El papel del microambiente tumoral y los fibroblastos asociados a cáncer en el desarrollo y la progresión del cáncer de mama / The role of tumor microenvironment and cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer development and progression

Es bien sabido que el cáncer mamario es considerado un problema de salud a nivel mundial, la enorme tasa de mortalidad se debe a la recaída de la enfermedad, principalmente por la generación de resistencia a los diversos tratamientos. Hasta hace unos años, esta resistencia era atribuida a las mutaciones genéticas heredadas, sin embargo, evidencias recientes sugieren que el microambiente tumoral desempeña un papel clave en el desarrollo y la progresión del cáncer. La relación simbiótica entre las células tumorales y los fibroblastos asociados a cáncer (FAC), condicionan un ambiente propicio para el soporte estructural necesario, lleno de nutrientes que favorecen su crecimiento y progresión. Aquí se describe el papel que juega el microambiente tumoral y los FAC, desde su origen celular y activación, hasta los mecanismos de quimiorresistencia tumoral, además de los cambios epigenéticos y las proteínas involucradas, como las HDAC, que prometen ser blancos terapéuticos de nuevos fármacos dirigidos a su inhibición, al mitigar diversas vías que participan en la activación de los FAC o revertir su potencial promotor de tumores, lo que a su vez, mejoraría la calidad de vida de las pacientes. (AU)

It is well known that breast cancer is considered a worldwide health problem, the enormous mortality rate is due to the relapse of patients mostly due to the generation of resistance to various treatments. Until a few years ago, this resistance was attributed to inherited genetic mutations, however, recent evidence suggests that tumor microenvironment plays a key role in the development and progression of cancer. The symbiotic relationship between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) provides an environment conducive to the necessary structural support, full of nutrients that favor their growth and progression. Here we describe the role played by the tumor microenvironment and CAF, from their cellular origin and activation to the mechanisms of tumor chemoresistance, in addition to the epigenetic changes and proteins involved, such as HDAC, which promise to be therapeutic targets for new drugs aimed at their inhibition, by mitigating various pathways involved in the activation of CAF or reversing their tumor-promoting potential, which in turn, would improve the quality of life of patients. (AU)

Arginine vasopressin hormone receptor antagonists in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis rodent models: A new approach for human multiple sclerosis treatment.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. MS is a heterogeneous disorder of multiple factors that are mainly associated with the immune system including the breakdown of the blood-brain and spinal cord barriers induced by T cells, B cells, antigen presenting cells, and immune components such as chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The incidence of MS has been increasing worldwide recently, and most therapies related to its treatment are associated with the development of several secondary effects, such as headaches, hepatotoxicity, leukopenia, and some types of cancer; therefore, the search for an effective treatment is ongoing. The use of animal models of MS continues to be an important option for extrapolating new treatments. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) replicates the several pathophysiological features of MS development and clinical signs, to obtain a potential treatment for MS in humans and improve the disease prognosis. Currently, the exploration of neuro-immune-endocrine interactions represents a highlight of interest in the treatment of immune disorders. The arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP) is involved in the increase in blood-brain barrier permeability, inducing the development and aggressiveness of the disease in the EAE model, whereas its deficiency improves the clinical signs of the disease. Therefore, this present review discussed on the use of conivaptan a blocker of AVP receptors type 1a and type 2 (V1a and V2 AVP) in the modulation of immune response without completely depleting its activity, minimizing the adverse effects associated with the conventional therapies becoming a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis.