Production of Co-58m in a siphon-style liquid target on a medical cyclotron.

We present the production of 58mCo on a small, 13 MeV medical cyclotron utilizing a siphon style liquid target system. Different concentrated iron(III)-nitrate solutions of natural isotopic distribution were irradiated at varying initial pressures and subsequently separated by solid phase extraction chromatography. The radio cobalt (58m/gCo and 56Co) was successfully produced with saturation activities of (0.35 ± 0.03) MBq µA-1 for 58mCo with a separation recovery of (75 ± 2) % of cobalt after one separation step utilizing LN-resin.

Radiopharmacy in Africa: current status and future directions.

This report is a summary of the first SRS-Africa meeting that was held virtually on the 15th of October 2021, to gain information on the status of radiopharmaceutical sciences in Africa. Registration data included information on participants' qualifications and field of work. An independent survey performed in Africa prior to the meeting elicited details of available staff in different countries, facilities and equipment, radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals used, research undertaken and difficulties experienced. We present here a brief overview of this meeting's topics of discussion, including ongoing research, gaps and challenges, and local opportunities.

[CHANGING IMMUNE STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH REACTIVE SPONDYLOARTHRITIS OF CHLAMIDIAL GENESIS].

Aim - to identify deviations in immune parameters in patients with reactive chlamydial spondyloarthritis, allowing more targeted correction of immune status and improve the quality of treatment of these patients. A comparative immunological examination of 14 patients with reactive spondyloarthritis of chlamydial etiology before and after specific treatment and practically healthy people was carried out. CIC, lymphocytotoxic and granulocytotoxic antibodies, including autoimmune, LIF including autoantigens (cartilage, bone, sinewy), neutrophilic leukocytes, lymphocytes, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, CD-3, CD-4, CD-8, CD-25, Ig A, G, M. The immune status of patients before treatment was characterized by a perverse immune response, which was characterized by hyperactivation of the T-lymphocytic link of immunity, impaired suppressive link of the immune system, a tendency to autoimmune aggression, incomplete anti-infectious immunity, and chronic inflammatory process. Antichlamydial treatment with the eradication of the pathogen within 1 month led to a partial normalization of the immune response, normalization of the neutrophilic / lymphocytic ratio and the amount of granulocytotoxic and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Desensitization of the organism to autoantigens (cartilage and synovial tissue) was observed. Comprehensive analysis of immunological parameters before and after treatment in patients with reactive spondyloarthritis of chlamydial etiology allows monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment and increases its effectiveness.

Improved separation scheme for 44Sc produced by irradiation of natCa targets with 12.8 MeV protons.

INTRODUCTION: 44Sc is of great interest as a positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide due to its suitable nuclear characteristics: Eß+max = 1.47 MeV, branching ratio 94.3% and convenient half-life of 3.97 h. Here, 44Sc was produced via the widely used reaction 44Ca (p,n)44Sc using natural calcium as a target. METHODS: The irradiation was performed at TRIUMF using the 13 MeV cyclotron. The separation consisted of a combination of DGA branched resin and Dowex 50Wx8 (200-400 mesh). The distribution coefficients of Sc3+ on Dowex 50Wx8 (NH4+ form, 200-400 mesh) with ammonium α-hydroxyisobutyrate (pH = 4.8) medium were determined in this study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tested scheme allows both a reliable separation of 44Sc from the target material as well as from the other competitive metals and a final fraction with high specific activity. The achieved radiochemical yield was 95 ± 3%.

Separation of 44Ti from proton irradiated scandium by using solid-phase extraction chromatography and design of 44Ti/44Sc generator system.

Scandium-44g (half-life 3.97h [1]) shows promise for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of longer biological processes than that of the current gold standard, 18F, due to its favorable decay parameters. One source of 44gSc is the long-lived parent nuclide 44Ti (half-life 60.0 a). A 44Ti/44gSc generator would have the ability to provide radionuclidically pure 44gSc on a daily basis. The production of 44Ti via the 45Sc(p,2n) reaction requires high proton beam currents and long irradiation times. Recovery and purification of no-carrier added (nca) 44Ti from scandium metal targets involves complex separation chemistry. In this study, separation systems based on solid phase extraction chromatography were investigated, including branched diglycolamide (BDGA) resin and hydroxamate based ZR resin. Results indicate that ZR resin in HCl media represents an effective 44Ti/44gSc separation system.

Large scale accelerator production of 225Ac: Effective cross sections for 78-192MeV protons incident on 232Th targets.

Actinium-225 and 213Bi have been used successfully in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) in preclinical and clinical research. This paper is a continuation of research activities aiming to expand the availability of 225Ac. The high-energy proton spallation reaction on natural thorium metal targets has been utilized to produce millicurie quantities of 225Ac. The results of sixteen irradiation experiments of thorium metal at beam energies between 78 and 192MeV are summarized in this work. Irradiations have been conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), while target dissolution and processing was carried out at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Excitation functions for actinium and thorium isotopes, as well as for some of the fission products, are presented. The cross sections for production of 225Ac range from 3.6 to 16.7mb in the incident proton energy range of 78-192MeV. Based on these data, production of curie quantities of 225Ac is possible by irradiating a 5.0gcm-2 232Th target for 10 days in either BNL or LANL proton irradiation facilities.

[Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and biliary sludge in people with metabolic syndrome]. / Nealkogol'nyi steatogepatit i biliarnyi sladzh u lits s metabolicheskim sindromom.

AIM: To determine the incidence of biliary sludge (BS) and to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Chophytol in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and BS in the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical laboratory examination was made in 72 patients with NASH in the presence of MS. BS was identified in 52 (72.2%) examinees who were divided in two (study and control) groups. The efficacy of Chophytol of plant origin, prepared from the purified extract of fresh artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf juice, which was used at a dose of 3 tablets thrice daily for a month, was evaluated. RESULTS: The use of Chophytol was established to promote BS elimination in 87% of the patients. This ceased pain syndrome in 87% and dyspeptic manifestations in 65.2% and normalized the levels of lipids and the biochemical indicators of liver process activity. No adverse drug reactions were seen. CONCLUSION: Chophytol used in patients with HASH and BS may soon be possible to make general condition better, to alleviate the symptoms of diseases of the liver and biliary system, and to appreciably improve the biochemical indicators of blood and bile.

Application of ion exchange and extraction chromatography to the separation of actinium from proton-irradiated thorium metal for analytical purposes.

Actinium-225 (t1/2=9.92d) is an α-emitting radionuclide with nuclear properties well-suited for use in targeted alpha therapy (TAT), a powerful treatment method for malignant tumors. Actinium-225 can also be utilized as a generator for (213)Bi (t1/2 45.6 min), which is another valuable candidate for TAT. Actinium-225 can be produced via proton irradiation of thorium metal; however, long-lived (227)Ac (t1/2=21.8a, 99% ß(-), 1% α) is co-produced during this process and will impact the quality of the final product. Thus, accurate assays are needed to determine the (225)Ac/(227)Ac ratio, which is dependent on beam energy, irradiation time and target design. Accurate actinium assays, in turn, require efficient separation of actinium isotopes from both the Th matrix and highly radioactive activation by-products, especially radiolanthanides formed from proton-induced fission. In this study, we introduce a novel, selective chromatographic technique for the recovery and purification of actinium isotopes from irradiated Th matrices. A two-step sequence of cation exchange and extraction chromatography was implemented. Radiolanthanides were quantitatively removed from Ac, and no non-Ac radionuclidic impurities were detected in the final Ac fraction. An (225)Ac spike added prior to separation was recovered at ≥ 98%, and Ac decontamination from Th was found to be ≥ 10(6). The purified actinium fraction allowed for highly accurate (227)Ac determination at analytical scales, i.e., at (227)Ac activities of 1-100 kBq (27 nCi to 2.7 µCi).

[COURSE OF BILIARY SLUDGE ON THE BACKGROUND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE].

To date, the factors significantly reduces the tolerance of the liver against the development of NAFLD and GSD. At the stage of biliary sludge cholelithiasis is found in more than half of the patients suffering from NAFLD. BS violates jelchnokamennouu and releaxation activity of hepatocytes, thereby slowing the passage of bile through the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts that aggravate the course of NAFLD. The reasons for the formation of sludge is not completely understood. To date there are no accepted tactics of conducting and treatment of patients with HB in the background of NAFLD. In our work we demonstrate one possible way to tackle this important problem.

[CHANGES IN MICROBIOCENOSIS OF THE COLON IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND LATENT HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY].

Interest in the study of complications of liver disease, in particular latent hepatic encephalopathy, due to its wide distribution, difficulty in diagnosis, the lack of differentiated treatment approaches. The correlation dependence of the influence degree of dysbiosis in the development of latent hepatic encephalopathy contributes to the formation of multiple organ pathology, including associated with the violation of the intestinal microbiota in chronic liver disease, is a separate link in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Dysbiosis of the colon in patients with chronic dislivoniami the liver is the triggering factor in the development of latent hepatic encephalopathy, and its level directly correlated with the execution time of the tests of numbers and lines, the manifestation of asthenovegetative syndrome, intestinal dyspepsia, cytolysis, cholestasis, hepatocellular nedostatusnosti.

[NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: DIAGNOSTIC, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT. GUIDELINES WERE APPROVED BY THE XV GASTROENTEROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF RUSSIA IN 2015].

According to the World Health Organization, it is recorded steady growth of the number of chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in recent years. As an independent nosological entity, NAFLD is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, associated with abdominal-visceral obesity, peripheral insulin resistance (IR), and is regarded as the hepatic component of Metabolic syndrome (MS). Nowadays there are no generally accepted national standards for diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD for physicians, gen- eral practitioners, gastroenterologists in Russia. This was the essential reason in their development. The main reason of The guidelines development is the absence of generally accepted national standards for diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD for physicians, general practitioners, gastroenterologists in Russia. These guidelines are based on the global and local data of treatment experience of NAFLD, recently published in reviews, analytical studies in the literature. Guidelines are intended for physicians, general practitioners, gastroenterologists and contain the description of the preferred approaches to the provision of diagnostic, curative and preventive care of patients NAFLD. The quality of recommendations was grading according to the GRADE approach.

[AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASES: CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT. GUIDELINES WERE APPROVED BY THE XV GASTROENTEROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF RUSSIA IN 2015].

The group of liver autoimmune diseases (LAD) includes autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) The guidelines on clinical diagnosis and management of patients based on a review and analysis of recent publications on this topic in the global and domestic literature and on the authors'experience in treating patients with autoimmune liver disease.

[Tactics for the correction of intestinal microbiocenotic disorders in the combination therapy of patients with chronic liver diseases].

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of the symbiotic Linex used in the combination therapy of liver cirrhosis (LC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-four patients with LC, including 44 who received additionally the symbiotic Linex and 30 who had conventional therapy, were examined. All the patients underwent clinical and biochemical blood tests, abdominal ultrasonography, fecal test for bacteria, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the blood composition of microbial markers, number connecting test, and quality-of-life assessment (SF-36). RESULTS: The symbiotic-treated patients showed a significant improvement in biochemical parameters (decreases in transaminase activities, bilirubin levels, hepatic protein-synthetic function--there were elevations in the concentrations of total protein from 74.0 +/- 0.50 to 78.1 +/- 0.80 g/l (p < 0.05) and albumin from 30.6 +/- 1.7 to 35.5 +/- 1.6 g/l (p < 0.05). There were also increases in the count of bifidobacteria from 8.7 +/- 0.1 to 9.1 +/- 0.1 Ig CFU/g (p < 0.05), lactobacilli from 5.0 +/- 0.2 to 5.2 +/- 0.2 Ig CFU/g (p < 0.05) and in the total count of Escherichia coli from 7.6 +/- 0.3 to 7.9 +/- 0.3 Ig CFU/g (p < 0.05); a tendency for normalization of microbial markers was revealed by mass spectrometry; the manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy were alleviated (the number connecting test showed a reduction from 51.0 +/- 3.58 to 29.7 +/- 4.10 sec (p < 0.05)), and the quality of life improved. CONCLUSION: By normalizing enteric microbiocenosis, the symbiotic Linex positively affects the course and prognosis of LC and it is both a symptomatic and pathogenetic agent for the treatment of patients.

[New aspects of pharmacological effects of ursodeoxycholic acid].

The paper reviews the use of hepatoprotective agents in chronic liver diseases (CLD) and biliary disorders. A variety of clinical studies have shown the beneficial effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in liver disease worldwide. Besides the well-known mechanisms of action of UDCA we could show its prebiotic effect. Several studies have demonstrated that UDCA serves as a potential therapeutic agent for a number non-hepatobiliary disorders including cardiovascular disease, immune disorders, organ transplantation and other.

[Approaches to the treatment of patients with climacteric disorders complicated with menopausal metabolic syndrome with cholestasis].

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Development of the individual comprehensive program of follow treatment of patients with climacteric disorders complicated MMS (menopausal metabolic syndrome) with cholestasis; on the basis of application of low-dose hormone replacement therapy in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid, to improve the quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We observed 101 woman with climacteric syndrome, obesity and cholestasis; conducted a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination, ultrasound of the hepatobiliary system, measurement modified menopausal index (MMI), the measurement of the quality of life on questionnaire SF-36 before treatment and after 6 and 12 months. THE RESULTS: Positive and statistically significant changes in lipid spectrum, the activity of transaminases, bilirubin and its fractions, improvement of MMI and quality of life, the indices of coagulation remained virtually unchanged. CONCLUSION: Low-dose hormone replacement therapies in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid are highly effective drugs for the treatment of menopausal syndrome, which normalize lipid profile of patients and the performance of the hepatobiliary system.

[Fatty liver in elderly patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (according to autopsy data)].

In article it is a question of morphological research of fragments of tissue of a liver at 143 elderly and old patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries which have died on offices of the S-Petersburg hospital for veterans of wars in 2006-2010. Average age of the died patients was defined in the range from 61 till 98 years and made 82.3 ± 1.3 years. It is established that at geriatric patients with atherosclerotic defeat of coronary arteries fatty regeneration of a liver was observed in 25.9 ± 7.3%; more than at 2\3 geriatric patients with atherosclerosis of coronary arteries it was noted cteatogpatit with the minimum degree of the activity, thus specified degree of activity came to light at the surveyed patients with fatty regeneration of a liver (77.8 ± 8.0% against 60.7 ± 6.1% in group without fatty regeneration of a liver) more often. Cardiovascular diseases caused death of patients with atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and fatty regeneration of a liver, than in group of patients without a fatty degeneration of a liver (91.7 ± 4.8% of cases and 73.8 ± 4.9% of cases respectively) more often. Patients of senile age with atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and fatty regeneration of a liver died because of cardiovascular diseases, than their contemporaries in group without fatty regeneration of a liver (89.7 ± 6.1% and 71.3 ± 5.7% respectively) more often.

[Overactive bladder syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis, treatment].

The article analyzes the causes of hyperactive detrusory contractions, considered etiopathogenesis and treatment of patients with overactive bladder syndrome (OBS). Two groups of patients with overactive bladder syndrome were examined, analyzed etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. A new method for increasing the threshold sensitivity of spinal centers under the OBS by using the local lesions of the mucous membrane of the bladder by electrical coagulation or local microwave hyperthermia of the prostate are proposed. The high efficiency of these methods in dealing with OBS is shown.