Ultrasound-guided core biopsy in the diagnosis of parotid neoplasia: an overview and update with a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Accurate diagnosis of parotid neoplasia is a key to determine the most appropriate patient management choice, including the need for surgery. This review provides an update of the literature on current practice and outcomes of parotid tissue sampling techniques, with an emphasis on ultrasound-guided core biopsy (USCB) and comparison with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). METHODS: A literature review of EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. RESULTS: USCB has higher sensitivity, specificity and lower non-diagnostic rates than optimized FNAC. It also has a significantly higher sensitivity for the detection of malignancy. Significant complications post-USCB are uncommon, with only one reported case of tumour seeding and no cases of permanent facial nerve dysfunction. The technique is less operator-dependent than FNAC, with less reported variation in results between institutions. CONCLUSIONS: USCB can be considered as the optimum tool of choice for the diagnosis of parotid neoplasia. This would particularly be the case in centres utilizing FNAC with high non-diagnostic rates or reduced diagnostic accuracy when compared to USCB published data, or in centres establishing a new service. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: An update of the role and outcomes of USCB in the diagnosis of parotid gland pathologies.Research shows that USCB preforms better than FNAC, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, particularly in the case of malignant neoplasia.Complications following USCB were found to be higher than that of FNAC; however, no long-term major complications following either method have been reported in the literature.

Image-guided core needle biopsy as the first-line diagnostic approach in lymphoproliferative disorders-A review of the current literature.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous expert guidelines for lymphoma diagnosis and subclassification advocate the use of histology from surgical nodal excision biopsy (SEB) over core needle biopsy (CNB) due to perceived higher diagnostic yield. CNB is associated with lower morbidity and is more cost-effective compared to SEB. Furthermore, current practice increasingly demonstrates material obtained from CNB can rapidly diagnose individuals with a clinical suspicion of lymphoma and allow initiation of treatment in the majority of patients. We performed a literature review to assess the suitability of CNB in lymphoma diagnosis given recent advances in radiological and histopathological techniques in obtaining and processing tissue. Additionally, expert international guidelines in lymphoma diagnosis were compared. We found that CNB demonstrated a diagnostic efficacy between 79% and 97% (median 91%) where the diagnostic outcome was conclusive with full lymphoma subclassification. Studies demonstrate that there is a high diagnostic reproducibility amongst haematopathologists (87%-93%) in lymphoma diagnoses with full subtyping from material obtained via CNB. Furthermore, CNB is a safe, rapid and reliable method of obtaining tissue from lymph nodes for histopathological analysis. These procedures are minimally invasive, well-tolerated and should be considered the first-line diagnostic approach in clinical practice in patients with suspected lymphoproliferative disorders.

Myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid: a rare tumour that may provide diagnostic difficulty.

This report presents the case of a 57-year-old man with a 6-week history of a slowly enlarging lump in the right parotid gland. Initial ultrasound investigation confirmed a 3 cm solid mass located within the superficial lobe of the right parotid gland. Sonographically, the mass demonstrated possible malignant features with internal heterogeneity of architecture and some loss of marginal clarity. Ultrasound-guided core biopsy (USCB) of the mass reported a mixed neoplasm with epithelial and myoepithelial appearances consistent with likely benign adenoma or myoepithelioma. A right superficial parotidectomy was subsequently performed. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the excised specimen showed a myoepithelial carcinoma. Postoperative CT and MR staging scans did not show evidence of metastases and no further treatment was given following discussion of the case at the regional speciality multidisciplinary meeting. This case illustrates the clinical and pathological features of this rare salivary gland tumour, but also discusses the diagnostic difficulties that may be encountered preoperatively.

Warthin's tumour and facial nerve palsy: an unusual association.

We describe a man with Warthin's tumour diagnosed on core biopsy, who presented with ipsilateral facial palsy. He was managed conservatively with subsequent resolution of the palsy, which suggested many diseases. The association of a benign parotid neoplasm with facial palsy is unusual, and appropriate investigations are essential for accurate diagnosis and surgical planning.

Ultrasound guided Core Biopsy, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Surgical Excision Biopsy in the diagnosis of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck: an eleven year experience.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to review our 11 year experience of diagnosing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma presenting as head and neck lumps. The techniques of Ultrasound guided Core Biopsy (USCB), Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and Surgical Excision Biopsy (SEB) are compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving the lymph nodes of the head and neck or parotid gland, diagnosed at Eastbourne District General Hospital between January 1998 and November 2009 were identified. The following data items were collated: biopsy location (e.g. cervical lymph node or parotid), any history of likely primary SCC and site, type of biopsy used to establish a conclusive diagnosis (index diagnostic technique), previous biopsies, the technique and their results, subsequent histology results. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients were diagnosed with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The index diagnostic technique was USCB in 48 patients, FNAC in 29 and SEB in 13. In 72 (80%) patients the index biopsy was the sole tissue sample taken prior to surgery or other treatment. The remaining 18 patients underwent a total of 22 previous biopsies prior to the index biopsy. 95% (21/22) of these previous biopsies were non-definitive FNAC and 5% (1/22) was a non-definitive USCB. FNACs also demonstrated the highest non-diagnostic rate (42%). The accuracy of USCB and FNAC in correlating with final histopathology was 97% and 85% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: USCB demonstrates excellent results in the diagnosis of metastatic SCC in the head and neck with higher accuracy and greater reliability than FNAC.

Ultrasound-guided core biopsy for investigation of cervical lymph node: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.

We describe a case in which ultrasound-guided fine needle core biopsy of a cervical lymph node enabled diagnosis of dual disease. Histological examination of the core biopsy confirmed unsuspected chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with an isolated focus of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and enabled optimal preoperative planning of treatment. Such a case is extremely unusual and provides evidence of the accurate diagnosis that can be obtained from nodal investigations using ultrasound-guided core biopsy.

Chondrocalcinosis of the temporomandibular joint: a rare but important diagnosis.

Patients with preauricular masses present with a wide range of pathologies, the most common of which are neoplasms of the parotid gland, metastatic or inflammatory disease, and enlarged periparotid lymph nodes. Other possibilities include lesions that arise from the skull base or the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Chondrocalcinosis is a common age-related phenomenon that has a predilection for fibrocartilage. Although it can involve any joint, the knee is by far the most common site; involvement of the TMJ is very rare. We describe a case of chondrocalcinosis of the TMJ that manifested as a preauricular swelling and mimicked a parotid tumor, and we discuss the pathophysiology and radiographic characteristics of this disease.

Salivary gland mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in 2 patients with Sjögren's syndrome: clinical and sonographic features with pathological correlation.

We report 2 cases of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary glands, complicating Sjögren's syndrome. The sonographic and histological features are described in depth. The use of sonography as a diagnostic aid in such patients is discussed.