The endogenous oxytocin after manipulative osteopathic treatment in full-term pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess whether the touch of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) can affect the endogenous production of oxytocin in full-term pregnant women and the assessment of well-being following the treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study have been enrolled 57 pregnant women at full-term pregnancy (37th-41st week) for evaluation of the concentration of salivary oxytocin 2 minutes before and 2 minutes after a single session of OMT by an osteopath lasting for 30 minutes. Pre-OMT and post-OMT saliva samples were collected with the use of Salivette® salivary swabs. 7 salivary swabs were excluded from the analysis. 50 samples were analyzed with an appropriate ELISA kit. RESULTS: The mean OT salivary concentration pre-OMT was 89.98±16.39, and post-OMT was 100.60±19.13 tends to increase with p=0.0000051. In multivariate analysis, two subgroups show interesting data in the mean difference in OT salivary concentration post-OMT: women with painful contractions (p=0.06) and women under 35 years (p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the effectiveness of OMT-increasing endogenous oxytocin is statistically significant in full-term pregnant women. The sensation of well-being found in most women indicates that there has been a predominantly central rather than peripheral oxytocin release after OMT.

Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy using the novel Hugo™ RAS system: Feasibility, setting and perioperative outcomes of the first off-clamp series.

INTRODUCTION: Hugo Robot-Assisted Surgery (RAS) System has been conceived with enhanced modularity but its role for nephron-sparing surgery setting still remains poorly explored. We aimed to describe our experience in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) with a three-arms setting for the first off-clamp series using the new Hugo RAS System. METHODS: Patients were placed on an extended flank position at the margin of the surgical bed with a slightly flexion (45°). The first 11 mm robotic trocar (camera port) was placed along the pararectal line 14 ± 2 cm far from the umbilicus. The pneumoperitoneum was then induced through the AirSeal system (SurgiQuest, Milford, Connecticut, USA©). Two more 8 mm operative robotic ports were placed under direct vision, either 8 ± 1 cm far from optic's port. Two 12 mm laparoscopic ports for bed-assistant were placed between robotic ports. Monopolar curved shears, fenestrated grasper, and large needle driver were used in a three-instruments configuration. RESULTS: Off-clamp RAPN was successfully performed in seven patients with cT1 renal masses using a trans-peritoneal route. Median port placement and docking time was 6 min (IQR, 4-8 min). Hemostasis was achieved through renorraphy using a single transfix stitch with sliding clips technique. There was no need for additional ports placement. No intraoperative complications occurred, no clashing of robotic instruments or between the robotic arms was observed. No technical failures of the system occurred. Median console time was 83 min (IQR, 68-115 min). Median estimated blood loss were 200 ml (IQR, 50-400 ml). All patients were discharged between post-operative day 2 and 3, without the need of hospital readmission. No complications were recorded within the first 30 post-operative days. CONCLUSIONS: We performed the first series of off-clamp RAPN using the novel HUGO RAS System. This novel robotic platform showed an easy-friendly docking system, providing excellent perioperative outcomes with a simple three-arms configuration.

Clinical features of a fatal shoulder dystocia: The hypovolemic shock hypothesis.

Shoulder dystocia is a rare but severe obstetric complication associated with an increased risk of brachial plexus palsies, fractures of the clavicle and humerus, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and, rarely, neonatal death. Here we describe a fatal case of shoulder dystocia in a term newborn, although labor was uneventful, fetal heart rate tracing was normal until the delivery of the head and the head-to-body delivery interval (HBDI) occurred within 5 min. Full resuscitation was performed for 35 min without success. Hemoglobin concentration evaluated on the umbilical cord still attached to the placenta was within normal range, while neonatal venous hemoglobin concentration blood gases at 9 min of life showed severe metabolic acidosis and anemia. As previously described by others, our case supports the hypothesis of a hypovolemic shock as the cause of neonatal death, probably due to acute placental retention of fetal blood. The death of the newborn following shoulder dystocia is an event that still presents numerous gaps in knowledge. Further research should focus on.

The daily-practiced post-partum hemorrhage management: an Italian multidisciplinary attended protocol.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and morbidity in the obstetric population globally, causing about a quarter of maternal deaths yearly, and is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. The management of PPH remains a topic of great debate, even in view of new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in recent years, for which, however, the body of evidence available thus far is still scarce, as the standard values are lacking. The protocol hereby presented was developed after a literature review and during several meetings of an Italian multidisciplinary task group of specialists adopting a modified Delphi method, and is the result of the synthesis of therapeutic operational protocols for the treatment of PPH applied by the different specialties within the team. This protocol is intended to represent a practical proposal to support clinicians in the management of a particularly complex event that requires the intervention of a multidisciplinary team and the implementation of dedicated management protocols.

Occiput-spine relationship: shoulders are more important than head.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of fetal spine position in determining a fetal head position at the time of birth and modality of delivery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective observational study. Fetal occiput and spine position were evaluated by intrapartum ultrasound. Eighty-six women were eligible for inclusion in the study. Occiput rotational movements and modality of delivery in relation to the fetal spine position were investigated. RESULTS: At the beginning of labor, fetal occiput was in a posterior position in 52.3% of cases and, in 81.5% of cases the spine was in an anterior transverse position. At birth, occiput and spine were both in an anterior position in 90.4% of cases. The rate of cesarean sections in the SP group was significantly higher than the rate in the SAT group (50% vs. 8%, p < 0.0007). Instead, the rate of vaginal deliveries without intervention in the SP group was significantly lower than the rate in the SA group (14% vs. 71%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Fetal spine position could have an important role in determining fetal occiput position at birth. Spine position might play a crucial role in the outcome of delivery.

Caregiver's satisfaction with a video tutorial for shoulder dystocia management algorithm.

In our questionnaire, a video tutorial illustrating the management of shoulder dystocia was considered by health personnel as a useful complementary training tool. We prepared a 5-min video tutorial on the management of shoulder dystocia, using a simulator that includes maternal pelvic and baby models. We performed a survey among obstetric personnel in order to assess their opinion on the tutorial by inviting them to watch the video tutorial and answer an online questionnaire. Five multiple-choice questions were set, focusing on the video's main objectives: clarity, simplicity and usefulness. Following the collection of answers, global and category-weighted analyses were conducted for each question. Out of 956 invitations sent, 482 (50.4%) answered the survey. More than 90% of all categories found the video tutorial to be clinically relevant and clear. For revising the management of shoulder dystocia most obstetric personnel would use the video tutorial together with traditional textbooks. In conclusion, our video tutorial was considered by health personnel as a useful complementary training tool.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and MTHFR 1298A > C gene polymorphism.

INTRODUCTION: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is related to unhealthy habits, mainly to unfavorable dietary profiles. MTHFR gene encodes MethyleneTetraHydroFolate Reductase, a regulatory enzyme whose polymorphisms are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Among polymorphisms, C677T, a thermolabile form, but not A1298C, thermostable, was associated with fatty liver and insulin resistance. AIM: to investigate if NAFLD, in subjects referred for nutritional assessment and counselling, has any difference of prevalence and severity when associated with isolated MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and hyperhomocysteinemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 94 subjects, age 55.65 ± 15.43 years, BMI 27.88 ± 5.17 kg/m2, 26 with MTHFR Wild type genotype (1298AA) and 68 with MTHFRA1298C single polymorphism were studied: of them, 35 were homozygous (MTHFR1298CC), 33 were heterozygous (MHTFR 1298AC). Insulin resistance was assessed by HOMA-IR, NAFLD by UltraSound Brigh-Liver-Score (BLS). RESULTS: MTHFR subgroups (wild and A1298C single polymorphism) were not different for age, gender, dietary profile and BMI. In NAFLD, MTHFR 1298AC (heterozygous) vs. homozygous wild genotype (MTHFR 1298AA) patients had more severe NAFLD (BLS: 1.12 ± 1.14 vs. 0.54 ± 0.76, p < 0.029), greater insulin resistance (HOMA 3.20±2.35 vs. 2.12 ± 1.12; p < 0.036), higher AST and gammaGT. CONCLUSIONS: MTHFR1298AC gene heterozygous polymorphisms can be weakly predictive for NAFLD severity. This mutation occurs frequently in populations with low prevalence of overall mortality and of atherosclerosis-associated disease: it could have maintained and maintain its persistence by an heterozygosis advantage mechanism, within significant adherence to healthy nutritional profiles. Interactions of nutrition, genetics and health are a part of the aging process throughout the life span and a greater consideration to the genetic characteristics of populations and individuals is warranted.

Fetal head-symphysis distance: a simple and reliable ultrasound index of fetal head station in labor.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the reproducibility of measurement of a new sonographic index of fetal head station in labor, the fetal head-symphysis distance (HSD), using three-dimensional ultrasound, and its correlation with digital assessment of fetal head descent and with the angle of progression (AoP). METHODS: Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes were acquired from 47 nulliparous women in active labor following assessment of fetal head station with digital examination. The HSD (the distance between the lower edge of the pubic symphysis and the nearest point of the fetal skull) was measured independently by two operators in order to evaluate intra- and interobserver reproducibility. The correlation between HSD, AoP and fetal head station was evaluated using regression analysis. Using 3D tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), measurements of the HSD were obtained in different parasagittal planes to evaluate the influence of inaccurate alignment of the probe with the midline of the pelvis. RESULTS: Measurement of HSD showed high intraobserver (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.995; 95% CI, 0.991-0.997) and interobserver (ICC = 0.991; 95% CI, 0.984-0.995) reliability. In addition, a high correlation was demonstrated between mid-sagittal and parasagittal HSD measurements. HSD showed significant negative correlation with both fetal head station and AoP. CONCLUSION: Fetal HSD is a simple and reliable method for the assessment of fetal head descent in labor.

Intrapartum sonographic imaging of fetal head asynclitism.

Anterior asynclitism was suspected on digital examination of a laboring woman with late arrest of dilatation and no evidence of fetal head progression. Clinical examination revealed a fixed non-engaged fetal head (station −1), with a transverse posterior sagittal suture. A static three-dimensional volume was obtained by translabial ultrasound, offline analysis of which confirmed the clinical diagnosis of anterior asynclitism. Owing to the posterior twisting of the head towards the sacrum, the midline echo could only be obtained by cutting the volume with an oblique line, the direction of which was not perpendicular to the pubis as expected in cases of synclitic head. The sonographic appearance of the midline echo approaching the sacrum in a non-engaged transverse fetal head strongly supports the clinical suspicion of anterior asynclitism.

CCR5 and CCR3 expression on T CD3+ lymphocytes from HIV/Leishmania co-infected subjects.

CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) are membrane-bound proteins involved in HIV-1 entry into susceptible cells. All T lymphocyte subsets display CCR5 and CCR3 on their membrane surface. T helper 1 cells are known to express CCR5 but not CCR3, and most of T cells expressing CCR3 are T helper 2. This study aimed to assess the expression of CCR5 and CCR3 on peripheral blood CD3+ T lymphocytes of HIV-Leishmania co-infected individuals. A total of 36 subjects were enrolled; nine had HIV-Leishmania co-infection; nine were HIV-infected without Leishmania, nine had visceral leishmaniasis without HIV co-infection and nine were healthy blood donors. HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects showed a significantly higher rate of CCR5+CD3+ T lymphocytes in comparison with the other studied groups. The higher rate of CD3+ T-cells expressing CCR5 found in HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects may be related to the role of Leishmania as an enhancer of the progression to AIDS.

Evaluating the therapeutic approach in pregnancies complicated by borderline glucose intolerance: a randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: Most studies relating minor gestational metabolic alterations to macrosomia refer to glucose intolerance classified on the basis of the National Diabetes Data Group or previous World Health Organization diagnostic thresholds. Our aim was to evaluate the consequences of very mild forms of gestational glucose intolerance, defined by an elevated 50-g glucose challenge test followed by a normal oral glucose tolerance test, using the more restrictive Carpenter and Coustan's criteria (Borderline Gestational Glucose Intolerance, BGGI). METHODS: Three hundred BGGI women were randomly assigned to: Group A (standard management), Group B (dietary treatment and regular monitoring). A control group (C) was also considered. Newborns were classified as macrosomic, large (LGA), or small for gestational age (SGA). RESULTS: The three groups were similar in age, body mass index and parity. Therapy in Group B significantly improved fasting (from 4.68 +/- 0.45 to 4.28 +/- 0.45 mmol/l) and 2-h postprandial glycaemia (from 6.01 +/- 0.57 to 5.13 +/- 0.68 mmol/l). Fasting glycaemia at delivery was significantly lower in B (4.20 +/- 0.38 mmol/l) than in A (4.84 +/- 0.45 mmol/l), and was also lower than in C (4.31 +/- 0.39 mmol/l). Significantly fewer LGA babies were born to Group B (6.0%) than Group A (14.0%) and Group C (9.1%). No difference was found in the SGA rate. The neonatal Ponderal Index was higher (P = 0.030) in group A (2.73 +/- 0.35) than in C (2.64 +/- 0.30) and B (2.64 +/- 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Even very mild alterations in glucose tolerance can result in excessive or disharmonious fetal growth, which may be prevented by simple, non-invasive therapeutic measures.

Progesterone supplement in pregnancy: an immunologic therapy?

One of the most interesting functions of the placenta is the regulation of the maternal immune response such that the fetal semi-allograft is tolerated during pregnancy. Trophoblasts are presumed to be essential to this phenomenon because they lie at the maternal-fetal interface, where they are in direct contact with cells of the maternal immune system. Trophoblasts do not express classic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Surprisingly, cytotrophoblasts express more HLA-G, a MHC class Ib molecule, as they invade the uterus. Progesterone plays an important role in postovulatory regulation of the menstrual cycle. If fertilization occurs, progesterone supports implantation of the ovum and maintains the pregnancy. Progesterone has been named the 'hormone of pregnancy', because in preparing the endometrium for embryo implantation and facilitating endometrial development, it is critical to the very survival of a pregnancy. In addition, this key hormone inhibits the rejection of T cell-mediated tissue and also decreases myometrial activity and sensitivity throughout pregnancy. The cellular actions of progesterone are mediated through intracellular progesterone receptors (PRs), which are well studied gene regulators, not express classic major histocompatibility complex. The more used paradigm is relative to the alteration of relationship TH1/TH2, but the complexity of the respective distributions of cytokines at the materno-fetal interface, strongly suggest that, as useful as it certainly was for a while, the Th1/Th2 paradigm must now be considered as an oversimplification. Rather, the existing data point to sequential windows and are suggestive of a system where an extreme complexity is allied to very precise timing and tuning. They also suggest that the materno-fetal relationship is not simply maternal tolerance of a foreign tissue, but a series of intricate mutual cytokine interactions governing selective immune regulation and also control of the adhesion and vascularization processes during this dialogue. However, as shifting the immune response toward the Th2 pattern (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6) may benefit the fetus, whereas development of proinflammatory Th1 cells (secreting IL-2, IFN g, TNF a) may be harmful. Now we are working to open comprise the precise behaviour of NK populations, with the hope of obtaining a diagnostic test of the condition of abortion from 'immunological causes'.

Teoría e ideologías: el rol de la psiquiatría durante la Alemania nazi (II) / Theory and ideologies: role of psychiatry in the Nazi Germany (II)

En este trabajo profundizamos en la matriz disciplinar que subyace a las prácticas y los métodos llevados a cabo por la psiquiatría alemana bajo el gobierno nazi, tratando de aportar algunas ideas en la compleja interacción que se establece entre la psiquiatría, las teorías y la ideología. Nuestro punto de partida es una revisión histórico-bibliográfica ya publicada sobre dichas prácticas. El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar acerca del lugar que ocupa el análisis histórico-epistemológico en la práctica psiquiátrica actual (AU)

Primero no dañar: el rol de la psiquiatría durante la Alemania nazi / First do not harm: role of psychiatry in the Nazi Germani

Este trabajo es una revisión histórico-bibliográfica que aborda el lugar de la psiquiatría en un particular momento histórico: la Alemania nazi en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Analizamos lo sucedido con la psiquiatría alemana bajo el gobierno del partido nacionalsocialista, a partir de una descripción de los programas de higiene racial y las prácticas y métodos utilizados por los psiquiatras de la época para llevarlos a cabo. Ciertos razonamientos subyacen a dichas prácticas, los cuales resulta fundamental conocer, ya que muchos de ellos subsisten aún en la medicina y en la psiquiatría que ejercemos. Este trabajo busca, a partir de este antecedente histórico, reflexionar sobre nuestra profesión, sobre nuestra actividad cotidiana (AU)

Prenatal diagnosis of ATR-X syndrome in a fetus with a new G>T splicing mutation in the XNP/ATR-X gene.

The molecular cause of the alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X) resides in mutations affecting the XNP/ATR-X gene. Recently molecular defects in the gene have been found in singular cases of a discrete number of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). ATR-X-affected males are characterised by severe mental retardation, distinct facial dysmorphisms and genital abnormalities, besides a wide spectrum of pathological features and an extremely limited biological fitness. Given that molecular investigation of XNP/ATR-X mutations is made onerous by the length of the gene transcript, we carried out a prenatal diagnosis in a fetus at risk for ATR-X syndrome by initially determining the XNP/ATR-X gene haplotype before considering gene sequencing. Disease-associated haplotype analysis was performed selecting five genic (CA)n repeats that showed high heterozygosity (Het>0.7) in the general population. The fetus segregated an identical allelic pattern to that of the affected child of the family under investigation who shows features suggestive of the ATR-X syndrome. Subsequent mutational analysis of the gene revealed a novel IVS3+1G>T splicing mutation confirming the diagnosis.

Incremental prognostic value of technetium-99m-tetrofosmin exercise myocardial perfusion imaging for predicting outcomes in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease.

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m)-tetrofosmin is a radio isotope that has been shown to be an accurate alternative to thallium-201 for detecting coronary artery disease. However, its prognostic value is less well determined. To this end, 459 consecutive patients (mean age 58 +/- 10 years) with suspected or known coronary artery disease underwent exercise single-photon emission tomography Tc-99m-tetrofosmin scintigraphy. Follow-up, defined as the time from scanning until a soft event (revascularization procedures), a hard event (myocardial infarction and cardiac death), or patient response, lasted up to 78 months (median 38). An ischemic scintigraphic perfusion score, which takes into account both the extent and severity of reversible perfusion defects, was calculated to estimate the severity of perfusion abnormalities. Patients with normal scans were at low risk of events (yearly hard event rate 0.5% and soft event rate 0.9%). The rate of outcomes increased significantly with abnormal scans (yearly hard event rate 4.9% and soft event rate 10.3%). Statistical analysis using the Kaplan-Meyer survival curves showed a significant difference in event-free survival between patients with normal and abnormal scans. With use of Cox proportional-hazards analysis, after adjusting for prescan information, nuclear data provided incremental prognostic value for hard events (clinical and exercise data vs nuclear data; chi-square = 15.5 vs 33.4, p <0.001). Exercise single-photon emission tomographic scintigraphy using Tc-99m-tetrofosmin provides significant independent information on the subsequent risk of hard and soft events. The annual event rate for hard and soft events is <1% for patients with a normal scan. Furthermore, this tracer yields incremental prognostic information in addition to that provided by clinical and exercise data for hard events.

Long-term angiographic follow-up after successful repeat balloon angioplasty for in-stent restenosis.

BACKGROUND: Coronary stent implantation is associated with improved angiographic short-term and mid-term clinical outcome. However, restenosis rate still remains between 20 and 30%. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study, performed as a prospective angiographic follow-up to detect restenosis, was to evaluate the immediate and the 6-month angiographic results of repeat balloon angioplasty for in-stent restenosis. METHODS: From April 1996 to September 1997, 335 stenting procedures performed in 327 patients underwent prospectively 6-month control angiography. Of the 96 lesions that showed in-stent restenosis (> 50% diameter stenosis) (29%), 72 underwent balloon angioplasty. RESULTS: The primary success rate was 100%. Follow-up angiogram at a mean of 6.9 +/- 2.4 months was obtained in 54 patients. Recurrent restenosis was observed in 24 of the 55 stents (44%). Repeat intervention for diffuse and body location in-stent restenosis before repeat intervention was associated with significantly higher rates of recurrent restenosis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Of the 19 patients who underwent further balloon angioplasty (100% success rate), coronary angiography was performed in 18 (95%) at a mean of 8.2 +/- 2.0 months and showed recurrent restenosis in 12 patients (67%). Further repeat intervention for diffuse and severe in-stent restenosis before the second repeat intervention was associated with significantly higher rates of further recurrent restenosis (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although balloon angioplasty can be safely, successfully, and repeatedly performed after stent restenosis, it carries a progressively high recurrence of angiographic restenosis rate during repeat 6-month follow-ups. The subgroup of patients with diffuse, severe, and/or body location in-stent restenosis proved to be at higher risk of recurrent restenosis.