Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis on thermophysical properties of magnetohydrodynamics flow with radiation in an arc-shaped enclosure with a rotating cylinder.

The objective of this research is to examine the thermophysical features of magnetic parameter (Ha) and time step (τ) in a lid-driven cavity using a water-based Al2O3 nanofluid and the efficacy of ANN models in accurately predicting the average heat transfer rate. The Galerkin weighted residual approach is used to solve a set of dimensionless nonlinear governing equations. The Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation technique is used for training ANN using sparse simulated data. The findings of the investigation about the flow and thermal fields are shown. Furthermore, a comparative study and prediction have been conducted on the impact of manipulating factors on the average Nusselt number derived from the numerical heat transfer analysis. The findings of the research indicate that, in the absence of magnetohydrodynamics, a rise in the Hartmann number resulted in a drop in both the fluid velocity profile and magnitude. Conversely, it was observed that the temperature and Nusselt number exhibited an increase under these conditions. The mean temperature of the fluid rises as the Hartmann number drops, reaching a peak value of 0.114 when Ha = 0. The scenario where Ha = 0, representing the lack of magnetohydrodynamics, shows the highest average Nusselt number, whereas the instance with Ha = 45 presents the lowest Nusselt number. The ANN model has a high level of accuracy, as seen by an MSE value of 0.00069 and a MAE value of 0.0175, resulting in a 99% accuracy rate.

A variety of soliton solutions of time M-fractional: Non-linear models via a unified technique.

This work explores diverse novel soliton solutions of two fractional nonlinear models, namely the truncated time M-fractional Chafee-Infante (tM-fCI) and truncated time M-fractional Landau-Ginzburg-Higgs (tM-fLGH) models. The several soliton waves of time M-fractional Chafee-Infante model describe the stability of waves in a dispersive fashion, homogeneous medium and gas diffusion, and the solitary waves of time M-fractional Landau-Ginzburg-Higgs model are used to characterize the drift cyclotron movement for coherent ion-cyclotrons in a geometrically chaotic plasma. A confirmed unified technique exploits soliton solutions of considered fractional models. Under the conditions of the constraint, fruitful solutions are gained and verified with the use of the symbolic software Maple 18. Keeping special values of the constraint, this inquisition achieved kink shape, the collision of kink type and lump wave, the collision of lump and bell type, periodic lump wave, bell shape, some periodic soliton waves for time M-fractional Chafee-Infante and periodic lump, and some diverse periodic and solitary waves for time M-fractional Landau-Ginzburg-Higgs model successfully. The required solutions in this work have many constructive descriptions, and corporal behaviors have been incorporated through some abundant 3D figures with density plots. We compare the m-fractional derivative with the beta fractional derivative and the classical form of these models in two-dimensional plots. Comparisons with others' results are given likewise.

Breast Cancer in Younger and Older Women: A Comparison of Clinicopathological Traits.

Breast cancer stands as the prevailing invasive cancer globally, bearing high mortality rates among women. Existing evidence indicates diminished survival rates in younger patients. Consequently, this study endeavors to assess and contrast the pathological features of breast cancer in women under 40 years of age with their older counterparts. Conducted as a cross-sectional analysis, this study encompasses 560 patients diagnosed with breast cancer, seeking treatment at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Community Based Medical College Bangladesh (CBMCB) and several private hospitals in Mymensingh. The gathered data incorporates information such as age, residential area, occupation, tumor histopathology, TNM classification, staging and status of hormone receptor. The patients' mean age (standard deviation) was 49.7±11.9 years, with 20.5% below 40, most were from rural areas and were housewives. Ductal carcinoma prevailed as the most common histopathologic type (87.67%). However, younger patients exhibited a higher prevalence of lobular and other rare carcinomas compared to their older counterparts (p=0.04). Additionally, the younger group demonstrated larger tumor sizes (p=0.01), lymphatic node involvement (p=0.04) and advanced staging (p=0.004). Notably, younger age showed more negativity for estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. The results suggested that women under 40 years old exhibit more aggressive tumor characteristics and a more severe form of breast cancer compared to their older counterparts.

Dysfunction of Thyroid Hormones Following Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City.

In cardiovascular homeostasis thyroid hormone plays an important role. We planned to study the changes in thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndrome patients admitted in the coronary care unit and compare them between two groups: unstable angina/non-ST elevated Myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) and ST elevated Myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted from 01 March 2018 to 01 February 2019 in Coronary Care Unit of Bangladesh Medical College Hospital and laboratory tests were done in Microbiology Department of Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Eighty three cases of acute coronary syndromes were taken for the study. Troponin-I was measured as cardiac marker, Electrocardiogram, Complete blood count, blood glucose level, Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, Fasting lipid profile, Thyroid profile, Echocardiography 2D were done. Most of the respondents were distributed in age group 46-60 years where 34(64.15%) male and 19(35.85%) female. Out of 83 Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients, 27(32.53%) hypertensive, 22(26.50%) diabetic and 16(19.27%) were Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Abnormal lipid profile was present in 30(43.47%) patients. Among total 52 male and 31 female 9(17.30%) male and 6(19.35%) female had abnormal thyroid function. We further elaborated abnormal thyroid function tests in STEMI group and UA/Non STEMI group of ACS patients. We found 10 patients in STEMI group and 5 patients in UA/Non STEMI group with abnormal thyroid function 29.41% and 10.20% respectively which was not statistically significant (p=0.025). This study depicts abnormality in thyroid hormone profile in 18.07% patients of ACS. Abnormal thyroid function increases risk of coronary artery disease. TSH level of ACS patients on hospital admission could be helpful to evaluate further prognosis of the disease.

Comparative Study of Serum Zinc Level in Between Preeclamptic Patients and Normal Pregnancy in Bangladesh.

Globally preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal & perinatal morbidity & mortality. Zinc is an important trace element which is essential in pregnancy for fetal growth. Essentiality of zinc during pregnancy is evident. The cross sectional study was performed to estimate the comparison of serum zinc level in between preeclamptic patient and normal pregnancy. This study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2017 in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Total 100 pregnant women were included as study population. Out of 100 subjects 50 were preeclamptic patients as case group and another 50 were normal pregnant women as control group. Serum zinc was determined by colorimetric method. The statistical analysis was done by SPSS windows package version 21.0. The mean±SD of case group was 59.30±5.22 and control group was 65.26±5.99mg/dl. Statistical difference was calculated by Student's unpaired 't' test. After analysis it showed that the mean±SD of serum zinc level was highly significantly (p<0.001) decreased in case group that in comparison to control group.

Assessment of Kidney Function among the Employees of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College and Hospital.

The kidney carries out a variety of physiological processes, including the excretion of nitrogenous waste products, maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base, and mineral homeostasis, regulation of blood pressure, as well as the synthesis and release of erythropoietin and other endocrine substances. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. CKD has a long period of asymptomatic stage. The symptoms of CKD usually present at the advanced stage of the disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a potentially fatal that impacts various physiological systems. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Physiology in collaboration with the Department of Nephrology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital (SMAGOMC&H), from July 2022 to June 2023 to observe the status of kidney function among the employees of SMAGOMC&H, Bangladesh. The study population consisted of all willingly participating volunteers working at SMAGOMC&H between the ages of 18 and 59 years. Participants with acute illness, malignancy, pregnancy, diagnosed case of CKD, and history of kidney transplant were excluded from the study. A thorough history was taken, and a physical examination was done. Serum creatinine, and spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of each participant were measured. eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) was estimated by using NKF (National Kidney Foundation) eGFR calculator app. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Most of the participants were between 50-59 years (46.0%). The mean age of these study subjects was 45.25±10.08 years. The mean serum creatinine level was 0.85±0.18 mg/dl, the mean eGFR was 102.92±16.21 ml/min/1.73m² and the mean urinary ACR was 27.44±12.48 mg/gm found in this study. Out of the total participants, 16.5% were at stage 1 CKD, 6.5% were at stage 2 CKD and 2.5% were at stage 3 CKD, according to eGFR by CKD-EPI (Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration) equation. Seventy five percent (75.0%) of the participants had normal to mildly increased ACR and 25.0% had moderately increased ACR. Pearson's correlation test revealed a significant negative correlation of eGFR with age, serum creatinine, and urinary ACR (p<0.001). This study revealed that 16.5%, 6.5% and 2.5% of the study participants were at CKD stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3, respectively. Assessment of renal function can help early identification of CKD in apparently healthy asymptomatic subjects.

Structural, thermodynamic, and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19 hexaferrite modified by co-substitution of Cu and Gd.

A hard magnetic system of SrFe12O19 nanomaterial was modified according to the composition of Sr0.95Gd0.05Fe12-xCuxO19 with x = 0.0, 0.30, and 0.60 using the sol-gel technique. The structures of the samples were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with Rietveld refinement, and an M-type hexaferrite with a hexagonal structure was confirmed with a trace amount of the α-Fe2O3 phase. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed polycrystalline nanoplates in all samples. Furthermore, the bond structures of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites along with the thermodynamic properties of these ferrites were extracted from the FTIR spectra at room temperature. The Debye temperature (θD) decreased from 755.9 K to 749.3 K due to the co-substitution of Gd3+ at Sr2+ and Cu2+ at Fe3+. The magnetic hysteresis (M-H) measurements revealed that the coercivity decreased from 5.3 kOe to 1.5 kOe along with the highest magnetization saturation (Ms) of 65.2 emu g-1 for the composition Sr0.95Gd0.05Fe11.7Cu0.3O19, which is suitable for industrial application. The effect of local crystalline anisotropy in magnetization was explored using the law of approach to saturation (LAS). Finally, thermo-magnetization was recorded in the range from 400 K to 5 K for cooling under zero field and in the presence of a 100 Oe field, and magnetic transitions were tracked due to the introduction of the foreign atoms of Gd and Cu into SrFe12O19.

Dynamical exploration of optical soliton solutions for M-fractional Paraxial wave equation.

This work explores diverse novel soliton solutions due to fractional derivative, dispersive, and nonlinearity effects for the nonlinear time M-fractional paraxial wave equation. The advanced exp [-φ(ξ)] expansion method integrates the nonlinear M-fractional Paraxial wave equation for achieving creative solitonic and traveling wave envelopes to reconnoiter such dynamics. As a result, trigonometric and hyperbolic solutions have been found via the proposed method. Under the conditions of the constraint, fruitful solutions are gained and verified with the use of the symbolic software Maple 18. For any chosen set of the allowed parameters 3D, 2D and density plots illustrate, this inquisition achieved kink shape, the collision of kink type and rogue wave, periodic rogue wave, some distinct singular periodic soliton waves for time M-fractional Paraxial wave equation. As certain nonlinear effects cancel out dispersion effects, optical solitons typically can travel great distances without dissipating. We have constructed reasonable soliton solutions and managed the actual meaning of the acquired solutions of action by characterizing the particular advantages of the summarized parameters by the portrayal of figures and by interpreting the physical occurrences. New precise voyaging wave configurations are obtained using symbolic computation and the previously described methodologies. However, the movement role of the waves is explored, and the modulation instability analysis is used to describe the stability of waves in a dispersive fashion of the obtained solutions, confirming that all created solutions are precise and stable.

Fish-tail Plasty: A Secure Technique to Enhance Cosmesis at the Lateral End of Mastectomy Scar and Prevent Dog Ear.

Mastectomy is very common surgical procedure for breast cancer. The closure of transverse elliptical mastectomy incisions has been represented with numerous modifications since 1915. The technical challenge is to avoid a fold of skin dogging laterally ("dog-ear"). This might lead to off future discomfort and poor cosmetic result. However, various surgical techniques are reported to tackle this lateral dog ear, there is no standardized technique. We therefore conduct a systematic review of the surgical techniques with the aim of comparing the merits and limitations of every technique. The comparative study among 72 patients was performed in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Anower Khan Modern Medical College & Hospital and Care Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2017 to January 2020. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: Group I underwent fishtail technique group (36 patients), Group II underwent modified suturing technique group (36 patients). The follow up periods were 1 month and 3 months post-operatively for determination of the presence of dog ear and patient's satisfaction regarding cosmetic outcome and comfortability. Incidence of dog ear in fish-tail plasty group patients was less than that for Group II yet the difference is not significant less (p value 0.001). In consideration of patient satisfaction, doctor satisfaction and patient comfortability were significantly higher in Group I than Group II (p value 0.476 and 0.001 respectively). Fish-tail plasty was significantly better in patient satisfaction, comfortability and doctor satisfaction than modified suturing techniques and it might be recommended following mastectomy in obese patients for improving cosmesis and avoiding discomfort due to redundant skin.

Frequency of Post Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Acute Pancreatitis in an Academic Hospital of Bangladesh.

Post-ERCP acute pancreatitis (PEP) is a common and serious complication with high morbidity and mortality rates. There is a paucity of data on the frequency of PEP in a resource constraint setting like Bangladesh. Hence we have conducted a prospective study to determine the frequency of PEP and the factors associated with its occurrence. This prospective, observational study was carried out in Gastroenterology Department of Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2018 to December 2018 on the consecutive patients who underwent ERCP. PEP and its severity were diagnosed according to consensus definition. Serum lipase was done in all patients before procedure and 24 hours after procedure or if patient develops abdominal pain after the procedure which became earlier. Total 168 patients were included (mean age 46.97±14.35 years; male 72(43.0%). The most common indication of ERCP was choledocholithiasis 97(58.0%) followed by malignant biliary obstruction 45(27.0%), recurrent pyogenic cholangitis 8(5.0%), chronic pancreatitis 4(2.3%), biliary ascariasis 4(2.3%) and others 10(6.0%). Overall post ERCP complication rate was 46(27.3%) including cholangitis 29(17.3%), pancreatitis 16(9.5%), bleeding 12(7.1%), aspiration pneumonia 4(2.4%) and death 3(1.8%). Regarding the severity of PEP, 50.0%, 43.7% and 6.3% patients developed mild, moderate and severe pancreatitis respectively. Number of cannulation attempts >5 times [22(48%) vs. 17(14%); p=0.001], cannulation attempts duration more than 10 minutes [25(55%) vs. 27(22%); p=0.001], unintentional passage of guide wire into the pancreatic duct [8(17%) vs. 18(15%); p=0.001], pancreatic duct contrast injection [12(26%) vs. 2(1.6%); p=0.001] and pre-cut sphincterotomy [16(35%) vs. 6(4.9%); p=0.001] were significantly different between the patients who developed PEP compared to those who did not. In multiple logistic regressions analysis, pancreatic duct contrast injection was significantly associated with PEP [OR 25.523 with 95% CI (4.049- 100.0%)]. Around ten percent patients had developed PEP. Regarding the severity half of them were mild, 44.0% patients had moderate and 6.0% patient had severe type of pancreatitis. Difficult cannulation, unintentional passage of guide wire into the pancreas, pancreatic duct contrast injection and pre-cut sphincterotomy were associated with PEP. Among them pancreatic duct contrast injection had independent significance in the causation of PEP.

Usefulness of Diagnostic Ultrasound for Detection of Common Shoulder Abnormalities Prior to MRI.

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal pain in the general population and results in significant disability, quality of life impairment and financial burden to the health care system. This cross-sectional study was carried out among purposively selected 61 adult patients with shoulder pain and or limited range of motion in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from September 2018 to August 2020 to determine the usefulness of USG in detection of common shoulder abnormalities, as an initial imaging modality using MRI as reference standard. The majority of the patients 25(40.98%) were in age group of 51-60 years with mean age of 52.98±10.85 years. In the dectection of rotator cuff pathology, the overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of USG for any complete tear were 100.0% each, for any partial tear were 79.71%, 96.57% and 91.80%, for any rotator cuff tear were 83.33%, 96.25% and 91.80%, and for any tendinosis were 90.48%, 99.37% and 96.31% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of USG were 88.23%, 92.59% & 90.16% for long head of biceps tendon sheath effusion, 100.0% each for long head of biceps tendon dislocation, 71.11%, 87.50% and 75.41% for glenohumeral joint effusion, and 58.06%, 96.67% and 77.05% for bursal effusion respectively. From this study, it is concluded that high resolution USG showed high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy compared to MRI in detecting common shoulder abnormalities, and could be considered as the first line imaging modality in the evaluation of shoulder pain.

Rotational effect of a cylinder on hydro-thermal characteristics in a partially heated square enclosure using CNT-water nanofluid.

Rotating cylinder movement in a cavity flow is an exciting field of study in heat transfer. Considerable research has been carried out on rotating cylinders under MHD mixed convection in various types of enclosures. However, considering partially heated square enclosure and magnetic field using CNT-water nanofluid is very limited. This study's goal is to assess the hydrothermal phenomena in a square enclosure with a rotating cylinder. Simulation has been conducted for different rotational speeds (Ω) and dimensionless times (τ) to observe the thermal and fluid flow behaviour. The Galerkin Residual based finite element method has been used to conduct numerical calculations. The results are shown as isotherms, streamlines, and average Nusselt number at the cylinder wall. Moreover, the drag force at the moving wall, and the fluid properties such as the root mean square (rms) of velocity, the temperature, the vorticity functions, and the average fluid temperature are also presented. The heat transfer rate, drag force, rms velocity, and temperature increase with the rise of rotational speed and dimensionless time rise. Maximum vorticity occurs at Ω = 8 and τ = 1. The maximum vorticity function increases 12 times with the increasing rotational speed. Higher rotational speed leads to increased average fluid temperature. The case of Ω = 8, τ = 1 shows the most temperature variance, while Ω = 1, τ = 0.1 has the least. Increasing rotational speed results in higher drag force on the cylinder's surface. At Ω = 4, the drag force is 2.8 times greater than at Ω = 2. Overall, the fluid flow and thermal performance boost up while the rotating speed of the cylinder is higher.

Dynamics of chemically reactive Carreau nanomaterial flow along a stretching Riga plate with active bio-mixers and Arrhenius catalysts.

Nanomaterial flow has fascinated the concern of scientists across the globe due to its innovative applications in various manufacturing, industrial, and engineering domains. Bearing aforementioned uses in mind, the focal point of this study is to examine the Carreau nanofluid flow configured by the Riga surface with Arrhenius catalysts. Microorganisms are also suspended in nanofluid to strengthen the density of the regular fluid. Time-dependent coupled partial differential equations that represent the flow dynamics are modified into dimensionless patterns via appropriate non-dimensional variables, and handled through an explicit finite difference approach with stability appraisal. The performances of multiple flow variables are examined graphically and numerically. Representation of 3D surface and contour plots for heat transportation and entropy generation are also epitomized. The findings express that the modified Hartmann number strengthens the motion of nanomaterial. Reverse outcomes for heat transport rate and entropy are seen for the radiation variable. Concentration diminishes for chemical reaction variable. Activation energy enhances the concentration of nanomaterial, whereas reduction happens in the movement of microbes for bio-Lewis number. Greater Brinkman variable heightens the entropy.

Exploration of the structural, vibrational, electronic, mechanical and thermal properties of Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8: a DFT study.

The structural, dynamical, electro-optical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the newly synthesized intermetallic compounds Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8 have been studied under ambient and elevated pressure through density functional theory (DFT). The obtained lattice parameters of the compounds are consistent with the experimental values. The metallic character of these compounds is established by the band structure and density of states (DOS). The electronic charge density distribution and bond analysis imply that Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8 have mainly both ionic and covalent bonding. The non-negative phonon dispersion frequency of the compounds reaffirms their dynamical stability. Both compounds are tough as well as have high melting points, and hence, can be applied in harsh conditions. Mechanical properties are significantly improved under pressure. Thermal barrier coating (TBC) is a possible field of application for both compounds. The different thermal properties such as the Debye temperature (ΘD), Grüneisen parameter (γ), melting temperature (Tm), minimum thermal conductivity (Kmin) and lattice thermal conductivity (κph) of these compounds have been studied to figure out the suitable application areas in thermally demanding situations. The pressure and temperature dependent bulk modulus (B) and other thermodynamic properties have also been analyzed, which suggested that the present compounds are strong candidates for device applications at high temperature and pressure. Owing to their high optical absorptivity and reflectivity in the UV region, they are also candidates for UV-based applications. Furthermore, they also have applicability in the fields of electronics, aviation, energy storage, and supercapacitor devices for their superior electronic, thermal and mechanical properties.

Different RT-PCR Protocol used in SARS-Cov2 PCR Laboratory of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh.

The novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) was first detected on Wuhan, China. After that it spread worldwide and has caused many deaths till now. This virus is also known as novel corona virus because of being newly discovered. Scientifically it is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has positive-single stranded RNA and several proteins such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and the other helper proteins. On the basis of phylogenic evidence, it is the new member of beta corona viruses and this group of viruses causes respiratory illness in human. This virus is detected in laboratory by using RT-PCR, by which different target gene such as E gene, S gene, N gene and RdRP (ORF1a-ORF1b) etc. are detected. This study was carried out at Mymensingh Medical College from April 2020 to December 2020. Around 65000 samples (nasopharyngeal swab) were tested during this period by three PCR protocols. By Sansure PCR kit N and ORF1a target genes were detected, Basphore's target genes were E and ORF and by Neoplex PCR kit N and RdRp genes were detected. Most of samples were tested by Sansure kit (62500), 2000 samples were screened by Bosphore kit and 500 samples by Neoplex. Among them, 6876(11.0%) samples were positive by Sansure, 120(6.0%) by Bosphore and 66(13.2%) by Neoplex. Among the positive samples, N gene 6188(90.0%) was mostly found by Sansure kit, whereas ORF was 120(100.0%) mostly found by Bosphore.

Early Inflammatory Response of Dental Pulp in Response to Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Pulp-capping Agents.

This study was carried out to observe immediate inflammatory response of Human Dental Pulp capped with Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics together with the Department of Orthodontia, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. A total number of eighty (80) permanent premolars teeth planned to be extracted for orthodontic alignment of occlusion were used as study sample. Those teeth were divided into two groups; Group A and Group B, having 40 teeth in each (n=40). An occlusal exposure of approximately 1.5mm in diameter was made. Then in -group A, exposed pulp were capped with 2-mm-thick layer of sterile Biodentin (Septodont) and in-group B with ProRoot White MTA (Dentsply). After pulp capping with the experimental material in respective group, cavities in all teeth were restored with glass ionomer cement. After 24 hours the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, then decalcified by 10.0% nitric acid and embedded in paraffin. Now 2 to 3-micron-thick serial sections were made in the linguo-buccal plane and finally stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Now pulpal inflammation in respect of type, intensity and extension, were determined by using a predetermined evaluation criterion under an optical microscope at 40× magnifications. Statistical differences among the experimental groups were analyzed by Descriptive analysis (Cross Tabulation) (p<0.05). Histologically both the tested materials produced immediate pulpal tissue reaction. 'Biodentin' found to be most immediate pulpal tissue reactive (reactive in 100% cases), Whereas, MTA produced immediate tissue reaction only in 50.0% cases. Immediate pulpal inflammatory reaction in response to tested material found to be statistically significant different between 'Biodentin' and 'MTA' (p=0.001). According to present study Biodentin is found to be more immediate pulpal tissue reactive than MTA when used as a pulp capping material.

Effect of Milk Intake and Calcium-Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Vitamin D Status.

Vitamin D is important for health and disease. Milk is a good natural source of it, and calcium-vitamin D supplements are widely available over-the-counter and prescribed in clinical practice. But the effect of milk intake and calcium-vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D status is not known. This cross-sectional study was done to see the relationship between vitamin D status and milk intake or oral calcium-vitamin D supplementation using a structured questionnaire and carried out in a private consultation centre of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh from July 2017 to March 2018. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Out of 259 patients, 64.1% had vitamin D deficiency defined as serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL. Sixty one percent of those who had serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL did not take milk or milk products, while 53.0% of those having 25(OH)D level ≥20ng/mL did not take milk. Approximately 89.0% of those who had serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL did not take oral calcium-vitamin D, whereas 72.0% of those having 25(OH)D level ≥20ng/mL did not take oral calcium-vitamin D (p=0.001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, there were significantly increased odds of vitamin D deficiency for females as compared to males [odds ratio (OR) 2.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-4.56] and not taking oral vitamin D as compared to taking oral vitamin D (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.74-7.28). Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent. Lack of milk intake and calcium-vitamin D supplementation are more commonly associated with serum vitamin D deficiency, and calcium-vitamin D supplementation is specially important in females.

Role of Rehabilitation Exercise on Myofascial Pain Syndrome Causing Upper Back Pain.

Upper back pain is as painful or troublesome as the pain in the lower back or the neck. Myofascial pain syndrome which is most common cause of upper back pain is characterized by localized musculoskeletal pain and tenderness in association with trigger points. The aim of the study was to correlate the improvement of myofascial pain syndrome patients with proper and timely physical therapy. This quasi experimental study was conducted in the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh, from 1st January 2008 to 31st August 2008 to see the role of rehabilitation exercise on myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain. Sixty (60) patients of myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain were randomly assigned for treatment; out of which 23(38.33%) were male and 37(61.66%) were female. The male and female ratio was 1:1.6. The patients selected for the trial were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. In group A (n=28) the patients were treated with thermotherapy- Microwave diathermy, non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and activities of daily living instructions and in Group B (n=32) with same interventions in addition to rehabilitation exercises. Treatment duration was 6 weeks. The difference of treatment improvement was statistically significant (p<0.05) from 1st week up to 6th week. After complete course of treatment 67.86% patients in Group A and 78.13% patients in group B reported improvement. So rehabilitation exercises can be a valuable adjunct to other modalities of treatment of myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain.

Utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Comparative Nerve Conduction Study to Increase Diagnostic Accuracy in Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Electro-physiological diagnosis of mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) based on traditional median motor and sensory studies are often inconclusive. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Conduction studies in diagnosis of mild CTS. Data from Nerve conduction study (NCS) of 82 cases with symptoms suggestive of CTS from September 2017 to October 2020 attending electrophysiology department of Mount Adora Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh was selected for study. About 54(66.0%) out of 82 symptomatic patients were diagnosed as CTS by the conventional method, and 28(34.0%) patients required further investigation as their test report were found to be inconclusive. combining methods showed 70(85.37%) were found to be positive and 12(14.63%) were negative in comparison study. Thus, it can be concluded that those patients found to be negative in conventional methods; comparison method is an option for diagnostic confirmation.

Assessing demographic and economic vulnerabilities to sea level rise in Bangladesh via a nighttime light-based cellular automata model.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report (AR6) forecasts a sea level rise (SLR) of up to 2 m by 2100, which poses significant risks to regional geomorphology. As a country with a rapidly developing economy and substantial population, Bangladesh confronts unique challenges due to its extensive floodplains and 720 km-long Bay of Bengal coastline. This study uses nighttime light data to investigate the demographic repercussions and potential disruptions to economic clusters arising from land inundation attributable to SLR in the Bay of Bengal. By using geographical information system (GIS)-based bathtub modeling, this research scrutinizes potential risk zones under three selected shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. The analysis anticipates that between 0.8 and 2.8 thousand km2 of land may be inundated according to the present elevation profile, affecting 0.5-2.8 million people in Bangladesh by 2150. Moreover, artificial neural network (ANN)-based cellular automata modeling is used to determine economic clusters at risk from SLR impacts. These findings emphasize the urgency for land planners to incorporate modeling and sea inundation projections to tackle the inherent uncertainty in SLR estimations and devise effective coastal flooding mitigation strategies. This study provides valuable insights for policy development and long-term planning in coastal regions, especially for areas with a limited availability of relevant data.