Urease-powered nanobots for radionuclide bladder cancer therapy.

Bladder cancer treatment via intravesical drug administration achieves reasonable survival rates but suffers from low therapeutic efficacy. To address the latter, self-propelled nanoparticles or nanobots have been proposed, taking advantage of their enhanced diffusion and mixing capabilities in urine when compared with conventional drugs or passive nanoparticles. However, the translational capabilities of nanobots in treating bladder cancer are underexplored. Here, we tested radiolabelled mesoporous silica-based urease-powered nanobots in an orthotopic mouse model of bladder cancer. In vivo and ex vivo results demonstrated enhanced nanobot accumulation at the tumour site, with an eightfold increase revealed by positron emission tomography in vivo. Label-free optical contrast based on polarization-dependent scattered light-sheet microscopy of cleared bladders confirmed tumour penetration by nanobots ex vivo. Treating tumour-bearing mice with intravesically administered radio-iodinated nanobots for radionuclide therapy resulted in a tumour size reduction of about 90%, positioning nanobots as efficient delivery nanosystems for bladder cancer therapy.

Mycobacterial surface characters remodeled by growth conditions drive different tumor-infiltrating cells and systemic IFN-γ/IL-17 release in bladder cancer treatment.

The mechanism of action of intravesical Mycobacterium bovis BCG immunotherapy treatment for bladder cancer is not completely known, leading to misinterpretation of BCG-unresponsive patients, who have scarce further therapeutic options. BCG is grown under diverse culture conditions worldwide, which can impact the antitumor effect of BCG strains and could be a key parameter of treatment success. Here, BCG and the nonpathogenic Mycobacterium brumae were grown in four culture media currently used by research laboratories and BCG manufacturers: Sauton-A60, -G15 and -G60 and Middlebrook 7H10, and used as therapies in the orthotopic murine BC model. Our data reveal that each mycobacterium requires specific culture conditions to induce an effective antitumor response. since higher survival rates of tumor-bearing mice were achieved using M. brumae-A60 and BCG-G15 than the rest of the treatments. M. brumae-A60 was the most efficacious among all tested treatments in terms of mouse survival, cytotoxic activity of splenocytes against tumor cells, higher systemic production of IL-17 and IFN-É£, and bladder infiltration of selected immune cells such as ILCs and CD4TEM. BCG-G15 triggered an antitumor activity based on a massive infiltration of immune cells, mainly CD3+ (CD4+ and CD8+) T cells, together with high systemic IFN-É£ release. Finally, a reduced variety of lipids was strikingly observed in the outermost layer of M. brumae-A60 and BCG-G15 compared to the rest of the cultures, suggesting an influence on the antitumor immune response triggered. These findings contribute to understand how mycobacteria create an adequate niche to help the host subvert immunosuppressive tumor actions.

Epstein-Barr Virus+ B Cells in Breast Cancer Immune Response: A Case Report.

EBV-specific T cells have been recently described to be involved in fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in cancer patients after immune checkpoint therapies. Here, we report the study of a human triple-negative breast cancer tumor (TNBC) and EBV-transformed B cells obtained from a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) that progressed into a lymphocytic neoplasm named xenograft-associated B-cell lymphoma (XABCL). T-cell receptor (TCR) high-throughput sequencing was performed to monitor the T-cell clonotypes present in the different samples. Forty-three T-cell clonotypes were found infiltrating the XABCL tissue after three passes in mice along 6 months. Eighteen of these (42%) were also found in the TNBC biopsy. TCR infiltrating the XABCL tissue showed a very restricted T-cell repertoire as compared with the biopsy-infiltrating T cells. Consequently, T cells derived from the TNBC biopsy were expanded in the presence of the B-cell line obtained from the XABCL (XABCL-LCL), after which the TCR repertoire obtained was again very restricted, i.e., only certain clonotypes were selected by the B cells. A number of these TCRs had previously been reported as sequences involved in infection, cancer, and/or autoimmunity. We then analyzed the immunopeptidome from the XABCL-LCL, to identify putative B-cell-associated peptides that might have been expanding these T cells. The HLA class I and class II-associated peptides from XABCL-LCL were then compared with published repertoires from LCL of different HLA typing. Proteins from the antigen processing and presentation pathway remained significantly enriched in the XABCL-LCL repertoire. Interestingly, some class II-presented peptides were derived from cancer-related proteins. These results suggest that bystander tumor-infiltrating EBV+ B cells acting as APC may be able to interact with tumor-infiltrating T cells and influence the TCR repertoire in the tumor site.

Mycolicibacterium brumae Is a Safe and Non-Toxic Immunomodulatory Agent for Cancer Treatment.

Intravesical Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy remains the gold-standard treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients, even though half of the patients develop adverse events to this therapy. On exploring BCG-alternative therapies, Mycolicibacterium brumae, a nontuberculous mycobacterium, has shown outstanding anti-tumor and immunomodulatory capabilities. As no infections due to M. brumae in humans, animals, or plants have been described, the safety and/or toxicity of this mycobacterium have not been previously addressed. In the present study, an analysis was made of M. brumae- and BCG-intravenously-infected severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, M. brumae-intravesically-treated BALB/c mice, and intrahemacoelic-infected-Galleria mellonella larvae. Organs from infected mice and the hemolymph from larvae were processed to count bacterial burden. Blood samples from mice were also taken, and a wide range of hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Finally, histopathological alterations in mouse tissues were evaluated. Our results demonstrate the safety and non-toxic profile of M. brumae. Differences were observed in the biochemical, hematological and histopathological analysis between M. brumae and BCG-infected mice, as well as survival curves rates and colony forming units (CFU) counts in both animal models. M. brumae constitutes a safe therapeutic biological agent, overcoming the safety and toxicity disadvantages presented by BCG in both mice and G. mellonella animal models.

A reproducible method for the isolation and expansion of ovine mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow for use in regenerative medicine preclinical studies.

The use of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as candidate medicines for treating a variety of pathologies is based on their qualities as either progenitors for the regeneration of damaged tissue or producers of a number of molecules with pharmacological properties. Preclinical product development programmes include the use of well characterized cell populations for proof of efficacy and safety studies before testing in humans. In the field of orthopaedics, an increasing number of translational studies use sheep as an in vivo test system because of the similarities with humans in size and musculoskeletal architecture. However, robust and reproducible methods for the isolation, expansion, manipulation and characterization of ovine MSCs have not yet been standardised. The present study describes a method for isolation and expansion of fibroblastic-like, adherent ovine MSCs that express CD44, CD90, CD140a, CD105 and CD166, and display trilineage differentiation potential. The 3-week bioprocess proposed here typically yielded cell densities of 1.4 × 104 MSCs/cm2 at passage 2, with an expansion factor of 37.8 and approximately eight cumulative population doublings. The osteogenic potential of MSCs derived following this methodology was further evaluated in vivo in a translational model of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, in which the persistence of grafted cells in the host tissue and their lineage commitment into osteoblasts and osteocytes was demonstrated by tracking enhanced green fluorescent protein-labelled cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mycobacteria emulsified in olive oil-in-water trigger a robust immune response in bladder cancer treatment.

The hydrophobic composition of mycobacterial cell walls leads to the formation of clumps when attempting to resuspend mycobacteria in aqueous solutions. Such aggregation may interfere in the mycobacteria-host cells interaction and, consequently, influence their antitumor effect. To improve the immunotherapeutic activity of Mycobacterium brumae, we designed different emulsions and demonstrated their efficacy. The best formulation was initially selected based on homogeneity and stability. Both olive oil (OO)- and mineral oil-in-water emulsions better preserved the mycobacteria viability and provided higher disaggregation rates compared to the others. But, among both emulsions, the OO emulsion increased the mycobacteria capacity to induce cytokines' production in bladder tumor cell cultures. The OO-mycobacteria emulsion properties: less hydrophobic, lower pH, more neutralized zeta potential, and increased affinity to fibronectin than non-emulsified mycobacteria, indicated favorable conditions for reaching the bladder epithelium in vivo. Finally, intravesical OO-M. brumae-treated mice showed a significantly higher systemic immune response, together with a trend toward increased tumor-bearing mouse survival rates compared to the rest of the treated mice. The physicochemical characteristics and the induction of a robust immune response in vitro and in vivo highlight the potential of the OO emulsion as a good delivery vehicle for the mycobacterial treatment of bladder cancer.

γ Irradiated Mycobacteria Enhance Survival in Bladder Tumor Bearing Mice Although Less Efficaciously than Live Mycobacteria.

PURPOSE: γ Irradiated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin has shown in vitro and ex vivo antitumor activity. However, to our knowledge the potential antitumor capacity has not been demonstrated in vivo. We studied the in vivo potential of γ irradiated bacillus Calmette-Guérin and γ irradiated M. brumae, a saprophytic mycobacterium that was recently described as an immunotherapeutic agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antitumor capacity of γ irradiated M. brumae was first investigated by analyzing the in vitro inhibition of bladder tumor cell proliferation and the ex vivo cytotoxic effect of M. brumae activated peripheral blood cells. The effect of γ irradiated M. brumae or bacillus Calmette-Guérin intravesical treatment was then compared to treatment with live mycobacteria in the orthotopic murine model of bladder cancer. RESULTS: Nonviable M. brumae showed a capacity to inhibit in vitro bladder cancer cell lines similar to that of live mycobacteria. However, its capacity to induce cytokine production was decreased compared to that of live M. brumae. γ Irradiated M. brumae could activate immune cells to inhibit tumor cell growth, although to a lesser extent than live mycobacteria. Finally, intravesical treatment with γ irradiated M. brumae or bacillus Calmette-Guérin significantly increased survival with respect to that of nontreated tumor bearing mice. Both γ irradiated mycobacteria showed lower survival rates than those of live mycobacteria but the minor efficacy of γ irradiated vs live mycobacteria was only significant for bacillus Calmette-Guérin. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that although γ irradiated mycobacteria is less efficacious than live mycobacteria, it induces an antitumor effect in vivo, avoiding the possibility of further mycobacterial infections.

Development and characterization of an equine skin-equivalent model.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the biological and pathological study of equine skin owing to the high prevalence of cutaneous diseases in horses. However, knowledge of equine skin cell biology and cultures is limited by the low number of in vitro studies in the literature. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to develop and characterize an in vitro equine skin equivalent. METHODS: Cultures of pure equine keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion of skin biopsies. Fibroblasts were embedded into type I collagen matrices to obtain dermal scaffolds, the surface of which was seeded with keratinocytes. The three-dimensional cultures were exposed to the air-liquid interface to enable epidermal stratification. RESULTS: After 14 days in air-exposed conditions, histological analysis showed that keratinocytes underwent differentiation into a multilayered epidermis. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the expression of epidermal cytokeratin in keratinocytes, whereas vimentin was expressed in dermal fibroblasts, as expected in equine skin. Immunostaining of Ki67 showed proliferative keratinocytes in the stratum basale. A continuous basement membrane at the dermo-epidermal junction was also detected immunohistochemically through the expression of its major components (type IV collagen and laminin 5). Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed desmosomes located among keratinocytes in all layers and hemidesmosomes among the basal keratinocytes and lamina densa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study reports, for the first time, the development of an in vitro equine skin-equivalent model that resembles equine skin morphologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally.

Hyperglycemia and hepatic tumors in ICR mice neonatally injected with streptozotocin.

Repeated, low-dose administration of streptozotocin (STZ) is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in mice. The authors adapted this method using neonatal mice and determined the long-term effects of STZ injection in the mice. After receiving intraperitoneal injections of STZ at postnatal day 3 (P3), P4 and P8, male and female mice were hyperglycemic by week 4. A clear sex difference was found, with blood glucose levels in STZ-treated males remaining higher than those in STZ-treated females until week 23. Whereas STZ-treated males remained hyperglycemic until week 23, STZ-treated females did not have significantly higher glucose levels than control mice after week 18. Additionally, STZ-treated mice had neoplastic lesions in their livers by week 4, with a progression in the severity of these lesions until week 24. The results confirm that, in addition to pancreatic beta cell toxicity, STZ has an oncogenic effect on the liver when administered to neonates.

Antinociceptive activity of Hypericum grandifolium Choisy in mice.

The present study investigated the antinociceptive activity of different extracts prepared from the aerial parts of blossom of Hypericum grandifolium Choisy-a species native to the Macaronesian Region-using the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and tail flick test in mice. Oral administration of methanol extract (500 and 1,000 mg/kg p.o.), the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions (500 mg/kg p.o.) as well as subfractions F2 and F3 (45 mg/kg p.o.) from the chloroform fraction significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing, with values ranging from 28 to 50% of inhibition. The methanol extract (1,000 mg/kg p.o.) and chloroform fraction (500 mg/kg p.o.) significantly reduced both phases of formalin-induced pain (with inhibition values ranging from 18 to 53%), whereas subfraction F2 (45 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited the late phase (30%). In the tail flick assay, only the chloroform fraction (500 mg/kg p.o.) significantly prolonged the tail flick response. Different constituents, such as flavonoids and benzophenone derivatives, could account for the effects observed. Taking together, the results indicate that Hypericum grandifolium Choisy possesses both peripheral and central antinociceptive activities in mice, suggesting an interesting therapeutic potential for this species in pain diseases.

HPLC-MS analysis and anti-oedematogenic activity of Hypericum grandifolium Choisy (Hypericaceae).

A study has been carried out on the chemical composition and in vivo anti-oedematogenic activity of several extracts from Hypericum grandifolium Choisy (Hypericaceae) collected in Tenerife (Canary Islands). The HPLC-MS analysis (HPLC-ESI/MS and HPLC-FT/MS) revealed the presence of hyperforin, flavonoids and probably benzophenone derivatives, while naphthodianthrones were absent. Pharmacological results revealed that the methanol extracts and the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions obtained therefrom possess anti-oedematogenic activity against TPA-induced ear oedema and carrageenan-induced paw oedema, the chloroform fraction being the most active. Subfractions derived from the chloroform fraction also showed anti-oedematogenic activity. From these results, it can be suggested that different constituents, such as the flavonoids and the benzophenone derivatives, could be responsible, at least in part, for the anti-oedematogenic effects observed for this species.