RESUMEN
Background: The setup errors during supine-CSI (sCSI) using single or dual immobilisation (SM, DM) subsets from two institutions were reviewed to determine if DM consistently decreased the required planning target volumes (PTV) margins and to identify the optimal image guidance environments. Materials and methods: Ours and a sister institutional cohort, each with a subset of SM or DM sCSI and daily 3-dimensional online image verification sets, were reviewed for the cranial and spinal regions translational shifts. Using descriptive statistics, scatter plots and independent sample Mann-Whitney test we compared shifts in each direction for two subsets in each cohort deriving PTV margins (Van Herk: VH, Strooms: St recipes) for the cranial and spinal regions. Three image guidance (IG) protocols were simulated for two regions on the combined cohort with SM and DM subsets to identify the most optimal option with the smallest PTV margin. The IG protocols: 3F, 5F and 5FB where the systematic error correction was done using the average error from the first three, five and in the cranium alone (applied to both the cranium and spine, otherwise) for the first five set-ups, respectively. Results: 6968 image sets for 179 patients showed DM could consistently reduce the PTV margin (VH/St) for the cranium from 6/5 to 4/3.5 (31.8/30.8%) and 6/4 to 4/3.5 mm (30.5/16.8%) for primary and validation cohort, respectively. Similarly, for the spine it was 10/8.5 to 6/5.5 (38.6/38.4%) and 9/7.7 to 7/6 (21.6/21.4%), respectively. The "5F-IG" resulted in the smallest margins for both the cranial (3 mm) and spinal region (5 mm) for DM with estimated 95% CTV coverage probability. Conclusion: DM with 5F-IG would significantly reduce the required PTV margins for sCSI.
RESUMEN
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to play ecological and evolutionary roles in this postgenomic era. Recent research suggests that HSPs are implicated in cardiovascular biology and disease development, proliferation and regulation of cancer cells, cell death via apoptosis, and several other key cellular functions. These activities have generated great interest amongst cell and molecular biologists, and these biologists are keen to unravel other hitherto unknown potential functions of this group of proteins. Consequently, the biological significance of HSPs has led to cloning and characterization of genes encoding HSPs in many organisms including the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). However, most of the past investigations in B. mori were confined to expression of HSPs in tissues and cell lines, whereas information on their specific functional roles in biological, physiological, and molecular processes is scarce. Naturally occurring or domesticated polyvoltines (known to be the tropical race) are more resistant to high temperatures and diseases than bi- or univoltines (temperate races). The mechanism of ecological or evolutionary modification of HSPs during the course of domestication of B. mori - particularly in relation to thermotolerance in geographically distinct races/strains - is still unclear. In addition, the heat shock response, thermal acclimation, and hardening have not been studied extensively in B. mori compared to other organisms. Towards this, recent investigations on differential expression of HSPs at various stages of development, considering the concept of the whole organism, open ample scope to evaluate their biological and commercial importance in B. mori which has not been addressed in any of the representative organisms studied so far. Comparatively, heat shock response among different silkworm races/strains of poly-, bi-, and univoltines varies significantly and thermotolerance increases as the larval development proceeds. Hence, this being the first review in this area, an attempt has been made to collate all available information on the heat shock response, HSPs expression, associated genes, amino acid sequences, and acquired/unacquired thermotolerance. The aim is to present this as a valuable resource for addressing the gap in knowledge and understanding evolutionary significance of HSPs between domesticated (B. mori) and non-domesticated insects. It is believed that the information presented here will also help researchers/breeders to design appropriate strategies for developing novel strains for the tropics.
