Nanogels for bone tissue engineering - from synthesis to application.

Nanogels are cross-linked hydrogel nanoparticles with a three-dimensional, tunable porous structure that merges the best features of hydrogels and nanoparticles, including the ability to retain their hydrated nature and to swell and shrink in response to environmental changes. Nanogels have attracted increasing attention for use in bone tissue engineering as scaffolds for growth factor transport and cell adhesion. Their three-dimensional structures allow the encapsulation of a wide range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, enhance their half-life, and impede their enzymatic breakdown in vivo. Nanogel-based scaffolds are a viable treatment modality for enhanced bone regeneration. They act as carriers for cells and active ingredients capable of controlled release, enhanced mechanical support, and osteogenesis for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. However, the development of such nanogel constructs might involve combinations of several biomaterials to fabricate active ingredients that can control release, enhance mechanical support, and facilitate osteogenesis for more effective bone tissue regeneration. Hence, this review aims to highlight the potential of nanogel-based scaffolds to address the needs of bone tissue engineering.

Exploring the Biology and Structural Architecture of Sortase Role on Biofilm Formation in Gram Positive Pathogens.

Gram-positive bacteria signify a surface organelle that decorates the cell surfaces using Sortase enzymes. The mechanism of SrtC links to the formation of amide or peptide bonds between cell surface proteins that sorting signal to strategically positioned amino groups. Sorting signals linked to peptidoglycan function as the principal architects of the cell wall and facilitate each microbe to effectively interact with its host environment. These enzymes play a fundamental role in microbial physiology and interestingly, sequence analysis on Gram-positive bacteria implies that approximately 60% of sortases are categorized into six families, and from that SrtA and SrtC are widely investigated in various literature. Sortase felicitates several functions that include adhesins, internalin's, blood clotting, immune evasion factors and transporters for nutrients across the microbial cell wall envelope. Recent evidence has proved that removal of Sortase genes tends to loss of host cell adhesion mechanism and inhibition of Biofilms. So that, blocking the Sortase enzyme is a powerful target and due to the receptor availability in all Gram-positive types, it is so called as a universal drug target for gram-positive pathogens. Sortase enzymes have been intensely studied for anti-infective studies and this review focus the mechanisms of surface protein anchoring to the cell wall envelope by sortases and highlight how it plays a strong role as a drug target.