The efficacy of adjuvant radioactive iodine after reoperation in patients with persistent or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of adjuvant radioiodine (RAI) after reoperation in patients with persistent or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is controversial. Although various organizations recognize that strong evidence for the use of RAI is lacking, they continue to recommend the use of adjuvant RAI therapy for select groups of patients. This is concerning as RAI therapy has potential side effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms, bone marrow suppression, and gonadal damage. METHODS: Four electronic databases were systematically searched for randomized trials or observational studies that examined the outcomes of adjuvant RAI after reoperation for recurrent DTC, among patients of any age. The baseline characteristics, treatment response, disease progression, and overall survival of these studies were synthesized and reported. A meta-analysis of the use of RAI on progression-free survival was also performed. RESULTS: Six observational studies, comprising a combined cohort of 437 patients who underwent reoperation, were included from 1212 records. Adjuvant RAI after reoperation in recurrent DTC was not associated with longer progression-free or overall survival. There was also no association of RAI with excellent structural or biochemical treatment response, lower thyroglobulin levels, nor a lower rate of second recurrence or distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant RAI after reoperation in recurrent DTC was not associated with improved cancer or treatment-related outcomes. However, as the included studies were of inadequate quality, there is an urgent need for randomized trials and well-analyzed cohort studies. Physicians should exercise clinical judgment to prescribe adjuvant RAI for only selected, high-risk patients.

Association of obstructive sleep apnea with thyroid cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a postulated carcinogen based on epidemiological associations with all-cancer incidence and non-thyroid biological models. However, associations with thyroid carcinoma are unclear. METHODS: We included observational/randomized studies of associations of OSA with thyroid carcinoma incidence/mortality in adults, from four databases. Random-effects meta-analyses and the population attributable fraction (PAF; from published global OSA prevalence estimates) were computed. RESULTS: We included four observational studies (N = 2,839,325), all with moderate/low risk of bias. OSA diagnosis was associated with twofold incidence of thyroid carcinoma (pooled HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.35-3.98, I2 = 95%), after multi-adjustment for demographics, BMI, smoking, alcohol, and comorbidities. Subgroup analysis of studies with at least 5 years of follow-up showed a stronger association of OSA with thyroid cancer incidence (pooled HR 3.27, 95% CI 2.80-3.82, I2 = 0%). Up to 14.5% (95% CI 4.29-27.6%) of incident thyroid carcinomas globally may be associated with OSA. Thyroid carcinoma mortality data was unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: OSA is associated with higher thyroid carcinoma incidence, though this does not prove causation. Biological/clinical studies should investigate OSA severity in relation to thyroid carcinoma progression and mortality, stratified by tumor histology.

Propensity-Score Matched Analyses Comparing Clinical Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Versus Open Distal Pancreatectomies: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MIDP) is being adopted increasingly worldwide. This study aimed to compare the short-term outcomes of patients who underwent MIDP versus open distal pancreatectomy (ODP). METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent a DP in our institution between 2005 and 2019 was performed. Propensity score matching based on relevant baseline factors was used to match patients in the ODP and MIDP groups in a 1:1 manner. Outcomes reported include operative duration, blood loss, postoperative length of stay, morbidity, mortality, postoperative pancreatic fistula rates, reoperation and readmission. RESULTS: In total, 444 patients were included in this study. Of 122 MIDP patients, 112 (91.8%) could be matched. After matching, the median operating time for MIDP was significantly longer than ODP [260 min (200-346.3) vs 180 (135-232.5), p < 0.001], while postoperative stay for MIDP was significantly shorter [median 6 days (5-8) versus 7 days (6-9), p = 0.015]. There were no significant differences noted in any of the other outcomes measured. Over time, we observed a decrease in the operation times of MIDP performed at our institution. CONCLUSION: Adoption of MIDP offers advantages over ODP in terms of a shorter postoperative hospital stay, without an increase in morbidity and/or mortality but at the expense of a longer operation time.

Trainee participation does not adversely affect the safety of thyroid surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Surgical traineeship is essential but must be safe for patients. In thyroid surgery, surgeon volume correlates with improved clinical/economic outcomes. However, it is presently unclear how far does trainee participation affect post-thyroidectomy complication rates in real-world and randomized data. We systematically searched four databases for associations of trainee participation with any post-thyroidectomy outcome. We conducted univariate meta-analyses, sensitivity analyses, and assessed publication bias qualitatively and quantitatively. We included 1 randomized and 15 observational studies from 3755 records, comprising 34 774 thyroid surgical patients. Trainee participation was associated with 12 min longer operative time, but not higher complication rates (hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, hematoma, blood loss, return to operating room, hospitalization duration, readmission, and mortality). Sensitivity, publication bias, and multivariate analyses did not change our findings. Real-world and limited randomized data suggest that trainee participation in thyroid surgery is safe, given adequate consultant supervision and appropriate case selection.