Etnobotánica de los barrios antiguos de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México: el uso de plantas medicinales / Ethnobotany of the old neighborhoods from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico: the use of medicinal plants

Medicinal plants have been used by various cultures since pre - Hispanic times in Mexico. In this study, the use of medicinal plants in the old neighborhoods of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico is described. 137 species, 130 genera and 68 families were recorded. 34% of the species belong to Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Fabaceae families. The neighborhoods of Mexicaltzingo and San Juan de Dios are the most related to the knowledge and use of medicinal plants, while El Santuario is the least similar to the rest. The diversity of uses of medicinal plants according to the Shannon index is high (between 3.0 and 4.92). The Use Value Index showed that Matricaria chamomilla L. was the species that obtained the highest valu e (0.28), followed by Gnaphalium americanum Mill. (0.23). The age group between 51 and 85 years old has greater knowledge about medicinal plants and their uses.

Las plantas medicinales han sido utilizadas por diversas culturas desde tiempos prehispánicos en México. En este estudio, se describe el uso de plantas medicinales en los barrios antiguos de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Se registraron 137 especies, 130 géneros y 68 familias. El 34% de las especies pertenece a las familias Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae y Fabaceae. Los barrios de Mexicaltzingo y San Juan de Dios son los más parecidos en cuanto al conocimiento y uso de pl antas medicinales, mientras que El Santuario es el menos afín al resto. La diversidad de usos de las plantas medicinales de acuerdo con el índice de Shannon es alta (entre 3.0 y 4.92). El Índice de Valor de Uso mostró que Matricaria chamomilla L. fue la es pecie que obtuvo el máximo valor (0.28), seguida de Gnaphalium americanum Mill. (0.23). El grupo de entre 51 - 85 de edad posee mayor conocimiento sobre las plantas medicinales y sus usos.

Selective cytotoxic effect of Annona muricata L. in HCC1954 (HER2+) breast cancer cells / Efecto citotóxico selectivo de Annona muricata L. en células HCC1954 (HER2+) de cáncer de mama

Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) is a tropical plant with multiple beneficial health effects including anticancer properties. In breast cancer patients, overexpression of the HER2 oncoprotein corresponds to a poor prognosis, thus the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts from dried and fresh leaf of A. muricata on HER2+ breast cancer cells. MTT assays were performed and IC50 determined in HCC1954 (HER2+) cells, as well as in MCF7 (HER-) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) used as controls. Total polyphenol content evaluation and phytochemical screening were also performed. The cytotoxic effect of A. muricata extracts (125-1000 µg/mL) was dose-dependent and cell-type specific. The extracts exhibited higher cytotoxicity against HCC1954 than MCF7 cells, but weak toxicity against PBMC. This is the first report of the cytotoxic effect of A. muricata on HCC1954 cells, highlighting its potential for treating anti-estrogen-resistant breast cancers and low toxicity against PBMC.

Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) es una planta tropical con múltiples efectos benéficos en la salud incluyendo propiedades antitumorales. En pacientes con cáncer de mama la sobreexpresión del oncogen HER2 corresponde a un mal pronóstico, por lo que el objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la citotoxicidad de extractos etanólicos de hojas secas y frescas de A. muricata en células tumorales de mama HER2+. Se aplicaron pruebas de MTT y se determinaron IC50en células HCC1954 (HER2+); se utilizaron células MCF7 (HER-) y células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMC) como control. Se valoró también el contenido en polifenoles totales, y se realizó un tamizaje fitoquímico. El efecto citotóxico de los extractos de A. muricata (125-1000 µg/mL) fue dosis-dependiente y específico para cada tipo celular. Los extractos presentaron mayor actividad citotóxica contra HCC1954 en comparación con MCF7 y baja toxicidad contra PBMC. Este es el primer reporte del efecto citotóxico de A. muricata en HCC1954 y destaca su potencial terapéutico para tratamiento de cáncer de mama resistentes a antiestrógeno y baja citotoxicidad contra PBMC.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Satureja macrostema (Moc. and Sessé ex Benth.) Briq.

Satureja macrostema is a plant that is located in various regions of Mexico and is used in a traditional way against illness. Essential oils (EOs) were obtained from leaves Satureja macrostema and the chemical composition was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant effect of the oil was assayed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). In vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined using a broth microdilution assay and thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography (TLC-DB) to identify active antibacterial compounds. The EOs analysis showed 21 compounds, 99% terpenes, and 96% oxygenated monoterpenes, with trans-piperitone epoxide (46%), cis-piperitone epoxide (22%), and piperitenone oxide (11%) as more abundant compounds. Likewise, S. macrostema EOs showed an antioxidant activity of DPPH = 82%, with 50% free radical scavenging (IC50) = 7 mg/mL and TEAC = 0.005, an antibacterial effect against E. coli of 73% inhibition, and 81% over S. aureus at dose of 100 µL of undiluted crude oil. The TLC-DB assay showed that the most active compounds were derived from piperitone. The comparison with other studies on S. macrostema shows variability in the compounds and their abundances, which can be attributed to climatic factors and the maturity of plants with similar antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Actualización en equipos de Rayos X portátiles en odontología: revisión de literatura / Update on Hand-Held X-Ray Devices in Dentistry: a Literature Review

Resumen En las últimas dos décadas ha aumentado el uso de equipos portátiles de rayos X intraorales, los cuales son estabilizados por el operador. Si bien todos los equipos radiográficos presentan un riesgo inherente por el uso de radiación ionizante, el uso indebido de los equipos portátiles puede aumentar la exposición del operador. Se recomienda el uso de los equipos portátiles en un trípode o activados desde un área protegida. Sin embargo, en casos altamente justificados para su uso sin estos aditamentos, se debe seguir recomendaciones para disminuir la exposición del operador. Debido a que la radioprotección es fundamental al trabajar con rayos X, se debe favorecer el uso de equipos radiográficos dentales fijos sobre los equipos portátiles, ya que estos proporcionan una menor dosis de radiación al operador.

Abstract In the last two decades, the use of portable intraoral X-ray devices, stabilized by the operator, has increased. While all radiographic devices present an inherent risk from ionizing radiation, improper use of portable devices can increase operator exposure. Use of portable devices on a tripod or powered from a protected area is recommended. However, in highly justified cases, for using without these accessories, recommendations should be followed to reduce operator exposure. Because radioprotection is essential when using X-rays, fixed dental radiographic devices should be favored over portable equipment since the first provides a lower radiation dose to the operator.

Detección de anticuerpos tipo igg contra borrelia burgdorferi, y factores asociados a la enfermedad de lyme en población canina, de los municipios honda-Tolima, la mesa y Chia-Cundinamarca. detección de anticuerpos tipo igg contra borrelia burgdorferi en población canina / Detection of IgG-type antibodies against Borrelia Burgdorferi, and factors associated with Lyme disease in the canine population, of the municipalities Honda-Tolima, La Mesa and Chia-Cundinamarca

Borrelia burgdorferi, is the spirochete responsible for causing Lyme disease in man and different animals. Objective. Detect specific IgG type antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, in canines using the immunofluorescence technique and its correlation with other factors associated with Lyme disease. Methods. Blood was taken for IgG detection against Borrelia burgdorferi sl; Peripheral blood smear of the canines and hemolymph of the ticks to search for spirochetes with Wright staining and finally classification of the ticks using morphometric keys. Results. In the serological test, on average 69.0% of the canines sampled gave positive results in the different titrations. Bacterial structures were spirally visualized both in the peripheral blood of the canines and in the hemolymph of the ticks. The vector found was classified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus, until now not reported in the scientific literature as a carrier of Borrelia, nor associated with the disease.

Replication of Integrative Data Analysis for Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Low-Grade Inflammation, Postprandial Responses and OMICs Signatures in Symptom-Free Adults.

We previously reported preliminary characterization of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction through the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) and fasting/postprandial (F/P) gene expression in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue (AT) biopsies obtained from participants in the GEMM study, a precision medicine research project. Here we present integrative data replication of previous findings from an increased number of GEMM symptom-free (SF) adults (N = 124) to improve characterization of early biomarkers for cardiovascular (CV)/immunometabolic risk in SF adults with AT dysfunction. We achieved this goal by taking advantage of the rich set of GEMM F/P 5 h time course data and three tissue samples collected at the same time and frequency on each adult participant (F/P blood, biopsies of SQAT and skeletal muscle (SKM)). We classified them with the presence/absence of AT dysfunction: low (<1) or high (>1) ALR. We also examined the presence of metabolically healthy (MH)/unhealthy (MUH) individuals through low-grade chronic subclinical inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), whole body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) and Metabolic Syndrome criteria in people with/without AT dysfunction. Molecular data directly measured from three tissues in a subset of participants allowed fine-scale multi-OMIC profiling of individual postprandial responses (RNA-seq in SKM and SQAT, miRNA from plasma exosomes and shotgun lipidomics in blood). Dynamic postprandial immunometabolic molecular endophenotypes were obtained to move towards a personalized, patient-defined medicine. This study offers an example of integrative translational research, which applies bench-to-bedside research to clinical medicine. Our F/P study design has the potential to characterize CV/immunometabolic early risk detection in support of precision medicine and discovery in SF individuals.

Evaluación de la calidad del agua de la vereda Río Suárez de Puente Nacional, Santander / Water quality evaluation ot the rural area of Río Suárez of Puente Nacional, Santander

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la calidad del agua que abastece a la población de la Vereda Rio Suarez del municipio de Puente Nacional por medio del cálculo del índice de riesgo de la calidad del agua (IRCA). Métodos. Se tomaron 10 muestras de diferentes puntos de la red de distribución del agua veredal, se realizó análisis físico-químico y microbiológico por técnica de filtración por membrana bajo parámetros del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Resultados. El análisis físico-químico mostró cuantificación de hierro elevado y nivel de turbiedad inadecuado lo que puede afectar el sabor y el aspecto del agua. El recuento de coliformes totales fue >300 UFC/100ml., con identificación de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterococcus entre otras, habitantes de suelo y aguas que pueden ser causantes de infecciones gastrointestinales e infecciones urinarias, resultados que indican que el agua no es apta para consumo humano.

Abstract Objective. To determine the quality of the water that supplies the population of the Vereda Rio Suarez of the municipality of Puente Nacional through the calculation of the risk index of water quality (IRCA). Methods. 10 samples were taken from different points of the water distribution network, physical-chemical and microbiological analysis was performed by membrane filtration technique under parameters of the National Institute of Health. Results. The physical-chemical analysis showed high iron quantification and inadequate turbidity level that can affect the taste and appearance of the water. The total coliform count> 300 CFU / 100ml., with identification of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus among others that inhabit soils and waters and can cause gastrointestinal infections and urinary infections and is not suitable for human consumption.

Spatial distribution and molecular epidemiology of Babesia vogeli in household dogs from municipalities with different altitude gradients in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

We performed a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 456 household dogs from urban and rural areas in two different regions situated at different altitudes in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The PCR technique using 18S rRNA as target revealed prevalence of 7.9% of dogs positive for piroplasmids. These samples were sequenced, and all the sequences were 99.9% to 100% similar to Babesia vogeli sequences from other countries. The spatial distribution of positive cases was analysed using kernel interpolation in the QGIS software, and the spatial correlation indicators among positive dogs, altitude, and presence of ticks were obtained by calculating the local Moran index using the GeoDa software. The spatial correlation between positive cases and altitude was clear based on both visual and statistical observations. Logistic regression applying the Wald method with a cutoff point of 0.1 revealed that dogs from a region with altitude <600 m had a 2.29-fold chance of B. vogeli infection (OR = 2.29; p-value = 0.04; CI: 1.03-5.07), while the rainy season was 2.45 times more associated with B. vogeli infection (OR = 2.45; p-value = 0.01; CI: 1.20-5.01), and dogs infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato had a 2.47 times higher chance of being infected (OR = 2.47; p-value = 0.02; CI: 1.13-5.38). Entropy analysis of the alignment between B. vogeli 18S rRNA (> 1.600 bp) sequences revealed that the most variable region corresponds to the hypervariable V4 region. Genetic homogeneity was observed among the B. vogeli 18S rRNA sequences, with distance values ranging from 0 to 0.007 and a mean value of 0.001. The evolutionary distance (0.003) was greater between the sequences from the municipalities of Barra do Pirai (low altitude) and Teresopolis (high altitude). This study expands the molecular epidemiologic knowledge of B. vogeli and shows points of variability in the B. vogeli 18S rRNA. The results indicate the potential use of spatial analysis tools to improve screening for positive cases, enabling more in-depth studies to strengthen understanding of tick infection prevention in dogs.

Las bacterias, su nutrición y crecimiento: una mirada desde la química / Bacteria, nutrition and growth: a look from chemistry

Resumen La nutrición es un conjunto procesos y reacciones mediante las cuales los seres vivos toman del medio, en el que habitan, las sustancias químicas que necesitan para crecer, multiplicarse y hacer uso de la energía. Las sustancias mencionadas anteriormente, se denominan nutrientes y son utilizadas con dos fines: energéticos cuando se requieren para el mantenimiento y biosintéticos cuando se demandan para la síntesis de componentes (anabolismo) En el primer caso (energéticos) las bacterias se dividen en litótrofas cuando hacen uso de sustancias inorgánicas simples como (SH2, S, NH3, NO2-, Fe, entre otras); y organótrofas cuando su requerimiento es de sustancias orgánicas (carbohidratos, hidrocarburos, lípidos, proteínas y alcoholes entre otras). En el segundo caso (biosintéticos), se pueden diferenciar en: autótrofas, cuando la síntesis la realizan a partir de sustancias inorgánicas simples (CO2) y heterótrofas cuando su fuente de carbono es orgánica, pero también pueden utilizar otros elementos distintos al C, que pueden ser captados en forma inorgánica. Sean autótrofas o heterótrofas, todas las bacterias requieren de una serie de sustancias químicas, que se pueden clasificar en macronutrientes o micronutrientes de acuerdo con la cantidad que de estas se requieran.

Abstract Nutrition is a set of processes and reactions by which living beings take from the environment, in which they inhabit, the chemical substances they need to grow, multiply and make use of energy. The aforementioned substances are called nutrients and are used for two purposes: energetic when required for maintenance and biosynthetics when required for the synthesis of components (anabolism). In the first case (energetic) the bacteria are divided into lithotrophs when they make use of simple inorganic substances such as (SH2, S, NH3, NO2-, Fe, among others); and organotrophs when their requirement is for organic substances (carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, lipids, proteins and alcohols, among others). In the second case (biosynthetics), they can be differentiated into: autotrophs, when the synthesis is carried out from simple inorganic substances (CO2) and heterotrophs when their carbon source is organic, but they can also use other elements than C, which they can be captured in inorganic form. Whether autotrophic or heterotrophic, all bacteria require a series of chemical substances, which can be classified into macronutrients or micronutrients according to the amount of these required of these substances that are required.

Effect of Nutritional Factors and Copper on the Regulation of Laccase Enzyme Production in Pleurotus ostreatus.

This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon-nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL-1 and YE 15 gL-1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. The main upregulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal downregulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper into the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10-20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.

Principios físicoquímicos de los colorantes utilizados en microbiología / Physicochemical Principles of dyes used In Microbiology

Resumen La utilización de los colorantes en los procesos de identificación en microbiología se fundamenta en las propiedades fisicoquímicas de estas sustancias. En el campo de la física, la óptica explica cómo todos los objetos son observables dependiendo de las longitudes de onda que se absorben y se transmiten dentro del denominado "espectro visible". Dichas transiciones se deben, a su vez, a los compuestos químicos y a los movimientos electrónicos dentro de los átomos. Así mismo, cuando interacciona un colorante con una célula o un tejido, ocurren reacciones que dependen de grupos químicos funcionales denominados cromóforos y auxocromos. Dependiendo de los compuestos químicos que los constituyen, los colorantes pueden ser ácidos, básicos o neutros y esta connotación se debe a la parte activa del colorante y a la reacción que ocasiona sobre las células microbianas. De otra parte, las tinciones en microbiología pueden ser simples o diferenciales, dependiendo si toda la muestra se tiñe de uno o más colorantes. En el primer caso se encuentra el ejemplo de la coloración con azul de lactofenol y en el segundo, la coloración de Gram. En el presente artículo se reseñan las principales coloraciones utilizadas en microbiología y se explican los fundamentos físicos y químicos de dichos procesos.

Abstract The use of dyes in the identification processes in microbiology is based on the physicochemical properties of these substances. In the field of physics, optics explains how all objects are observable depending on the wavelengths that are absorbed and transmitted within the so-called "visible spectrum". These transitions are, in turn, due to chemical compounds and the electronic movements within atoms. Likewise, when a dye interacts with a cell or tissue, reactions occur that depend on functional chemical groups called chromophores and auxochromes. Depending on the chemical compounds that constitute them, the dyes can be acidic, basic or neutral and this connotation is due to the active part of the dye and the reaction it causes on the microbial cells. On the other hand, stains in microbiology can be simple or differential, depending on whether the entire sample is stained with one or more dyes. In the first case is the example of the lactophenol blue staining and in the second, the Gram staining. This article describes the main colorations used in microbiology and explains the physical and chemical foundations of these processes.

Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds in Mexican Lupin Beans Species: A Mini-Review.

As a source of bioactive compounds, species of the genus Lupinus are interesting legumes from a nutritional point of view. Although wild species are abundant and represent a potential source of nutrients and biologically active compounds, most research has focused on domesticated and semi-domesticated species, such as Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus albus, Lupinus luteus, and Lupinus mutabilis. Therefore, in this review, we focus on recent research conducted on the wild Lupinus species of Mexico. The nutritional content of these species is characterized (similar to those of the domesticated species), including proteins (isolates), lipids, minerals, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds, such as oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and alkaloids.

Microorganismos potencialmente fitopatógenos en aguas de riego proveniente de la cuenca media del rio Bogotá / Potentially phytopathogenic microorganisms irrigation water from the media Bogota river basin

Resumen Objetivo. Identificar microorganismos fitopatógenos presentes en las aguas utilizadas para riego en la cuenca media del rio Bogotá. Métodos. Las muestras fueron tomadas en doce fincas de la cuenca media y analizadas con la técnica de filtración por membrana. Las bacterias se identificaron por bioquímica y los hongos por claves dicotomas. Resultados. El agua de riego analizada contenía bacterias como: E.coli, P. vulgaris, A. urinae, E. cloacae, B.cereus, S. marcescens, B. brevis, y en cuanto a los hongos se encontraron: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. y Fusarium sp. La presencia de estos potenciales fitopatógenos en el agua indican un alto riesgo de contaminación y dispersión de éstos en los cultivos.

Abstract Objective. Identify phytopathogenic microorganisms present in the water used for irrigation in the middle basin of the river Bogota. Methods. Samples were taken at 12 farms of the middle basin and analyzed by the membrane filtration technique. The bacteria were identified by biochemical and fungi by dichotomies keys. Results. The irrigation water contained bacteria analyzed as E. coli, P. vulgaris, A. urinae, E. cloacae, B. cereus, S. marcescens, B. brevis, and as for the mushrooms found: A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The presence of these potential pathogens in water indicate a high risk of contamination and dispersion thereof in crops.

Tómate el Control, prevención del consumo de alcohol en el ámbito universitario: una alternativa en salud pública / Take the Control, Prevention of Alcohol Consumption in University: an Alternative in Public Health / Assuma o Controle e Prevenção do Consumo de Álcool em Nível Universitário: Uma Alternativa em Saúde Pública

Tómate el Control, un programa de prevención del consumo problemático de alcohol diseñado e implementado por los mismos universitarios en el contexto de la comunidad educativa, busca el desarrollo de una postura crítica por parte de los estudiantes frente al consumo de alcohol, para así minimizar las amenazas que este puede representar para ellos mismos y para su entorno. Objetivo: Evaluar un programa de prevención en consumo problemático de alcohol en universitarios. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño multimétodo de investigación que evalúa un programa de prevención en consumo. Se llevaron a cabo procesos de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo en las diferentes fases del estudio teniendo como eje central la participación de los diferentes actores de la comunidad. Resultados: Se analiza, desde su estructura y sus elementos conceptuales, el programa Tómate el Control, como una alternativa para prevenir el consumo de alcohol en el ámbito universitario, retomando los resultados de la investigación Un programa de prevención de consumo de alcohol en la Universidad diseñado por los universitarios, culminada en junio de 2011. En el análisis se presenta una descripción de la estructura del programa desde sus distintos componentes, sus elementos conceptuales y los resultados de su implementación en una universidad privada de Bogotá. Se destacan la participación de todos los actores de la comunidad educativa, el compromiso y la directriz institucional de la universidad, el liderazgo del equipo coordinador y de los estudiantes y el respaldo de entidades gubernamentales. Conclusión: La sinergia de todos los elementos mencionados permite divulgar una experiencia exitosa en la prevención del consumo problemático del alcohol en Colombia, y que puede llegar a constituir una alternativa de salud pública como respuesta a la necesidad de fortalecer los espacios de prevención.

Tómate el Control is a program designed to prevent problematic alcohol consumption. It was implemented by university students in the educational community context, and seeks to develop a critic position towards alcohol consumption from the students to minimize the threats that it may bring towards themselves and their surroundings. Objective: Evaluate a prevention program on problematic alcohol consumption for university students. Methods: A multi-method investigation design that evaluates an alcohol consumption prevention program is used. Qualitative and quantitative processes of the different phases of the study were executed, bearing in mind that the main scope is the participation of different community agents. Results: The program is analyzed from its structure and conceptual elements. Tómate el Control is an alternative to prevent alcohol consumption in a university context that continues and complements the results of a prior investigation called "Un programa de prevención de consume de alcohol en la Universidad diseñado por los universitarios", finalized on June 2011. The analysis presents a description of the programs structure from its different components, conceptual elements, and the results obtained from its implementation in a private university in Bogota. It's important to highlight the participation of all of the educational community agents, the compromise and the university's institutional directive, the leadership from the coordinating team and students, and the help provided by state agencies. Conclusion: The synergy of these elements allows disclosing a successful experience for the prevention of problematic alcohol consumption in Colombia that may represent a public health alternative as a response to the need to strengthen prevention.

Assuma o Controle, um programa de prevenção do consumo problemático do álcool, desenhado e implementado pelos mesmos universitários no contexto da comunidade educativa, procura desenvolver uma atitude crítica em estudantes contra o consumo de álcool, minimizando ameaças que isso pode ter para si e para os outros. Objetivo: Avaliar um programa de prevenção de problemas com a bebida em universitários. Método: Utilizou-se um desenho multe-método de pesquisa que avalia um programa de prevenção do consumo. Realizaram-se processos do tipo qualitativa e quantitativa em diferentes etapas do estudo com foco central a participação dos diferentes atores da comunidade. Resultados: Foram analisados a partir de sua estrutura e elementos conceituais, o programa "Assuma o Controle" como uma alternativa para a prevenção do consumo de álcool no âmbito Universitário, retornando os resultados da investigação "Um programa para prevenir o consumo de álcool na Universidade desenhado pelos universitários", concluída em junho de 2011. Na análise, é apresentada uma descrição da estrutura do programa a partir dos diferentes componentes, seus elementos conceituais e os resultados da sua aplicação em uma universidade privada em Bogotá. Ressalta-se a participação de todos os intervenientes da comunidade educativa, o compromisso e diretriz institucional da universidade, a liderança da equipe de coordenação e dos estudantes, e do apoio de entida des governamentais. Conclusão: A sinergia de todos estes elementos permitiu divulgar uma experiência de sucesso na prevenção do consumo problemático de álcool em Colômbia, que pode chegar a constituir uma alternativa de saúde pública, como resposta para a necessidade de fortalecer os espaços de prevenção.

Tómate el Control, prevención del consumo de alcohol en el ámbito universitario: una alternativa en salud pública / Take the Control, Prevention of Alcohol Consumption in University: an Alternative in Public Health / Assuma o controle e prevenção do consumo de álcool em nível universitário: uma alternativa em saúde pública

Introducción: Tómate el Control, un programa de prevención del consumo problemático de alcohol diseñado e implementado por los mismos universitarios en el contexto de la comunidad educativa, busca el desarrollo de una postura crítica por parte de los estudiantes frente al consumo de alcohol, para así minimizar las amenazas que este puede representar para ellos mismos y para su entorno. Objetivo: Evaluar un programa de prevención en consumo problemático de alcohol en universitarios. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño multimétodo de investigación que evalúa un programa de prevención en consumo. Se llevaron a cabo procesos de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo en las diferentes fases del estudio teniendo como eje central la participación de los diferentes actores de la comunidad. Resultados: Se analiza, desde su estructura y sus elementos conceptuales, el programa Tómate el Control, como una alternativa para prevenir el consumo de alcohol en el ámbito universitario, retomando los resultados de la investigación Un programa de prevención de consumo de alcohol en la Universidad diseñado por los universitarios, culminada en junio de 2011. En el análisis se presenta una descripción de la estructura del programa desde sus distintos componentes, sus elementos conceptuales y los resultados de su implementación en una universidad privada de Bogotá. Se destacan la participación de todos los actores de la comunidad educativa, el compromiso y la directriz institucional de la universidad, el liderazgo del equipo coordinador y de los estudiantes y el respaldo de entidades gubernamentales. Conclusión: La sinergia de todos los elementos mencionados permite divulgar una experiencia exitosa en la prevención del consumo problemático del alcohol en Colombia, y que puede llegar a constituir una alternativa de salud pública como respuesta a la necesidad de fortalecer los espacios de prevención.

Introduction: Tómate el Control is a program designed to prevent problematic alcohol consumption. It was implemented by university students in the educational community context, and seeks to develop a critic position towards alcohol consumption from the students to minimize the threats that it may bring towards themselves and their surroundings. Objective: Evaluate a prevention program on problematic alcohol consumption for university students.Methods: A multi-method investigation design that evaluates an alcohol consumption prevention program is used. Qualitative and quantitative processes of the different phases of the study were executed, bearing in mind that the main scope is the participation of different community agents. Results: The program is analyzed from its structure and conceptual elements. Tómate el Control is an alternative to prevent alcohol consumption in a university context that continues and complements the results of a prior investigation called "Un programa de prevención de consume de alcohol en la Universidad diseñado por los universitarios", finalized on June 2011. The analysis presents a description of the programs structure from its different components, conceptual elements, and the results obtained from its implementation in a private university in Bogota. It's important to highlight the participation of all of the educational community agents, the compromise and the university's institutional directive, the leadership from the coordinating team and students, and the help provided by state agencies. Conclusion: The synergy of these elements allows disclosing a successful experience for the prevention of problematic alcohol consumption in Colombia that may represent a public health alternative as a response to the need to strengthen prevention.

Introdução: Assuma o Controle, um programa de prevenção do consumo problemático do álcool, desenhado e implementado pelos mesmos universitários no contexto da comunidade educativa, procura desenvolver uma atitude crítica em estudantes contra o consumo de álcool, minimizando ameaças que isso pode ter para si e para os outros. Objetivo: Avaliar um programa de prevenção de problemas com a bebida em universitários. Método: Utilizou-se um desenho multe-método de pesquisa que avalia um programa de prevenção do consumo. Realizaram-se processos do tipo qualitativa e quantitativa em diferentes etapas do estudo com foco central a participação dos diferentes atores da comunidade. Resultados: Foram analisados a partir de sua estrutura e elementos conceituais, o programa "Assuma o Controle" como uma alternativa para a prevenção do consumo de álcool no âmbito Universitário, retornando os resultados da investigação "Um programa para prevenir o consumo de álcool na Universidade desenhado pelos universitários", concluída em junho de 2011. Na análise, é apresentada uma descrição da estrutura do programa a partir dos diferentes componentes, seus elementos conceituais e os resultados da sua aplicação em uma universidade privada em Bogotá. Ressalta-se a participação de todos os intervenientes da comunidade educativa, o compromisso e diretriz institucional da universidade, a liderança da equipe de coordenação e dos estudantes, e do apoio de entida des governamentais. Conclusão: A sinergia de todos estes elementos permitiu divulgar uma experiência de sucesso na prevenção do consumo problemático de álcool em Colômbia, que pode chegar a constituir uma alternativa de saúde pública, como resposta para a necessidade de fortalecer os espaços de prevenção.

Solubilización de fosfatos: una función microbiana importante en el desarrollo vegetal / Solubilization of phosphates: an important microbial function in plant development

La agricultura es la base fundamental para la sostenibilidad de la seguridad alimentaria en el planeta, ya que representa la principal fuente de alimento y hace parte de la economía de los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo en la actualidad la demanda de alimento es mayor y existe la necesidad de agilizar el crecimiento vegetal para suplir las necesidades de la población y disminuir los índices de desnutrición y hambre, pero para ello se utilizan prácticas agrícolas como la aplicación de fertilizantes químicos que afectan significativamente el medio ambiente y los ecosistemas del suelo. En busca de encontrar soluciones, en los últimos años se han desarrollado estrategias alternativas para reemplazar los fertilizantes. Los microorganismos han demostrado cumplir funciones que mantienen el equilibrio del suelo y apoyan el crecimiento vegetal mediante diversos mecanismos, entre ellos la solubilización de fosfatos, por el cual se logra liberar el ion fosfato accesible para la planta. Este elemento se encuentra limitado en el suelo y es un nutriente vital después del nitrógeno para el desarrollo de la planta. El género Bacillus se ha destacado como un potencial solubilizador de fosfato y puede ser utilizado como biofertilizante que va a permitir obtener un producto agrícola de calidad y sin generar consecuencias al ambiente.

Agriculture is the fundamental basis for the sustainability of food security on the planet, since it represents the main source of food and is part of the economy of developing countries. At the present time, however, the demand for food is greater and there is the need to speed up plant growth to meet the needs of the population and to reduce rates of malnutrition and hunger, but this is used for agricultural practices as the application of chemical fertilizers which significantly affect the environment and the ecosystems of the soil. In hopes of finding solutions, alternative strategies to replace fertilizers have been developed in recent years. The microorganisms have demonstrated compliance functions that keep the balance of the soil and support plant growth through a variety of mechanisms, including the solubilization of phosphates, which can succeed in freeing the phosphate ion accessible for the plant. This item is limited in the soil and is a vital nutrient after the nitrogen for the growth of the plant. The genus Bacillus has been highlighted as a potential solubilizer phosphate and can be used as biofertilizer that will enable them to obtain a quality agricultural product, without generating consequences to the environment.

"Tómate el Control": un programa de prevención de consumo problemático de alcohol para comunidades universitarias / "Take Control", a Prevention Program for Problem Drinking in University Communities / "Segura* o Controle": programa de prevenção de consumo problemático de álcool para comunidades universitárias

El estudio buscó caracterizar los elementos que deben tenerse en cuenta para la construcción de un programa de prevención del consumo problemático de alcohol en universitarios, diseñado e implementado por actores de la comunidad educativa de dos universidades privadas de Bogotá. Se utilizaron procesos de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo en los distintos elementos constitutivos del programa y las diferentes fases: diseño, implementación y evaluación, teniendo como eje central la participación de los estudiantes. Los elementos trabajados fueron: delimitación de la problemática del consumo en universitarios, estructuras estratégicas y operativas del programa, evaluación que incluyó cobertura, grado de riesgo frente al consumo de alcohol, percepción de necesidad y aceptación e impacto percibido respecto al consumo problemático por parte de los estudiantes y profesores. Con particularidades, el modelo del programa fue considerado, por las dos comunidades educativas, como una alternativa para las acciones de prevención en el consumo de alcohol y se resaltó el compromiso que puede generar en estudiantes y docentes el responder a una necesidad sentida, la incidencia que puede tener en la construcción de una actitud crítica frente al consumo problemático de alcohol y en los comportamientos de consumo.

The study sought to identify the factors to be considered in the construction of a prevention program for problem drinking in college, designed and implemented by stakeholders in the educational community of two private universities in Bogotá. Processes of qualitative and quantitative type were used in the various constituent elements of the program and the different phases: design, implementation and evaluation, with a central focus of student participation. The involved elements were: delimitation of the problem of drug use in college, strategic and operational structures of the program, assessment which included coverage, degree of risk to the consumption of alcohol, perceived need and acceptance, perceived impact regarding the problematic use by students and teachers. The program model was considered, by both educational communities, as an alternative for prevention efforts in alcohol consumption and it was highlighted the commitment that can result in students and teachers responding to a need and the incidence that can have in building a critical attitude to problem drinking and consumption behaviors.

O estudo visou caracterizar os elementos a se levar em conta para a construção de um programa de prevenção do consumo problemático de álcool em universitários, tracejado e implementado por atores da comunidade educativa de duas universidades privadas de Bogotá. Utilizaram-se processos de tipo qualitativo e quantitativo nos diferentes elementos constituintes do programa e as diferentes fases: concepção, implementação e avaliação, com a participação dos alunos como eixo central. Os elementos trabalhados foram: delimitação da problemática do consumo em universitários, estruturas estratégicas e operativas do programa, avaliação incluindo cobertura, grau de risco face ao consumo de álcool, percepção de necessidade e aceitação e impacto percebido no que diz respeito ao consumo problemático por parte de discentes e docentes. Com particularidades, o modelo do programa foi considerado pelas duas comunidades educativas como alternativa para as ações de prevenção de consumo de álcool e foi remarcado o compromisso que pode gerar em discentes e docentes o fato de eles responder a uma necessidade sentida, a incidência que podem ter na construção de uma atitude crítica em face do consumo problemático de álcool e nos comportamentos de consumo.

Uso de dispositivos de micronebulización en adultos mayores en un programa de hospitalización domiciliaria / Use of micro-nebulization equipment devices in older adults in an inpatient program home

La atención médica domiciliaria es una estrategia que permite evitar infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud en individuos con deficiencias inmunológicas como los adultos mayores. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo-longitudinal, en la que se tuvieron en cuenta condiciones relacionadas con el dispositivo de micronebulización como: el tiempo de uso, el lavado del dispositivo y su almacenamiento. Con respecto al terapeuta se tuvo en cuenta: lavado de manos y aplicación del protocolo de limpieza y desinfección. Se realizaron dos tomas de muestra a diecisiete dispositivos de micronebulización individual de adultos mayores pertenecientes al programa de hospitalización domiciliaria de Forja Empresas Ltda, a los quince y treinta días de uso después de la entrega del dispositivo en dos momentos: antes y después del procedimiento de la terapia respiratoria. Se identificaron ocho microorganismos en la primera toma de muestra que se clasificaron como flora transitoria y diecinueve microorganismos en la segunda, en la que se encontró flora residente, transitoria y potencialmente patógena. En relación al protocolo de limpieza y desinfección, realizado por los terapeutas, se observó modificaciones al protocolo establecido por Forja Empresas Ltda, sin embargo dicho protocolo no incluye el lavado de manos, punto indispensable para la atención del paciente. Se hace necesario brindarles información oportuna a los pacientes, familiares y/o cuidadores sobre el almacenamiento adecuado del dispositivo con el fin de evitar presencia de microorganismos que pueden afectar la salud de los adultos mayores.

Home health care is a strategy that allows avoiding infections associated with health care of individuals with immune deficiencies such as older adults. A descriptive-longitudinal investigation was conducted, which took into account conditions related to the micro-nebulization equipment device such as: its time of use, cleansing, and storage. With respect to the therapist, it was taken into account: hand washing and implementation of the protocol of cleaning and disinfection. Two different samples were taken to seventeen individual micro-nebulization equipment devices of older adults belonging to the program of home hospitalization of Forging Companies Ltd., after fifteen and thirty days of use after the delivery of the device in two times: before and after the respiratory procedure. Eight microorganisms were identified in the first portion of the sample that were classified as transitory flora and nineteen microorganisms in the second one, where resident, transient, and potentially pathogenic flora was found. In relation to the protocol of cleaning and disinfection carried out by the therapists. Changes to the protocol established by Forging Companies Ltd. were observed; however, this protocol does not include the washing of hands, which is a vital point for patient care. It is necessary to provide patients, family members and/or caregivers with timely information about the proper storage of the device in order to avoid the presence of microorganisms that can affect the health of older adults.

Evaluación del potencial antibacterial in vitro de Croton lechleri frente a aislamientos bacterianos de pacientes con úlceras cutáneas / In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Croton lechleri against bacterial isolates from patients with skin ulcers

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo la evaluación del potencial antibacterial in vitro de Croton lechleri frente a aislamientos bacterianos aeróbicos de pacientes con úlceras cutáneas del Sanatorio de Agua de Dios, Cundinamarca, Colombia. La metodología utilizada incluyó el aislamiento e identificación de los aislamientos bacterianos utilizando el sistema automatizado BBL-CrystalTM. Para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro, se realizaron pruebas de difusión en disco, dilución en agar y difusión en pozo, métodos estandarizados por The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI); usando como sustratos el extracto etanólico y de éter de petróleo de Croton lechleri. Se obtuvieron siete aislamientos bacterianos a partir de las úlceras cutáneas de pacientes del sanatorio, el estudio también incluyó ensayos con cepas de referencia ATCC: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC) y de Escherichia coli (ATCC) como control. En los ensayos de sensibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro, se evidencio que los extractos de Croton lechleri fueron efectivos frente a la mayoría de aislamientos bacterianos del estudio, siendo el extracto etanólico el de mayor potencial antibacterial y la técnica de difusión en pozo la que presento mejor sensibilidad y reproducibilidad.

This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial potential of Croton lechleri against aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with skin ulcers from Agua de Dios Sanitarium, (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Bacterial isolates were isolated and identified using the BBL-CrystalTM automated system. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated through disk diffusion, agar dilution and well diffusion, using standardized methods from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Ethanol extract and petroleum ether from Croton lechleri were used as substrates. Bacterial isolates were obtained from skin ulcers of patients in the hospital. ATCC reference strains were included in the assays as controls: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC) and Escherichia coli (ATCC). The antimicrobial sensitivity tests demonstrated that Croton lechleri extracts were effective against almost all strains included in this study. Ethanol extract showed the greater antibacterial potential. The technique that showed the best sensitivity and reproducibility in vitro was the diffusion well.

Asociación entre el conocimiento de las mujeres peruanas acerca del VIH y sus actitudes frente a personas infectadas / Association between knowledge of Peruvian women about HIV and their attitudes towards infected people

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el conocimiento de las mujeres peruanas acerca del VIH con sus actitudes frente a las personas con VIH y sus características socio demográficas. Métodos: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2011. El conocimientos sobre VIH se evaluó mediante cinco preguntas: ¨se puede reducir el riesgo teniendo solo una pareja sexual?, ¨usando siempre condón?, ¨una persona saludable puede tener VIH?, ¨se puede contraer el VIH por besos y abrazos?, ¨por utensilios? Se consideró conocimiento adecuado si se contestó correctamente las cinco preguntas (directrices para el Desarrollo de Indicadores Básicos para el seguimiento de la Declaración Política sobre VIH/SIDA). La actitudes frente a personas infectadas se evaluaron mediante seis preguntas: si niño(a) tiene infección por VIH, ¨se le debe permitir asistir a la escuela o colegio? si un médico tiene infección por VIH, ¨se le debe permitir que siga con su trabajo en el establecimiento de salud? si una persona tiene infección por VIH y necesita operarse, ¨deben permitirle la operación?; ¨compraría vegetales de un vendedor con SIDA?; si un profesor tiene infección por VIH, ¨se le debe permitir seguir impartiendo clases en la escuela, colegio o universidad? Los análisis fueron realizados empleando el procedimiento de ponderación establecido por el INEI. Resultados: La pregunta sobre conocimiento mejor respondida fue la referida al uso del condón para disminuir el riesgo de contagio (86.5 por ciento), mientras que el 35.2 p respondió erróneamente que se puede contraer el VIH al compartir utensilios con una persona infectada...

Objective: To determine the association between the Peruvian women's knowledge about HIV and her attitudes towards the people with HIV, and the socio-demographic features. Methods: Secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES in espanish) 2011. The knowledge about HIV was measured with five questions: can the risk of contracting HIV be reduced by having only one sexual partner?, by using condom? A person who seems healthy, can have HIV? Can HIV be contracted by kisses and hugs?, by utensils? It was considered an adequate knowledge if the woman answered correctly the five questions (Guidelines on construction of core indicators for monitoring the political declaration of HIV/AIDS). The attitudes towards people with HIV was evaluated through six questions: if a child have HIV infection, should he or she be allowed to go to the school?; if a doctor have HIV infection, should he or she be allowed to continue working in a health center?; if a person with HIV need a surgery, should he or she be allowed to have the surgery?; would you buy vegetables from a seller with AIDS?; if a teacher have HIV infection, should he or she continue giving classes in the school, college or university? Every analysis was done using the weights established by the Statistics and Informatics National Institute (INEI). Results: The question about knowledge best answered was the one about using condom to reduce the risk of infection (86.5 percent), while 35.2 percent answered that HIV can be contracted by sharing utensils with a person infected. Only 38.9 percent answered correctly the five questions about knowledge. The best attitudes were observed in the scenario of a person with HIV who need a surgery and about the decision of firing an infected person, while the worst attitudes were observed about allowing a doctor with HIV to continue working and buying vegetables to a seller with AIDS...