Surgical management of craniocervical junction tuberculosis with atlanto-axial dislocation - A case report and review of the literature.

Background: There are few guidelines on how to best manage craniovertebral junction (CVJ) tuberculosis (TB). Certainly, timely tissue diagnosis, immobilization of the neck, and decompression of CVJ with appropriate stabilization are the mainstays of treatment for TB at the CVJ. Case Description: Three patients, ages 16-68, presented with CVJ TB with atlanto-axial dislocation responsible for progressive quadriparesis/plegia. Based on X-rays, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography studies, patients underwent timely decompressions and fusions followed by antitubercular drug treatment. Conclusion: Early diagnosis, proper decompression with fusion, treated with anti-TB drug for proper period were keys to managing TB involving the craniocervical junction in these three patients.

Effect of porous density of twisted tape inserts on heat transfer performance inside a closed conduit.

This study examines the impact of varying the porosity density of twisted tape inserts (TTI) on the temperature distribution, fluid velocities, heat transfer coefficients (HTC), Nusselt numbers (Nu), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and performance from 5000 to 12500 Reynolds numbers (Re). The entire process involved the design of TTIs and double pipe heat exchangers using SolidWorks. Subsequently, a three-dimensional fluid flow model was employed to solve equations related to energy mass, energy, and momentum within the ANSYS Fluent interfaces. The findings highlight the noteworthy impact of high porosity TTIs, which consistently reduce temperature spans, increase fluid velocities, and greatly HTC and Nu when compared to low porosity TTI, typical TTI, and plain tubes. Furthermore, high porosity TTI significantly increases TKE, indicating increased fluid turbulence and higher heat transfer efficiency, especially at Re = 12500. The assessment of PEC emphasizes the superiority of high porosity TTI, demonstrating their significant performance increase potential of over 6.44 % over low porosity TTI and a staggering 62.5 % above typical TTI. In conclusion, high porosity TTI emerges as a potential solution for improving heat transfer efficiency and overall system performance in a variety of industrial applications, promising enhanced energy efficiency and superior performance.

Modified Wheeler Technique with Inferior Lid Retractor Plication for Senile Entropion.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to assess the outcome of the modified wheeler technique with lower eyelid retractor plication for the correction of Involutional (senile) entropion among the study patients Materials and methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted in two tertiary eye hospitals of Bangladesh from 1 July to 31 December, 2020. This study included all patients undergoing modified wheeler technique with inferior lid retractor plication and followed up to at least one year and six months between 01 January 2015 to 31 December, 2019. All patients were suffering from senile entropion of the lower eyelid. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon and the study sample size was selected purposively. Patients were operated by the modification of modified wheeler technique for the correction of lower eyelid entropion in this study. The outcome of the surgical techniques was assessed at regular intervals on each follow up. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of thirty patients were evaluated. Success rate was 100% in the 18 months follow up time with no recurrence in any. Ecchymosis, skin scarring and/or minimal pain were observed as post-operative complications. CONCLUSION: The modified wheeler technique with inferior eyelid retractor plication is the definitive and permanent procedure for the correction of involutional entropion with minimal or no recurrence.

Recent Advances in Deep Eutectic Solvents as Shale Swelling Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.

Inhibitors have evolved from their primary function of controlling swelling during hydraulic fracturing processes in shale reservoirs. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent deep eutectic solvent (DES) advancements as inhibitors in swelling inhibition techniques. The swelling inhibitory potentials and mechanisms of DESs have been studied analytically and compared to existing conventional inhibitors. The functional effects of concentration, temperature, and types of DES are explored. Data on the effect of DES on rheology, swelling, zeta potential, shale cutting recovery, surface tension, particle size distribution, XRD, and FTIR analyses are presented. Along with preparation procedures, environmental concerns and applications of DESs in several fields are discussed. This study suggests that DESs are preferable swelling inhibitors due to their inhibitory performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Moreover, this review includes guidelines and recommendations for selecting and designing DES to inhibit swelling more effectively.

A hybrid multi objective cellular spotted hyena optimizer for wellbore trajectory optimization.

Cost and safety are critical factors in the oil and gas industry for optimizing wellbore trajectory, which is a constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. In this work, the wellbore trajectory is optimized using the true measured depth, well profile energy, and torque. Numerous metaheuristic algorithms were employed to optimize these objectives by tuning 17 constrained variables, with notable drawbacks including decreased exploitation/exploration capability, local optima trapping, non-uniform distribution of non-dominated solutions, and inability to track isolated minima. The purpose of this work is to propose a modified multi-objective cellular spotted hyena algorithm (MOCSHOPSO) for optimizing true measured depth, well profile energy, and torque. To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, the modification incorporates cellular automata (CA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). By adding CA, the SHO's exploration phase is enhanced, and the SHO's hunting mechanisms are modified with PSO's velocity update property. Several geophysical and operational constraints have been utilized during trajectory optimization and data has been collected from the Gulf of Suez oil field. The proposed algorithm was compared with the standard methods (MOCPSO, MOSHO, MOCGWO) and observed significant improvements in terms of better distribution of non-dominated solutions, better-searching capability, a minimum number of isolated minima, and better Pareto optimal front. These significant improvements were validated by analysing the algorithms in terms of some statistical analysis, such as IGD, MS, SP, and ER. The proposed algorithm has obtained the lowest values in IGD, SP and ER, on the other side highest values in MS. Finally, an adaptive neighbourhood mechanism has been proposed which showed better performance than the fixed neighbourhood topology such as L5, L9, C9, C13, C21, and C25. Hopefully, this newly proposed modified algorithm will pave the way for better wellbore trajectory optimization.

Experimental and COSMO-RS Simulation Studies on the Effects of Polyatomic Anions on Clay Swelling.

Ionic liquids (ILs) can play a vital role in clay swelling inhibition during hydraulic fracturing. Previous studies highlighted the effect of side-chain length attached to the cationic core and different anions possessing almost the same chemical properties on inhibition performance. However, polyatomic anions have the potential to superiorly inhibit swelling compared to monoatomic anions. In this study, three ILs, namely, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), were utilized to assess the effects of polyatomic anions on clay swelling inhibition. These performances were compared with the performances of a conventional inhibitor, potassium chloride (KCl). X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing was applied to check the mineral components present in the bentonite clay sample studied in this research. Clay swelling inhibition performance and rheological properties of these ILs were evaluated by the bentonite plate soaking test, linear swelling test, and rheological test. The swelling inhibition mechanisms were investigated through ζ-potential measurement, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and contact angle measurement. Moreover, COSMO-RS computer simulation was conducted to explain the inhibition mechanisms theoretically. The results demonstrated that BMIMPF6 showed superior inhibition performance and reduced the swelling by 21.55%, while only 9.26% reduction was attained by potassium chloride (KCl). The adsorption ability on the bentonite surface through electrostatic attraction, higher activity coefficient, and less electronegativity of PF6 - anion played a vital role in attaining such superior inhibition performance by BMIMPF6.