Antibiotics Do Not Reduce Length of Hospital Stay for Uncomplicated Diverticulitis in a Pragmatic Double-Blind Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antibiotic treatment is the standard care for patients with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. However, this practice is based on low-level evidence and has been challenged by findings from 2 randomized trials, which did not include a placebo group. We investigated the non-inferiority of placebo vs antibiotic treatment for the management of uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. METHODS: In the selective treatment with antibiotics for non-complicated diverticulitis study, 180 patients hospitalized for uncomplicated acute diverticulitis (determined by computed tomography, Hinchey 1a grade) from New Zealand and Australia were randomly assigned to groups given antibiotics (n = 85) or placebo (n = 95) for 7 days. We collected demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and answers to questionnaires completed every 12 hrs for the first 48 hrs and then daily until hospital discharge. The primary endpoint was length of hospital stay; secondary endpoints included occurrence of adverse events, readmission to the hospital, procedural intervention, change in serum markers of inflammation, and patient-reported pain scores at 12 and 24 hrs. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in median time of hospital stay between the antibiotic group (40.0 hrs; 95% CI, 24.4-57.6 hrs) and the placebo group (45.8 hrs; 95% CI, 26.5-60.2 hrs) (P = .2). There were no significant differences between groups in adverse events (12% for both groups; P = 1.0), readmission to the hospital within 1 week (1% for the placebo group vs 6% for the antibiotic group; P = .1), and readmission to the hospital within 30 days (11% for the placebo group vs 6% for the antibiotic group; P = .3). CONCLUSIONS: Foregoing antibiotic treatment did not prolong length of hospital admission. This result provides strong evidence for omission of antibiotics for selected patients with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. ACTRN: 12615000249550.

Haemorrhoid energy therapy versus rubber band ligation for the management of grade I and II haemorrhoids: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUNDS: Grade I and II haemorrhoids are commonly managed in colorectal practice. Management often involves rubber band ligation. The haemorrhoid energy therapy (HET) device (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) has been developed as an alternative to rubber band ligation (RBL). This study is the first to prospectively evaluate the device versus RBL in the management of grade I and II haemorrhoids. METHODS: A single blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in the colorectal outpatient department. Patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids suitable for banding were prospectively recruited and randomized. Primary outcome was post procedural pain at 1 h as recorded on a 10-point Likert scale. Secondary outcomes were efficacy in reduction of haemorrhoidal symptom score at 12 weeks, daily average and maximum pain scores for 14 days and complications arising from the intervention. RESULTS: Thirty patients were randomized (14 HET, 16 RBL). There was no significant difference between the two group's pre-intervention symptom score and haemorrhoidal grade. The mean pain scores at 1 h in the HET group were 1.5 ± 068 (95% confidence interval), and in the RBL group 4.64 ± 1.74 (95% confidence interval) (P < 0.05). Average (0.7 versus 2.95, P < 0.05) and maximum (1.25 versus 4.4, P < 0.05) pain were lower in the HET group on day one post procedure. At 12 weeks there was no significant difference in the reduction of haemorrhoid symptom scores between the groups (HET 2.27, RBL 1.5 (P > 0.2)). CONCLUSION: HET causes less pain then RBL, and is at least as effective in treating the symptoms associated with grade I and II haemorrhoids in the outpatient setting.

Lymphatic Drainage of the Splenic Flexure Defined by Intraoperative Scintigraphic Mapping.

BACKGROUND: The optimal surgical management of splenic flexure cancer is debated, partly because of an incomplete understanding of the lymphatic drainage of this region. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the normal lymphatic drainage of the human splenic flexure using laparoscopic scintigraphic mapping. DESIGN: This was a clinical trial. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a single tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Thirty consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal resections without splenic flexure pathology were recruited. INTERVENTION: Technetium-99m was injected subserosally at the splenic flexure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lymphatic scintigraphic mapping was undertaken at 15, 30, and 60 minutes using a laparoscopic gamma probe at the left branch of the middle colic, left colic, inferior mesenteric, and ileocolic (control) lymphovascular pedicles. RESULTS: Lymphatic drainage at 60 minutes was strongly dominant in the direction of the left colic pedicle (96% of patients), with a median gamma count of 284 (interquartile range, 113-413), versus the left branch of the middle colic count of 31 (interquartile range, 15-49; p < 0.0001). This equated to a median 9.2-times greater flow to the left colic versus the middle colic. Counts at the left colic were greater than all of the other mapped sites at 15, 30, and 60 minutes (p < 0.001), whereas middle colic and inferior mesenteric artery counts were equivalent. The protocol increased operative duration by 20 to 30 minutes without complications. LIMITATIONS: These results report lymphatic drainage from patients with normal splenic flexures, and caution is necessary when extrapolating to patients with splenic flexure cancers. CONCLUSIONS: The lymphatic drainage of the normal splenic flexure is preferentially directed toward the left colic in the high majority of cases. Retrieving these nodes should be prioritized in splenic flexure cancer resections, with important secondary emphasis on left middle colic nodes, supporting segmental (left hemicolectomy) resection as the procedure of choice. Additional development of colonic sentinel node mapping using these techniques may contribute to individualized surgical therapy morbidity. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A495.

Impact of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis on female fertility: meta-analysis and systematic review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this review is to determine the effect of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) on female fertility in ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), the mechanisms of this effect, strategies for prevention and management of infertility post-IPAA. METHODS: This paper is a systematic literature review of all articles investigating IPAA and fertility from 1966 onwards that were found searching the Medline and Embase databases. Meta-analysis was performed on relevant studies. RESULTS: Seventeen relevant studies were identified. Six studies were excluded (duplicate data, one; predominantly not IPAA patients, one; no control group, four). The control groups of the remaining 11 studies were too varied for comparison, and so the meta-analysis was limited to six studies that provided data on infertility both pre- and post-IPAA. Five of these involved predominantly UC patients and one FAP. Average infertility rates were 20% pre-IPAA and 63% post-IPAA. The relative risk of infertility after IPAA is 3.91 ([2.06, 7.44] 95% CI). The possibility of publication bias suggests that the risk may be lower. Any increased risk is probably due to tubal dysfunction secondary to adhesions. Various methods have been proposed to reduce pelvic adhesions, but there is no evidence they have any effect in preventing infertility. Infertility treatment post-IPAA is associated with good success rates. CONCLUSIONS: Infertility is increased after IPAA in female patients in both UC and FAP. Both these disease processes affect patients during their reproductive years. This evidence emphasizes the need for careful consideration of fertility in the choice and timing of surgery.

Development of metachronous neoplasms after colorectal cancer resection: absence of synchronous neoplasms predicts a lower risk.

AIM: The appropriate interval for performing surveillance colonoscopy following curative resection for colorectal cancer is unclear. The high demand for colonoscopy in New Zealand's public health system requires careful prioritisation according to clinical urgency. The aim of the study was to identify a group of patients at lower risk for the development of metachronous neoplasms (cancer or adenoma) for which a less intensive surveillance programme may be appropriate. METHODS: Review of patients presenting to Wellington Hospital, New Zealand for surveillance colonoscopy following curative resection for colorectal cancer and having had no prior history of a colorectal neoplasm. RESULTS: One-hundred patients underwent 149 surveillance colonoscopies. Forty-six had a synchronous neoplasm at the time of colorectal cancer resection and they were 2.5 times more likely to have developed a metachronous neoplasm at both 3 (p=0.008) and 5 (p=0.001) years than those who did not have a synchronous neoplasm. No metachronous cancers developed in those without a synchronous neoplasm. CONCLUSION: Patients who undergo curative resection of a colorectal cancer and have no synchronous neoplasms are at lower risk of developing metachronous neoplasms. A less intensive colonoscopic surveillance programme may be more appropriate.

Admission serum glucose level: an accurate predictor of outcome in gallstone pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Early identification of patients at high risk of complications from acute pancreatitis is important; as yet, no simple and accurate method has been identified. The aim was to evaluate admission serum glucose as a prognostic marker in gallstone pancreatitis. METHODS: Retrospective review of consecutive admissions with gallstone pancreatitis to a large urban hospital was made. Serum glucose levels, Glasgow scores, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores were recorded. Outcomes considered were death, intensive care requirement, local complications, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: There was a total of 184 admissions (122 women and 62 men; mean age, 55.4 years). Serum glucose of 8.3 mmol/L or higher was as good as APACHE II score of 8 or above (likelihood ratios [LRs] of 2.51 and 2.84, respectively) in predicting mortality (overall probability, 4.3%). Overall, 9.2% of the patients were admitted to intensive care units, and risk was significantly higher in patients with glucose of 8.3 mmol/L or higher (LR, 3.23; P < 0.001) or APACHE II score of 8 or above (LR, 1.9; P < 0.02). Local complications occurred in 12.0% of the patients, and the risk significantly increased in patients with glucose of 8.3 mmol/L or higher (LR, 2.61; P < 0.001) but not for APACHE II or Glasgow scores. Patients with admission serum glucose of 8.3 mmol/L or higher had a mean length of stay of 17.9 days as compared with 7.1 days for patients with admission serum glucose of less than 8.3 mmol/L (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In gallstone pancreatitis, an elevated admission serum glucose level offers more prognostic information than Glasgow and APACHE II scores.